1 ravi vatrapu director, computational social science laboratory (cssl) associate professor, center...
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Ravi VatrapuDirector, Computational Social Science Laboratory (CSSL)
Associate Professor, Center for Applied ICTCopenhagen Business School
Howitzvej 60, 2.10, Frederiksberg, DK-2000, Denmark
http://www.itu.dk/people/rkva/
Cultural Considerations in HIP
Thursday, 31-March-2011
T14: Human Information Processing
Socio-Technical InteractionsVatrapu, R. (2010). Explaining Culture: An Outline of a Theory of Socio-Technical Interactions. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM
International Conference on Intercultural Collaboration (ICIC 2010), 19-20 August 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Socio-Technical Systems involve: Interacting with Technologies Interacting with Others via Technologies
Interacting with Technologies Perception of Affordances Appropriation of Affordances
Interacting with Others via Technologies Structures of Technological Intersubjectivity Functions of Technological Intersubjectivity
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AFFORDANCES
Cognitive PsychologySubjectivity of Meaning: InterpretationInternal Representations & External RepresentationsMinded Meaning: Symbolic/ SemanticMind : Brain :: Software : Hardware (Block, 1995) “Copying in the world”
Ecological PsychologyRelationality of Meaning: “Direct Perception” of “Circumambient Arrays” (Gibson, 1979)
Affordanes: Action-Taking Possibilities and Meaning-Making Opportunities Embodied Meaning: Informational/PragmaticMind : Brain :: Action : Perception“Coping with the world”
Problem Logical Gap between Interpretive and Informational Theories of Meaning
One SolutionBridge the gap by making Meaning Ecologically Cognitive
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Affordances
From J.J. Gibson to Alva Noë Norman’s introduction to HCI and the debate thereafter
Enactive Approach: Evolutionary Biology, Ecological Psychology, Consciousness Studies
Action-Taking Possibilities & Meaning-Making Opportunities
Two -Systems Hypothesis (Bridgeman, 2000) Functionally Separate Visual Systems
Visual (Meaning-Making) Visual Guidance of Behavior (Action-Taking)
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Affordances
From J.J. Gibson (1977, 1979) to Alva Noë (2004) Norman’s (1988) introduction to HCI and the debate
Enactive Approach: Evolutionary Biology, Ecological Psychology, Consciousness Studies
Action-Taking Possibilities & Meaning-Making Opportunities
Two -Systems Hypothesis (Bridgeman, 2000) Functionally Separate Visual Systems
Visual (Meaning-Making) Visual Guidance of Behavior (Action-Taking)
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Uptake in HCI
POET (Norman, 1988)
Types Perceptible, Hidden, False (Gaver, 1991) Physical, Sensory, Functional and Cognitive (Hartson, 2003)
Classes Technology, Media, Interaction (Gaver, 1991, 1992, 1996) Social (Bradner, 2001)
Perceived Affordance (Norman, 1999) Review (McGrenere and Ho, 2000)
“We Can’t Afford it!” (Torenvliet, 2003) 7
Perception of Affordances
What do you perceive in a particular situation? Ecological Information, Technological Mediation, Cultural
Agency, “Demand Characteristics”(Orne, 1962) Professional Vision (Goodwin, 1994)
Strong Argument Differences are Incommensurable Socio-Biological Explanation
Weak Argument Acculturation, Assimilation, Accommodation Socio-Cultural Explanation
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Appropriation of Affordances
Rogoff and Lave (1984): “cognition is something one uses, not something one has”
Not deterministic, actors can choose to enact socio-culturally appropriate actions in a given situation
Intentional utilization of affordances is culture-sensitive, context-dependent, & tool-specific
Eg: Coke Bottle in the movie Gods Must be Crazy10
Gods Must be Crazy
• Please watch the movie or a ”youtube” clip for the ”appropriate of affordances” that ensues and the societal change that emerges
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Socio-Technical Affordances
Affordances are meaning-making opportunities and action-taking possibilities in an actor-environment system in a particular situation, relative to actor competencies and system capabilities
Ontological Foundations (Turvey, 1992) Materialist Dynamicist Property Realist Principle of Reciprocity—distinguishable yet mutually
supportive realities12
Intersubjectivity
Problem of Other Minds Having vs. Knowing Psychological as well as Phenomenological Situational vs. Dispositional Attribution Contact Hypothesis
Social consequences of connectivity augured by information and communication technologies Time-Shifting Place-Shifting
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TECHNOLOGICAL INTERSUBJECTIVITY
• Production, Projection, and Performance of Intersubjectivity• How actors interact with, relate to, and form impressions of each other
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"Piled Higher and Deeper" by Jorge; www.phdcomics.com. Image used with permission.
Technological Intersubjectivity (TI)
Structures of TI Configuration of the particular social relationship
Mother – Child PhD Advisor – Student Project Manager – Member Dependent vs. Interdependent Conceptions of the Self
Functions of TI Dynamics of the particular social relationship
Eg: proxemics, socio-linguistics, interactional patterns
Cultural Variation in Structures and Functions of TI15
CULTURE
Kroeber and Kluckhorn(1952)Compilation of over 200 definitions of cultureCategorized into 6 distinct groups of definitions
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CULTURE AND BEHAVIOR
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Cultural Dimension“West” “East”
Social Hierarchy Lower Power Distance Higher Power Distance
Group Cohesion Higher Individualism Higher Collectivism
Gender Egalitarianism High-Moderate Moderate-Low
Assertiveness High Lower
(House et al., 2004)
CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
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Low-Context Communication High-Context Communication
Informational Emphasis Relational Emphasis
Effective Speech Persuasive Speech
Unambiguous InterpretationSought
Ambiguous Interpretation Tolerated
Context is Functional Context is Structural
(Hall, 1976)
CULTURE AND COGNITION
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Cognitive Process “Westerners” “East-Asians”Attention Object Field
Perception Object-Oriented Relation-Oriented
Causal Inference Dispositional Situational
Knowledge Organization
Categorical Rules Relational Similarities
Reasoning Analytical Holistic
(Nisbett and Norenzayan,2002)
Culture and Computers
Reeves and Nass’s (1996)“The Media Equation”• Social aspects of human-computer interaction
• User Interface Design• Usability Evaluation• Web Design• E-Commerce• Information Systems• Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)• Online Learning
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Vatrapu, R. and Suthers, D. (2007). Culture and Computers: A Review of the Concept of Culture and Implications for Intercultural Collaborative Online Learning. In Ishida, T., Fussell, S.R. and Vossen, P.T.J.M. eds. Intercultural Collaboration I :
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag 2007, 260-275.
CULTURE AND CSCL
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• Vatrapu, R., & Suthers, D. (2010). Intra- and Inter-Cultural Usability in Computer Supported Collaboration. Journal of Usability Studies, 5(4), 172-197.
• Vatrapu, R., & Suthers, D. (2010). Cultural Influences in Collaborative Information Sharing and Organization. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Conference on Intercultural Collaboration (ICIC 2010), Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Vatrapu, R., & Suthers, D. (2009). Is Representational Guidance Culturally Relative? Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Practices: CSCL2009 Conference Proceedings, Rhodes, Greece, pp.542-551.
• Vatrapu, R. (2008). Cultural Considerations in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 3(2), 159-201.
Formal Definition of Socio-Technical Affordance
Let W = (T, S, O) be a socio-technical system (e.g., person-collaborating-with-another-person system) constituted by Technology T (e.g., collaboration software), Self-actor S, (e.g., artifact creator), and Other-actor O (e.g., artifact editor).
Let p be a property of T; q be a property of S and r be a property of O. Let β be a relation between p, q and r, p/q/r. β defines a higher order property (i.e., a property of the socio-technical system).
Then β is said to be a socio-technical affordance with respect to W if and only if:(i) W = (T,S,O) possesses β(ii) Neither T,S,O; (T, S); (T,O); (S,O) possesses β
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Design Space of Affordance Classes
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Affordance Classes Theoretical Sources
Perceptual Gestalt Theory of Perception
Notational Cognitive Dimensions of Notations
Representational Representational Guidance
Media Grounding Constraints
Conversational Conversation Analysis
Socio-Cognitive and Socio-Cultural Culture Theory
Interactional Ethnomethodology
Grounding Constraints
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Grounding Constraints in Communication
Clark, H. H., & Brennan, S. E. (1991). Grounding in communication. In L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine & S. D. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition (pp. 127-149): American Psychological Association.
SOCIO-COGNITIVE PROPERTIES
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Cognitive Process “Westerners” “Easterners”Attention Object Field
Perception Object-Oriented Relation-Oriented
Causal Inference Dispositional Situational
Knowledge Organization
Categorical Rules Relational Similarities
Reasoning Analytical Holistic
(Nisbett and Norenzayan,2002)
Future WorkComputational Social Science Laboratory (CSSL)
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Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Instrumentation Actors
Eye-Tracking and Pupilometrics Physiological Measures Neuro-imaging?
Interactions Screen-Recordings Software Logs
Contexts Ethnographic Observations