1 preventing and reducing adolescent violence. 2 what is violence? phsttt.. rarow!! arghhhh!...
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Common Types of Common Types of ViolenceViolence
• Aggressive and intimidating posturing or bullying
• Verbal threats of violence
• Physical fighting, sometimes including weapons
• Violent outbursts when challenged or confronted
• Date violence
• Gang violence
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What influences What influences youth violence?youth violence?
• Belief that violence is an acceptable problem solving method or reaction
• Learned violence from family, community and media models
• Poor impulse control
• History of abuse or trauma
• Youth at-risk characteristics
• Risky Behavior
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Assessing Assessing Adolescent Adolescent ViolenceViolence• History of violent and
aggressive behavior
• Poor impulse control
• Poor anger management and problem solving skills
• History of other risky or inappropriate behaviors
• Prior history of abuse, neglect or trauma
• Family or community violence that results in the belief that violence is acceptable
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Adolescent Adolescent Violence Violence Information Information SourcesSources • U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office
of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention, Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
• U. S. Surgeon General
• Center for Disease Control
• Blueprints for Violence Prevention
• American Medical Association
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Programs Targeting Programs Targeting Adolescent ViolenceAdolescent Violence
Anger Management, Problem Solving & Social Skills Training Programs
• Aggression Replacement Training
• Anger Management & Anger Management Skills Training
• Cognitive Mediation Training
• Cognitive-Behavioral Skills Training
• Moral Reasoning Development Program
• Positive Adolescent Choices Training (PACT)
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Programs Targeting Programs Targeting Adolescent ViolenceAdolescent Violence
Bullying and Gangs
• Bullying Prevention Program
• Gang Resistance Education & Training (G.R.E.A.T.)
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Programs Targeting Programs Targeting Adolescent ViolenceAdolescent Violence
Family Therapy
• Functional Family Therapy
• Multi-systemic Family Therapy
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Programs Targeting Programs Targeting Adolescent ViolenceAdolescent Violence
Mentoring Programs
• Big Brothers Big Sisters
• Quantum Opportunities Program
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Programs Targeting Programs Targeting Adolescent ViolenceAdolescent Violence
Out of Home Home Placement
• Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care
• Multi-modal Approach
• Residential Therapeutic Milieu
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Anger Management Anger Management Training ComponentsTraining Components
• What is anger?
• What causes anger?
• How is anger different from aggression?
• What triggers anger in you?
• What are the external and internal cues that tell you that you’re angry?
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Addressing Anger Addressing Anger ManagementManagement(Reducing Anger Responses)(Reducing Anger Responses)
• Stop and think
• Attend to relevant cues
• Identify alternative responses and the benefits and consequences of each alternative
• What are alternatives to violent responses?
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Addressing Anger Addressing Anger ManagementManagement(Reducing Anger Responses)(Reducing Anger Responses)
• Use self control and relaxation skills
• Use assertive techniques
• Resist taunts
• Self evaluation
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8 Step Social Problem 8 Step Social Problem Solving ModelSolving Model
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1. Is there a problem?
2. Stop and think.
3. Why is there a conflict?
4. What do I want?
5. Think of solutions.
6. Look at consequences.
7. Choose what to do and do it.
8. Evaluate the results.Guerra, N. G. & Slaby, R. G. (1990). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent
offenders: 2. Intervention. Developmental Psychology, 26, 269-277.
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Pro-Social SkillsPro-Social Skills• Communication skills
• Negotiating skills
• Giving and receiving positive and negative feedback
• Recognizing and following social norms
• Controlling angry, surly, or sulking behavior
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Pro-Social SkillsPro-Social Skills• Using assertiveness to
express own needs
• Using appropriate conversational skills
• Social networking
• Avoiding alcohol and drug use
• Appropriate use of affection and sexual interactions
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Bullying…Bullying…• Is repetitive,
aggressive behavior that exercises power over the victim
• Includes behaviors such as teasing, gossiping, social exclusion, extortion, verbal attacks, and physical attacks.
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Bullying Prevention Bullying Prevention ProgramProgram
• School-based program developed by Dan Olweus
• Emphasizes increased supervision of individual students, classrooms, and school “hot spots.”
• A school-wide conference assesses specific needs
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Bullying Prevention Bullying Prevention ProgramProgram• Consequences for
bullying behavior
• Empowers students to resist bullying
• Specific rules about bullying
• Rules are evaluated regularly in the classroom.
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The Gang Resistance The Gang Resistance Education and Training Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program(G.R.E.A.T.) Program
• School-based gang prevention program
• Nine-week curriculum for middle-school students presented by uniformed police officers.
• Topics presented include: – impact of crime on
communities and victims
– conflict management
– personal responsibility and goal setting
– meeting basic needs without joining a gang
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Confronting Beliefs Confronting Beliefs that Support Violencethat Support Violence
• Violence is not an effective way to solve problems or feel powerful or be in control when confronted.
• Consequences of violence
• Alternatives to violence that better solve the problem,
• Effects of community prejudice and ways to overcome that prejudice.
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Family Therapy Family Therapy ProgramsPrograms
• Individualized treatment plans
• Focus on strengths and resilience,
• Use of multiple levels of intervention (e.g., individual, family, community, peers, school)
• Improve the relationships between youth and parents
• Improving parental limit setting, monitoring and discipline
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Functional Family Functional Family TherapyTherapy
• Short-term intervention
• Family and individual counseling
• Daily telephone or personal contacts with the family
• Meetings with community resources
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Three Phases of Three Phases of Functional Family Functional Family TherapyTherapy
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Generalization
Change of Behavior
Engagement and Motivation
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Multi-systemic Multi-systemic TherapyTherapy
• Home-based treatment
• Developed by Henggeler & associates
• Individual and family counseling
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Three-step Strategy of Three-step Strategy of Multi-systemic TherapyMulti-systemic Therapy
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prevent or block the risk factors from attacking the family
use protective factors to increase resilience
Identify and neutralize risk factors
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MST Intervention MST Intervention PrinciplesPrinciples
• Understand the “fit” between problems and systemic context
• Emphasize the positive and use systemic strengths
• Promote responsible behavior and decrease irresponsible behavior
• Present-focused and action-oriented
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MST Intervention MST Intervention PrinciplesPrinciples
• Target sequences of behavior that maintain the problems
• Developmentally Appropriate
• Daily weekly effort by family members.
• Effectiveness is evaluated continuously
• Promote treatment generalization
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Principles of Structure Principles of Structure & Limit Setting& Limit Setting
• Supervise activities
• Monitor youth whereabouts
• Make rules or expectations clear
• Help youth understand the rationale of rules
• Give youth input into rule formation
• Outcomes should be predictable
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Principles of Structure Principles of Structure & Limit Setting& Limit Setting• Rewards include social
reinforcement and tangible reinforcement
• Natural consequences are more effective
• Avoid long-term consequences
• Flexible rules are more effective
• Following rules is a learning process
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Did Parents…Did Parents…• Monitor adolescent’s
whereabouts?
• Make rules clear, flexible and predictable?
• Explain rationale for rules and give teen some input?
• Use natural, short-term consequences?
• Include rewards?
• Remember that following rules is a learning process?
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Workers as MentorsWorkers as Mentors• What did you do that
provided mentoring?
• What was the response by the individual?
• Were there ever times when a youth let you know that something you did meant a lot to them?
• Who did you mentor?
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Effective Residential Effective Residential Care StrategiesCare Strategies
• Structure and behavior regulation
• Consistency and predictability of adaptive demands
• Autonomy and individuality
• Emotional support
• Trustworthiness of staff
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Multidimensional Multidimensional Treatment Foster Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) Is…Care (MTFC) Is…• a community-based
alternative to residential or group home placement
• adult involvement and mentoring is more effective than peer group interventions in reducing problem behavior.
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MTFC ComponentsMTFC Components• Individualized, structured
foster home placement
• Clear rules and consequences
• Focus on adolescent’s strengths
• Daily telephone contact and weekly meetings
• Weekly individual counseling
• Weekly sessions with parents
• Gradually increasing time for home visitation
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Skills Training Skills Training ComponentsComponents
• Anger management
• Problem-solving
• Pro-social skills
• Increased awareness of consequences of violence and refuting beliefs supporting violence
• Effective use of structure, limit-setting, and consequences by parents and other caretakers
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Common Common Characteristics of Characteristics of Treatment Treatment ApproachesApproaches• Tailored to meet the
individual needs
• Involve collaboration and coordination
• Use a strengths and resilience approach
• Encourage positive relationships with parents and non-parental adults
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Primary Change Primary Change MechanismsMechanisms
• Behavioral changes
• Cognitive changes
• Focus on learning
• Focus on positive
• Intensive, collaborative, coordinated treatment
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Implementing Implementing InterventionsInterventions
• Fitting components into present treatment plans
• Some treatment interventions are already part of the treatment plan or are logical extensions of elements already in the plan
• Collaborating with existing service providers
• You don’t have to do everything yourself
• Identifying existing services and referral networks
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Implementing Implementing Interventions (cont)Interventions (cont)• Accommodating agency
structure and policies
• Identifying barriers to implementing strategies for preventing or reducing adolescent violence
• Using supportive evidence of intervention effectiveness
• Using a step by step approach (all items do not have to be implemented at once)
• Emphasizing linkage with other service providers (unless that is one of the barriers)