1. policy cycle government actors - incentives interest groups interests resources strategies...
TRANSCRIPT
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CEEN 590 Actor Dynamics
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Today’s agenda
Policy Cycle Government actors
- incentives Interest Groups
Interests Resources Strategies
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Policy Cycle Model
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Agenda-Setting
Policy Formulation
Decisionmaking
Policy Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
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Agenda-Setting – Definitions
Social Agenda (general, systemic): issues that the public thinks deserve attention from government measures: polls, media
Formal Agenda (government): issues explicitly up for active and serious consideration by policy makers measures: announced proposals,
throne speech
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Agenda-Setting - Process
Kingdon’s “streams” model: a confluence of Problem stream Politics stream Policy (solution)
streamOpens a “policy
window”Opportunity for
“policy entrepreneurs”
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Agenda-Setting - Process
Changes in “Problem” indicators knowledge, technology focusing event
Changes in “Politics” changing public mood elections interest group strategies
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Policy Cycle Model
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Agenda-Setting
Policy Formulation
Decisionmaking
Policy Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
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Policy Formulation
THINKING
Policy analysis of alternatives
TALKING
Consultation with stakeholders
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Decision-making
RATIONAL
clarify objectives, prioritize them
list all alternatives assess consequences
of alternatives compare alternatives choose alternative
that maximizes/optimizes objectives
INCREMENTALISM
no means-ends distinction
alternative search limited to those closest to status quo
ignores possible consequences
decision rule: “satisfice”
test of good policy: agreement
successive limited comparisons: trial and error learning
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Implementation – conditions for success
Clear, consistent objectivesSound causal theoryAdequate administrative authorityCommitted, skillful implementorsSupport from stakeholdersFacilitative socio-economic
conditions
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Interest groups in context
Strategic actors Government
▪ Elected officials▪ Bureaucrats
Non-government interest groups
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Government Actors -Interests, Resources: Politicians
resource: authorityObjectives: reelection, policy
objectives, power reelection comes first -- fundamental
constraint effect: public opinion matters
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resources authority expertise
objectives policy objectives power (budgets, jurisdiction) autonomy
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Government Actors –Interests, Resources: Bureaucrats
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Interest Groups
energy firms trade associationsenvironmental NGOsaboriginal groupsconsumer groups (?)List of actors
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What are the interests of your group?
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Value orientations
5 - Strong environmental values
On a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being extremely supportive of energy development and 5 being extremely supportive of environmental conservation, how would you rate your simulation group's values?
4- Moderate environmental values
2 - moderate pro development values
3 - neutral1 - Strong pro development values
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Group Resources
moneyexpertise (substance, process)skilled leadership (effective,
charismatic)appealing causepublic opinioncontactscontrol over investment, jobs
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Group Resources – The Privileged Position of Business
control over investment, jobs government seeks reelection reelection depends on jobs, healthy economy jobs, growth created by investment investment a function of business climate government constrained from undermining
business climate
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What resources does your group have to influence public policy?
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Actors Strategies – First orderadopt those most likely to advance their interests
lobby influence public opinion
through media influence market
behaviour finance elections litigation form coalitions direct action
(demonstrations, civil disobedience)
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Actors Strategies II – Second Order
change the rules of the game within an arena Expanding
participation shift the venue to
another arena Legislature to
cabinet Provincial to federal Domestic to
international Government to
market
idea-based strategies to reframe problem in framing
arguments, actors appeal to widely shared values and expert authority▪ “green jobs”
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The politics of science: Classic view: separation
Science
(facts)
Politics
(values)
Truth
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Politics of Science:Recognition of “Trans-science”
Jasanoff and Wynne 1998
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Politics of ScienceConstructivist View
Politics
Science
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Politics of ScienceConstructivist View (when pressed)
Politics
Science
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Politics and Science
Policy reflects value judgments, but embodies causal assumptions
Causal knowledge frequently very uncertain, undermining power of science
actors adopt the scientific arguments most consistent with their interests
“science” becomes a contested resource for actors in the policy process, by lending credibility to arguments
the body of credible science bounds the range of legitimate arguments, but only loosely
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Politics and Science (cont)
Scientific controversies are frequently more about underlying value conflicts e.g., conservation vs. development
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A continuum
Science Politics
Regulatory Science
Regulatory Science: Scientific assumptions adopted for the purpose of policy-making
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Regulatory Science Approach Some causal assumptions are better than
others – science helps Some policies are better reflections of society’s
distribution of preferences than others -- democratic institutions help
Avoid: political decisions made by scientists and scientific judgments being made by politicians
Prefer: transparent justification for decisions Reveals boundary where scientific advice ends and
value judgments begins Promotes accountability
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What strategies is your group likely to rely upon?
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Actors – Interests, Resources, Strategies
Actor Interest Resources Strategies
Politicians
Bureaucrats
industry
environmentalists
First Nations