11

Prevention and Remediation In Selected Industrial Prevention and Remediation In Selected Industrial Sectors: Sectors:

Small Sites in Urban AreasSmall Sites in Urban Areas

Athens, GreeceAthens, GreeceJune 3-5, 2006June 3-5, 2006

NATO/CCMS PILOT STUDYNATO/CCMS PILOT STUDY

22

INVESTIGATION AND INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SITES REMEDIATION OF SITES CONTAMINATED WITH CONTAMINATED WITH

PETROLEUM PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN HYDROCARBONS IN

LITHUANIALITHUANIA

Hydrogeological Company “Grota”Hydrogeological Company “Grota”

Ramunė ŠečkuvienėRamunė Šečkuvienė

33

Lithuania exclusively usesLithuania exclusively usesonly groundwater foronly groundwater forpotable water resources potable water resources

Petroleum is not only thePetroleum is not only themain source of energy atmain source of energy atpresent day, however, itpresent day, however, itconsidered to be the mainconsidered to be the mainsource of groundwater source of groundwater contamination in Lithuaniacontamination in Lithuania

44

OUTLINEOUTLINE• Background Background

information.information.• Assessment and Assessment and

remediation standards.remediation standards.• CContamination ratingontamination rating..• Cleaning technologies Cleaning technologies

and results. and results. • Example sites.Example sites.• Theoretic and real Theoretic and real

possibilities of cleaning possibilities of cleaning subsurface and subsurface and groundwater from PH in groundwater from PH in Lithuania.Lithuania.

• Groundwater monitoring Groundwater monitoring of contaminated sites.of contaminated sites.

55

Background informationBackground information– Number and total area of sites Number and total area of sites contaminated with PH is relativelycontaminated with PH is relativelythe the biggestbiggest, compeering with other , compeering with other polluted areas.polluted areas.– There are more than 650 petrolThere are more than 650 petrolstations in Lithuania and 250 of stations in Lithuania and 250 of them are old ones. The total amount them are old ones. The total amount of contaminated of contaminated aarea there exceeds rea there exceeds 3-5 mln. m3-5 mln. m22..– Total area of oil business objects Total area of oil business objects in Lithuania makes up 600 - 700 ha, in Lithuania makes up 600 - 700 ha, but contaminated groundwater but contaminated groundwater below it occupies 52-62 mln. below it occupies 52-62 mln. mm22..– Former Soviet Union objectsFormer Soviet Union objectsmmakeake a a single pollution source. single pollution source. The indirect data show that such The indirect data show that such objects occupies about 3 mln. objects occupies about 3 mln. mm22..

66

LAND 9-2002 – LAND 9-2002 – Remediation and pollution limitation Remediation and pollution limitation requirements of subsurface and groundwater contaminatedrequirements of subsurface and groundwater contaminated

with petroleum hydrocarbonswith petroleum hydrocarbons

Local groundwater monitoring implementation order Local groundwater monitoring implementation order

Environment monitoring lEnvironment monitoring laaww

Environment protection lawEnvironment protection law

Assessment and remediation standardsAssessment and remediation standards

77

Main pollution level indicesMain pollution level indices

IndexIndexDimDimensiensionon

Pollution levelPollution level

BackBackgrougroundnd

LowLow MediuMediumm

HighHighVery highVery high

Max depth of oil Max depth of oil penetrationpenetration -- 00

To 60-70To 60-70% % of vadose of vadose

zone depthzone depth

To To groundwgroundw

ater ater capillary capillary

zonezone

To To shalloshallo

w w groungroundwatedwate

rr

To shallow To shallow groundwategroundwate

rr

Oil content in Oil content in vadose zone soilvadose zone soil

g/g/kgkg

<0.0<0.055

0.05-150.05-15 0.05-0.05-1515

>0.0>0.055

>0.05>0.05

Oil content in top Oil content in top soils of shallow soils of shallow aquiferaquifer

g/g/kgkg

<0.0<0.055

<0.05<0.05 0.05-50.05-5 5-255-25 >25>25

Oil content in Oil content in shallow shallow groundwatergroundwater

Mg/lMg/l 00 <1<1 1-101-10 10-10-5050 >50>50

Free phase of Free phase of petroleum product petroleum product on shallow aquiferon shallow aquifer

-- 00 00 00EpisoEpisodicdic

ConstatnConstatntt

88PH contamination level in LithuaniaPH contamination level in Lithuania

99

Shallow aquifer contamination ratesShallow aquifer contamination rates in large oil storagesin large oil storages

Territory

Shallow aquifer

pollution area,

km2

Max concentration

of PH in water,

mg/l

Alytus oil storage 0.405 12.8

Train accident site at Juodšiliai 0.18 7-12

Kaunas oil storage 0.0239 1320

Klaipėda oil storage 0.0535 188

Varėna oil storage 0.01 94.8

Viduklė oil storage 0.044 0.19

Vilnius oil storage 0.3 77

1010

Contamination of shallow aquifer at Contamination of shallow aquifer at former military sitesformer military sites

Military site

Shallow

aquifer

pollution area,

km2

Max

concentration

of PH in

water, mg/l

Kėdainiai landing-field 0.4 26

Pagėgiai oil storage 0.14 13

Pajuostė landing-field 0.13 6.4 – 4.2

Karmėlava rocket fuel storage 0.008 3.1

Pilainiai engineering regimental

oil storage0.03 0.22

Alytus landing party 0.001 51.47

Pabradė oil storage 0.021 15

Kazlų Rūda oil storage 0.03 22.5

Valčiūnai oil storage 0.1 38

Raudondvaris rocket base 0.01 0.64

Kairiai tank-borne infantry 0.03 3.15

Zokniai landing-field 1 10.5

Nemenčinė civil defence center 0.03 35

“Šiaurės miestelis” (“Northern town”)

in Vilnius0.014 1.3

1111

Cleaning technologiesCleaning technologies

• Ex situEx situ: bioremediation using bacteria and : bioremediation using bacteria and some plants.some plants.

• In situIn situ: pump and treat; vacuum : pump and treat; vacuum extraction; bioremediation using bacteria.extraction; bioremediation using bacteria.

Hydrogeological Company “Grota” is Hydrogeological Company “Grota” is probably the one in the country who probably the one in the country who has the biggest experience using the has the biggest experience using the in situin situ site remediation methodology. site remediation methodology.

1212

Bioremediation siteBioremediation site

Petroleum hydrocarbons spilled out on the railway Petroleum hydrocarbons spilled out on the railway

Remedied territoryRemedied territory

Ex situ

Ex situ

1313

Water level

Free phase PH layer

Free phase PH layer level

Pump

To abstergent facilitySurface

““ Pu

mp

and

tre

at”

on

Pu

mp

and

tre

at”

on

th

e s

urf

ace

the s

urf

ace

““ Pu

mp

and

treat” m

eth

od

Pu

mp

an

d tre

at” m

eth

od

schem

esch

em

eIn s

itu

In s

itu

1414

Vacu

um

extra

ction sy

stem

Vacu

um

extra

ction

syste

mV

acu

um

extr

act

ion s

yst

em

Vacu

um

extr

act

ion s

yst

em

on

th

e s

urf

ace

on

th

e s

urf

ace

Vacuum pumpUnderground

container

Pumpingpipe

Air flow

Free phase of PH

Air flow

PH-water-gasseparator

Container forPH

Water cleaningsystem Gas cleaning

Air outgo

Water outgo

LEGEND

PH gas

PH adsorbedinto the soil

PH dissolvedinto the water

1515

Info about the biggest contaminated Info about the biggest contaminated sitessites

Indicator Vilnius oil

storage

Train accident

site at Juodšiliai

Alytus oil

storage

Investigation wells, number 162 140 57

Contaminated aquifers:

Contaminated soil thickness, m 5-7 2-4 7-11

Index a III-IV,

ag III-II vr-žm ag III bl

a III,

ag II žm – I dn

Lithology

Various grained

sand, gravel;

K = 120; 2-5 m/d

Fine, sometimes

various grained

sand;

K = 0.9-8.9;

11-32 m/d

Fine and medium

grained,

somewhere clayey

sand and gravel;

K = 1-20 m/d

36 23 15

Monitoring:

- observation wells, number

- observation period, years 10 5 4

1616

PH appeared in springs PH appeared in springs near the circular road near the circular road crossing. Furthermore, crossing. Furthermore,

Vilnius oil storage Vilnius oil storage is nearby two drinking is nearby two drinking

water wellfields and it is water wellfields and it is located located

1090 m from river Neris. 1090 m from river Neris.

Vilnius oilstorage

Vingiswellfield

II Geležinkeliečiųwellfield

The 3-rd health preservation belt of wellfield

The 2-nd health preservation belt of wellfield

1717

Diesel fuel spilled out of Diesel fuel spilled out of four tanks-cars and spread four tanks-cars and spread

over the land surface in over the land surface in a plot 182 m long and a plot 182 m long and

2-18 m wide. The polluted 2-18 m wide. The polluted area is situated at the area is situated at the

southern outskirts of southern outskirts of JuodJuodššiliai settlement. The iliai settlement. The

nearest dug well providing nearest dug well providing drinking water is 62 m from polluted area.drinking water is 62 m from polluted area.

Train accident siteat Juodšiliai

Paneriaiwellfield

Th

e 3

-rd h

ealth

pre

serv

atio

n

belt o

f wellfi

eld

1818

Contamination of shallow Contamination of shallow aquifer in Alytus oil aquifer in Alytus oil storage caused the storage caused the

pollution of deep aquifers pollution of deep aquifers in Vidzgiris wellfield.in Vidzgiris wellfield.

Alytus oilstorage

The 3-rd health preservation belt of wellfield

The 2-nd health preservation belt of wellfield

Vidzgiriswellfield

1919

The results of cleaningThe results of cleaning

IndicatorVilnius oil

storage

Train

accident site

at Juodšiliai

Alytus oil

storage

Contamination area, m2 318000 4485 405000

- shallow aquifer 318000 4485 405000

- soil 228800 1803 285000

- free phase PH layer 132000 600 18125

Extracted PH amount, m3 2704 20 94

Extraction beginning date 1989 2000 1996

Extraction period, years 9 7 months2.5 (with

breaks)

2020

Viln

ius

oil

stora

ge b

efo

re a

nd

aft

er

rem

ed

iati

on

Viln

ius

oil

stora

ge b

efo

re a

nd

aft

er

rem

ed

iati

on

2121

Boundary of dissolved PH spreading in shallow aquiferBoundary of dissolved PH spreading in shallow aquifer

Boundary of capillary PH spreading in the aeration zoneBoundary of capillary PH spreading in the aeration zone

Boundary of former PH spilled out on the groundBoundary of former PH spilled out on the ground

LEGENDLEGEND

Residual pollution of subsurface and shallow groundwater Residual pollution of subsurface and shallow groundwater with PH after the cleaning of the railway accident sitewith PH after the cleaning of the railway accident site

2222

2 8

R o tu ð ësa ik ð të

Rût

ø g-

vë

Kep

ykl o

s g-

vë

0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0

The 3-rd health preservative The 3-rd health preservative belt of wellfieldbelt of wellfield

The 2-nd health preservative The 2-nd health preservative belt of wellfieldbelt of wellfield

Vidzgiris wellfield

Vidzgiris wellfieldNemunasNemunas

Situation in Situation in Alytus oilAlytus oilstoragestorage

after remediationafter remediation

2323

Info about some objects, where Info about some objects, where remediationremediation is in processis in process

Indicator Passengers and

shipment terminal

Petrol station in Panevėžys

Investigation wells, number 33 21

Contaminated soil thickness,

m 1.3-4.5 1-2.5

Contaminated aquifers:

Index a III a III

Lithology

Various grained

sand, gravel;

K = 6.8 – 29.5 m/d

Fine grained clayey

sand;

K = 0.3 m/d

8 3

Monitoring:

- observation wells, number

- observation period, years 5 8

2424

Curon

ian S

pit

Curon

ian S

pit

Balt

ic S

ea

Balt

ic S

ea

Passengers andPassengers andShipment terminalShipment terminal

Current territory was built Current territory was built near Curonian Spit in 1977. near Curonian Spit in 1977. It is being used to serve the It is being used to serve the

port of Klaipėda. port of Klaipėda. The investigations have The investigations have

shown that bigger part of the shown that bigger part of the territory was contaminated with PH. And the territory was contaminated with PH. And the

free phase PH layer have been detected on the surface of shallow free phase PH layer have been detected on the surface of shallow groundwater in the southern part of it.groundwater in the southern part of it.

2525

Indicator

Passengers

and

Shipment

Terminal

Petrol station in Panevėžys

Contamination area, m2 5700 2790

Extracted PH amount, m3 2.5 1

Extraction beginning date 2003 2003

Extraction period, years 3 3

The results of cleaningThe results of cleaning

2626

Boundary of liquid PH accumulated on Boundary of liquid PH accumulated on shallow groundwater before cleaningshallow groundwater before cleaning

Boundary of liquid PH accumulated on Boundary of liquid PH accumulated on shallow groundwater after one year shallow groundwater after one year remediation workremediation workBoundary of liquid PH accumulated on Boundary of liquid PH accumulated on shallow groundwater after two years shallow groundwater after two years remediation workremediation work

LEGENDLEGEND

Residual pollution of shallow groundwater Residual pollution of shallow groundwater with liquid PH after 3 years cleaning processwith liquid PH after 3 years cleaning process

2727

Theoretic and real possibilities of cleaning Theoretic and real possibilities of cleaning subsurface and groundwater from PH in subsurface and groundwater from PH in

LithuaniaLithuania• Requirement for remediation of the territories contaminated with petroleum Requirement for remediation of the territories contaminated with petroleum

hydrocarbons depends on the risk to the clean nature and human health.hydrocarbons depends on the risk to the clean nature and human health.

• According to Lithuanian specific conditions the main pupose of the limitation of According to Lithuanian specific conditions the main pupose of the limitation of

subsurface contamination first of all is linked with grounwater protectionsubsurface contamination first of all is linked with grounwater protection..

• The principal task is the stopping of spreading of contaminant in aquifersThe principal task is the stopping of spreading of contaminant in aquifers. .

• Free liquid phase hydrocarbon layer on gruondwater table is the main factor Free liquid phase hydrocarbon layer on gruondwater table is the main factor

stimulating the spreading of contamination in aquifersstimulating the spreading of contamination in aquifers..

• The principal condition for remediation of the territories with high and very high The principal condition for remediation of the territories with high and very high

contamination levels is the removal of free phase petroleum poduct.contamination levels is the removal of free phase petroleum poduct.

2828

Groundwater monitoring Groundwater monitoring of contaminated sitesof contaminated sites

• In sites contaminated with PH In sites contaminated with PH

during remediation process and during remediation process and

after it observation net were being after it observation net were being

appointed.appointed.

• After the remediation process only After the remediation process only

adsorbed PH remained in the soil. adsorbed PH remained in the soil.

Thus, hydrogeodinamic and Thus, hydrogeodinamic and

hydrogeochemical monitoring is hydrogeochemical monitoring is

being held in such sites.being held in such sites.

• The destruction of pollutant is much The destruction of pollutant is much

faster after the free phase of PH faster after the free phase of PH

extraction from the water surface.extraction from the water surface.

2929

Thank you ! ! !Thank you ! ! !