1 procedure design criteria presented by eliane belin dgac - enac [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
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PROCEDURE DESIGN PROCEDURE DESIGN CRITERIACRITERIA
Presented by
Eliane Belin
DGAC - ENAC
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS
Positioning method Accuracy
Waypoint tolerance Nominal trajectory
Stabilization distance Path terminator
Strategy Protection area Check list
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INS / IRS
GNSS
VORDME
DME DME
RNAV SYSTEMRNAV SYSTEM
A/C POSITIONA/C POSITION
DEFINITION OF RNAV VORDMEDEFINITION OF RNAV VORDMEDEFINITION OF RNAV VORDMEDEFINITION OF RNAV VORDME
Reference facility
VOR/DME
Nominal Track
WAY-POINT
D : Distance from reference facility to the waypoint
D D1
D1 : Distance from reference facility to the tangent point
D2
D2 : Distance from the tangent point to the waypoint
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DME/DME POSITIONINGDME/DME POSITIONINGDME/DME POSITIONINGDME/DME POSITIONING
d1
DME3
DME1
DME4
DME2
Area of simultaneous use of Area of simultaneous use of two DME stations two DME stations
Area of simultaneous use of Area of simultaneous use of two DME stations two DME stations
30°
60°D
D
Update area for DME stations located at distance “D” apartDME 1
DME 2
1NM
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SVi : xi, yi, zi RRii
SVj : xj, yj, zj
RRjj
SVk : xk, yk, zk
RR kk
2 points given by the intersection of the three LOPs
GPS receiver location
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TABLETABLE OF CONTENTSOF CONTENTSTABLETABLE OF CONTENTSOF CONTENTS
Positioning method Accuracy
Waypoint tolerance Nominal trajectory
Stabilization distance Path terminator
Strategy Protection area Check list
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DIFFERENT CRITERIADIFFERENT CRITERIADIFFERENT CRITERIADIFFERENT CRITERIA
ICA
OD
OC
8168
RNAV VOR-DME RNAV DME-DME
RNAV GNSS
Guidance material
DME DME / GNSS
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Estimated Flight Path
SYSTEM ACCURACYSYSTEM ACCURACYSYSTEM ACCURACYSYSTEM ACCURACY
Nominal Flight Path
HORIZONTAL VIEW
Estimated Position
FTT
ATT XTT
XTT depends on FTT
Nominal Aircraft Position
True Aircraft Flight Path
True Aircraft Position
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ATT
XTT
WAYPOINT TOLERANCEWAYPOINT TOLERANCEWAYPOINT TOLERANCEWAYPOINT TOLERANCE
Based on 2 (95%)
confidence limits
SYSTEM ACCURACY: SYSTEM ACCURACY: VOR/DME AND DME-DMEVOR/DME AND DME-DME
SYSTEM ACCURACY: SYSTEM ACCURACY: VOR/DME AND DME-DMEVOR/DME AND DME-DME
FTT : Flight Technical Tolerance
Ei : Stations Tolerance
ST : System
computation
Nominal Track
Reference facility
VOR/DME
D D1
D2
VORDME : ATT CalculationVORDME : ATT CalculationVORDME : ATT CalculationVORDME : ATT Calculation
ADT : Along DME Tolerance
ADT
AVT : Along VOR ToleranceST : System computationTolerance
AVT
STADTAVTATT 222
D2
Nominal Track
VOR/DME
Reference facility
D D1
VT
VT : VOR Tolerance
DT
DT : DME ToleranceFTT : Flight Technical ToleranceST : Sytem computation Tolerance
STFTTDTVTXTT 2 222
VORDME : XTT CalculationVORDME : XTT CalculationVORDME : XTT CalculationVORDME : XTT Calculation
DME-DME : ATT and XTTDME-DME : ATT and XTTDME-DME : ATT and XTTDME-DME : ATT and XTT
No reference to a DME/DME
couple No reference to a DME/DME
couple
Distance for calculation
=Radio Horizon
D=1.23 x (ft)
Distance for calculation
=Radio Horizon
D=1.23 x (ft)HH
d = 0.25NM + 0.0125 xDd = 0.25NM + 0.0125 xD
Altitude = previous segment
minimum altitudeAltitude = previous segment
minimum altitude
Only 2 DMEs available: multiply by 1.29!
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SUMMING UPSUMMING UP SUMMING UPSUMMING UP
System accuracy: VOR / DME
System accuracy: VOR / DME
ATT =XTT =ATT =XTT = STFTTDTVT
2222 STFTTDTVT2222
STADTAVT222 STADTAVT222
System accuracy: DME / DME
System accuracy: DME / DME
ATT =XTT =ATT =XTT = STFTTd
222 STFTTd222
STd22 STd22
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VOR/DME DME/DME
FTT( Nm) Initial 1 1
Intermediate 1 1
Final 0.5 0.5
API 0.5 0.5
ST (Nm) 0.5 0.25
VORDME- DMEDME:VORDME- DMEDME:FTT and STFTT and ST
VORDME- DMEDME:VORDME- DMEDME:FTT and STFTT and ST
XTT calculation XTT calculation
VORDME - DME/DME VORDME - DME/DME PROTECTION AREA WIDTHPROTECTION AREA WIDTH
VORDME - DME/DME VORDME - DME/DME PROTECTION AREA WIDTHPROTECTION AREA WIDTH
Initial Intermediate1/2 AW = MAX( 2NM, 1.5 XTT + BV)
BV : 1NM
Initial Intermediate1/2 AW = MAX( 2NM, 1.5 XTT + BV)
BV : 1NM
Final, Mapt and TP1/2 AW = MAX( 1NM, 1.5 XTT + BV)
BV : 0.5NM
Final, Mapt and TP1/2 AW = MAX( 1NM, 1.5 XTT + BV)
BV : 0.5NM
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DESIGN OF PROTECTION DESIGN OF PROTECTION AREAS AREAS
DESIGN OF PROTECTION DESIGN OF PROTECTION AREAS AREAS
PRIMARY AREA
SECONDARY AREA
IAWP IWP
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GNSS TOLERANCEGNSS TOLERANCEGNSS TOLERANCEGNSS TOLERANCE
Space segment toleranceSpace segment tolerance
Receiver toleranceReceiver tolerance
System computer tolerance : ST
System computer tolerance : ST
Flight technical tolerance :FTT
Flight technical tolerance :FTT
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Number of satellites in view
Number of satellites in view
GEOMETRYGEOMETRY
Satellite Outage
Satellite Outage
DILUTION OF PRECISIONDILUTION OF PRECISIONDILUTION OF PRECISIONDILUTION OF PRECISION
PRECISIONPRECISION
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INTEGRITYINTEGRITYINTEGRITYINTEGRITY
Accuracy of the position
Integrity
Use of GNSS Position
GNSS Position not to be used
IMAL Value
IMAL : Integrity monitoring alarm limit The value depends on the phase of flight
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LFPO. PARIS ORLY
Baro Aided Outages24 May 2002 - 03:36:34 until 24 May 2002 - 03:41:34 UTC (00:05:00) DP: 4.949
Non-Baro Aided Outages24 May 2002 - 03:36:34 until 24 May 2002 - 03:44:34 UTC (00:08:00) DP: 5.442
http://augur.ecacnav.com
RAIMRAIMPredictionPrediction
WithWithAUGURAUGUR
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approach
airport A airport B
descentholding
climbing
initial
taxiing
taking offlanding
GNSS MODEGNSS MODEGNSS MODEGNSS MODE
30 Nm30 Nm
ROUTE TerminalTerminal Approach
en route
IMAL is coupled with GNSS mode
GNSS : XTT - ATT GNSS : XTT - ATT GNSS : XTT - ATT GNSS : XTT - ATT
GPS MODE ROUTE TERMINAL APPROACH
Waypoint IAWP IAWP
Initialfix
IWP FAWP MAWP MAHWP
IMAL 2 Nm3.7 Km
1 Nm - 1.9 Km 0.3Nm
- 0.6Km
1Nm1.9 Km
FTT 2 Nm3.7Km
0.5 Nm - 0.9 Km 0.3 Nm0.6 Km
0.2 Nm0.4 Km
0.5 Nm0.9 Km
ATT=IMAL
2 Nm3.7 Km
1 Nm - 1.9 Km 0.3 Nm - 0.6 Km 1 Nm1.9 Km
XTT=IMAL+FTT
4 Nm7.4 Km
1.5 Nm - 2.8 Km 0.6 Nm1.1 Km
0.5 Nm0.9 Km
1.5 Nm2.8 Km
Half widtharea =2XTT
8 Nm14.8 Km
5 Nm - 9.3 Km 2 Nm3.7 Km
1 Nm1.9 Km
5 Nm9.3 Km
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KEY POINT 1KEY POINT 1KEY POINT 1KEY POINT 1
Sensor ATT and XTT
Protection area WidthPLAN FOR ALL SENSORS PLAN FOR ALL SENSORS
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS
Positioning method Accuracy
Waypoint tolerance Nominal trajectory
stabilization distance Path terminator
Strategy Protection area Check list
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On board data base
•Aerodrome data Airspace limits Available navaids
Flight paths to follow (charts)
ALL RNAV TRAJECTORIES ARE CODED INTO THE DATA BASE
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Planned flight Path
Start of descent
Interception
Next WP
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GPS PRIMARY
CLB FLT4567890 CRZ OPT REC MAXFL350 FL370 FL390
<REPORT UPDATE AT*[ ] BRG /DIST ---° /----.- TO [ ] PREDICTIVE<GPS GPS PRIMARYREQUIRED ACCUR ESTIMATED 2.1NM HIGH 0.16NMGPS PRIMARYSensor
FB TURN
Navigation Performance
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CODINGCODING
PATHPATH
CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINTS
CODINGCODINGCODINGCODING
How to navigate
PATH TERMINATOR
How to navigate
PATH TERMINATOR
CF : Course to fix
DF : Direct to fix
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Path Terminator conceptPath Terminator concept
Transforms procedures into coded flight paths
Set of two letters
PT instructs to navigate from a starting point to a specific point or terminating condition
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TF : Track between FixesTF : Track between FixesTF : Track between FixesTF : Track between Fixes
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DF : Direct to FixDF : Direct to FixDF : Direct to FixDF : Direct to Fix
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CF : Course to FixCF : Course to FixCF : Course to FixCF : Course to Fix
135°
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IF Initial Fix
TF Track between fix
RF Radius to fix
DF Direct to fix
FA Fix to an altitude
CF Course to fix
HF Hold to fix
HA Hold to altitude
HM Hold for clearance
PI Procedure turn tointrecept
CA Course to altitude
CI Course to intercept
CD Course to dme arc
CR Course to VOR radial
FC Course from fix
FD Fix to DME arc
FM Vectors from fix
AF DME Arc to fix
VD Heading to DME Arc
VA Heading to altitude (climb)
VM Heading (vectors)
VI Heading to intercept
VR Heading to VOR Radial
ARINC 424 PATH
TERMINATOR
ARINC 424 PATH
TERMINATOR
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DF
PATH TERMINATORPATH TERMINATORPATH TERMINATORPATH TERMINATOR
TF TF
CF
DF
CF
TF
CF
DF
TF
CFCF
TF
DF TF : Track between fixes
CF : course to fix
DF : Direct to fix
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KEY POINT 2KEY POINT 2KEY POINT 2KEY POINT 2
Type of waypoint Type of waypoint
PATH TerminatorPATH Terminator
Be aware of coding influenceBe aware of coding influence
Real need of COMMUNICATION
with coding suppliers
Real need of COMMUNICATION
with coding suppliers
Nominal trajectoryProtection area
Nominal trajectoryProtection area
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TYPE OF WAYPOINTSTYPE OF WAYPOINTS
IAWP
IWP
FAWP
MAWP
MAHWP
HWP
AWP
DWP
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TURN INITIATION DISTANCETURN INITIATION DISTANCETURN INITIATION DISTANCETURN INITIATION DISTANCE
2
R
R
L1 = R.tan (
L2 =
/ 2 )
5 . TAS / 3600
L=L1+L2
L1 L2
L
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TAS
Turn angle
FLY-BY BANK : 25°
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TURN STABILIZATION DISTANCETURN STABILIZATION DISTANCETURN STABILIZATION DISTANCETURN STABILIZATION DISTANCE
60°
30°R1
30°
30°
R2
L1= r1.sin
L2= r1.cos .tg30°L3 = r1 (1/sin30° - 2cos / sin60° )
L4 = r2 . tan15°L5 = 10 . TAS / 3600L = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5
L1 L2 L4L3 L5
L
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TAS
Turn angle
FLY-OVER BANK : 15°
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WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BY
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WP1 : FLY-BY WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-BY WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-BY WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-BY WP2 : FLY-BY
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WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-OVEROVER
WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-OVEROVER
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS
Positioning method Accuracy
Waypoint tolerance Nominal trajectory
stabilization distance Path terminator
Strategy Protection area Check list
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STRATEGYSTRATEGYSTRATEGYSTRATEGY Séparation SID/ STAR Attente / IAF décalé des axes de pistes
Concept Y ou T Mise en place de WP supplémentaires
pour correspondre au séquencement Prise en compte des zone urbanisée Utilisation de la descente continue
(CDA)
FLOATING WP
abatement
PROCEDURE
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Holding shift from RWY axis
WPs floatingSegregation traffic
Distance for sequencing
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STOCHOLM ARLANDA
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NON RNAV
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RNAV
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Project CDA-evaluation with KLM FMS data
Aircraft: B747-400
Procedure: 2000 ft approachRunway: 06
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS DESCENTDESCENT APPROACHAPPROACH
OM
SUGOL
RIVER
AMEGA
fromARTIP
21.0 DME PAM
14.0 DME SPL
16.5 DME RTM
CH
FAP
NORBI
DETSI
27.0 to THR
27.0 to THR
27.0 to THR
220 MAX, 2
00 M IN
KTS
220 MAX,
200 M IN
KTS
220 MA
X, 200 M
IN K
TS
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Footprint B747-400, Conventional 2000 ft approach
-10
-5
0
5
10
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Y (
km
)
X (km)
55.0 dB(A); 215.266 km²
65.0 dB(A); 65.423 km²75.0 dB(A); 11.781 km²
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Footprint B747-400, Conventional 3000 ft approach
-10
-5
0
5
10
-45 -40 -35 - -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 5
-
0 5
Y (
km
)
X (km)
55.0 dB(A); 234.266 km²
65.0 dB(A); 74.945 km²75.0 dB(A); 11.689 km²
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Footprint B747-400, Continuous Descent Approach
-10
-5
0
5
10
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Y (
km
)
X (km)
55.0 dB(A); 191.306 km²
65.0 dB(A); 40.414 km²75.0 dB(A); 11.484 km²
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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FUEL CONSUMPTION PER FLIGHT PHASEB747-400
Flight phaseFuel consumption
(kg/km)
Cruise ~10
2000 ft /3000 ft approach ~30 (at horizontal segment)
CDA ~ 6 (before ILS glide slope)
FUEL CONSUMPTION PER FLIGHT PHASEB737-300/400
Flight phase Fuel consumption (kg/km)
Cruise ~2.5
2000 ft /3000 ft approach ~7 (at horizontal segment)
CDA ~2.5 (before ILS glide slope
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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KEY POINT 3KEY POINT 3KEY POINT 3KEY POINT 3
Safety issuesSafety issues
•Minimum distance•Coding requirements
•Minimum distance•Coding requirements
Operational issuesOperational issues
•Pilots needs•ATC needs•Environmental aspect
•Pilots needs•ATC needs•Environmental aspect
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS
Positioning method Accuracy
Waypoint tolerance Nominal trajectory
stabilization distance Path terminator
Strategy Protection area Check list
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PROTECTION AREAPROTECTION AREAPROTECTION AREAPROTECTION AREA
Use of wind spiral for all turn protections
Max turn angle :120° (no reversal)
No bank angle delay for a fly-by WP
Protection deal with max TAS and low TAS
WHAT’S NEW ?
Bank angle : 25° / 15°Pilot reaction delay : 6 sec / 3 SecDescend and climb gradient MOC
WHAT’ S REMAINING ?
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ATT
c
30°
TURN AT FLY-OVER WPTURN AT FLY-OVER WPTURN AT FLY-OVER WPTURN AT FLY-OVER WP
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ATT
ATT
R.TAN(A/2)
R’ R ’’
cS’ S’’
30°
A/2
FLY-BY WP turn angle FLY-BY WP turn angle 90° 90°FLY-BY WP turn angle FLY-BY WP turn angle 90° 90°
A
R
FLY-BY turn angle >
90 °r
r.tan(A/2)
R’ R’’
cS’ S’’
ID = r . TAN (A / 2)
C = Center circle
r = Radius of turn
A/2
r
rD
C
AIATT
ATT
TF : PROTECTION AREATF : PROTECTION AREA
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CD
A
L
L = Radius . TAN(A/2)
Radius
SS'
R"R' R
C
S''
D
Ac
L1
L2
L1 = Radius L2 = Radius . TAN(A/2)
c : Pilot reactionIf A<90° Then L1=Radius . TAN(A/2)
SS'
R"R' R
C
S''
D
30°
A
MAX(A/2,30°)
SS'
R"R' R
C
S''
D
c'
S''
S
S'
R"
R
R'
30°
c' : Pilot reaction + Bank angle
SS'
R"R' R
C
S''
DS''
S
S'
R"
R
R'
WP1
WP4
WPTP2
WPTP3
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C
C= Pilot reaction + bank angle delay
DF : PROTECTION AREADF : PROTECTION AREADF : PROTECTION AREADF : PROTECTION AREA
A/2A/2
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MISSED MISSED APPROACH APPROACH SEGMENTSEGMENT
MISSED MISSED APPROACH APPROACH SEGMENTSEGMENT
Some RNAV systems are disconnected in case of
missed approach Plan a dead reckoning track
Protection area splays at 15° from earliest MAWPComplete MOC within the secondary area (for class
A GNSS )
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MISSED APPROACHMISSED APPROACH
Area Width at
MAWP
15 °Splay from earliest
MAWP +
Area Width at MATWP
COMPARE
> :Solution1 < :Solution2
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Check listCheck listCheck listCheck list
Strategy
A/C Equipment
Nominal trajectory
Minimum distances
Path terminator
XTT- ATTArea width
Protection area
Turning area Earliest [R” - R’] Latest [S” - S’]
Wind spiralLow speed accomodation
Connecting point / WP
Minimal altitudeMOC Slope
Flight simulation
Data in WGS84
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My personal point of viewMy personal point of viewMy personal point of viewMy personal point of view
Users should gain benefits from RNAVUsers should gain
benefits from RNAVMature design criteria
are availableMature design criteria
are available
Safety relies on communication and training
Safety relies on communication and training
On line help : will existEcacnav.com
RNP concept instead of sensor concept
RNP concept instead of sensor concept
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Any questions?
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Uncertainty Area Uncertainty Area
GOOD GEOMETRIE BAD GEOMETRY
DILUTION OF PRECISIONDILUTION OF PRECISIONDILUTION OF PRECISIONDILUTION OF PRECISION
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WAYPOINTWAYPOINTWAYPOINTWAYPOINT
Expressed in WGS84 coordinates IAWP, IWP, FAWP, MAWP, MAHWP
Fly-by waypoint
Symbol :
Fly-over waypoint
Symbol :
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WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BYWP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BY
Stabilisation distances are necessaryStabilisation distances are necessary
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MISSED APPROACHMISSED APPROACH
SOC
15°
MAWP TWP
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MISSED APPROACHMISSED APPROACH
15°
SOC
MAWP TWP
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MISSED APPROACHMISSED APPROACH
15°
SOC
MAWPTWP
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