1. research on development cross sectional research * compares people of different ages at one time....
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Chapter 10: Lifespan Development
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Research on DevelopmentCross Sectional Research *Compares people of different ages at one
time.Longitudinal Research *Follow the same individual or group over a
long period of timeCompare the variable of interest at different
times
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Prenatal Development1. Germinal Period - Zygote (fertilized egg) Conception – Implantation; First 10-14 days2. Embryo - 2-8 weeks
Major internal and external organs developAmniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord
3. Fetus - 9 wks (less than one ounce) to birth (6-8 pounds);Growth and maturation of organsSenses and preferences
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Problems During Prenatal Development
Teratogens : Harmful material affecting developmentDrugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smokingCan affect physical, behavioral, and mental
development.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Physical abnormalities, retardation
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Infancy and Early ChildhoodContact Comfort(Harlow): The infant’s
need for physical contactAttachment: Infant’s need to be with
caregiver; built on contact comfortStranger Anxiety : Fear of unknown
people; 5/6 mo, lessens at 12 moSeparation Anxiety : Fear of being left
by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo
Monkey video
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Patterns of AttachmentSecure Attachment: 60%; explores room;
cries when mother leaves; goes to mother and is comforted when she returns
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (Disorganized): No consistent method of coping
Avoidant Attachment: don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother
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Baumrind’s Parenting Styles *Authoritarian: Strict rules, punish to
controlKids unhappy, rebellious or depressed
Permissive (2 kinds)a) Negligent – ignore kids: kids wild,
confused b) Loving –spoiled, lack boundaries
Authoritarive (Democratic): Supportive; caring,respectful; clear expectations. Kids more mature, successful
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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages1. Trust v. Mistrust – Infant; hope, security2. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt – toddler;
control, will3. Initiative v. Guilt – 3-6y; assertiveness,
purpose4. Industry v. Inferiority – 6-12y; competence5. Identity v. Role Confusion – teen; “Who am I?”6. Intimacy v. Isolation – young adult; love7. Generativity v. Stagnation – mid-adult; care
and contributions to next generation8. Ego Integrity v. Despair – old age; reflection
on a good life
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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
schemasframeworks of
knowledge in long-term memory
assimilationschemas allow
understanding of new experiences or
situations
Situations or experiences
accommodationschemas change in
response to new experiences or
situations
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Piaget’s Stages
Stage Age Range
Description
Accomplishes
Sensorimotor 0-2 years
Experiences worldThrough senses
Object Permanence
Preoperational 2-7 years Egocentrism symbolic thought; mental images
Theory of mind;Language
Concrete Operational
7-11 years
Logical Thinking; Real World Skills
Conservation
Formal Operational
11-adult Scientific reasoning
Abstract logic 10
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Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages of Moral DevelopmentI. Level 1 – Preconventional
Stage 1 – Punishment & ObedienceStage 2 – Rewards and Self Interest
II. Level 2 – ConventionalStage 1 – Social ApprovalStage 2 – Social Norms or Laws
III. Level 3 – Post ConventionalStage 1 – Social ContractsStage 2 – Universal Ethical Principles
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Alzheimer’s Disease *One form of dementiaPhysical, mental, emotional, social effectsGradual deterioration of memory, personalityPossible causes, inc. genetics, environment,
diet, inflammation in brain.Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles
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Theories of Gender Role Development
Social Learning Theory
Modeling; MediaReinforcement for
gender appropriate behaviors
Punishment when not appropriate behavior
Gender Schema Theory
Gender is an important category
Child seeks information
Child develops expectations for gender roles.
Sex (biology) Gender (Culture) Gender Roles (Expectations)
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