1- plain x-ray 2-radio isotope 4- mri · plain x-ray 1-bone density 2-periosteal reaction...
TRANSCRIPT
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Imaging of bone disease 1- plain x-ray
2-radio isotope
3- CT scan
4- MRI
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PLAIN X-RAY
1-BONE DENSITY
2-PERIOSTEAL REACTION
3-CORTICAL THICKENING
4- ALTERATION IN TRABECULAR PATTERAN
5-ALTERATION IN THE SHAPE OF BONE
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Decrease bone density Generalized :
a-osteoporosis
b-osteomalacia and rickes
c-hyperparathyroidism,renal
osteodystrophy
d- mutiple myeloma
e-osteogensis imperfecta
Localized :
Fracture of one bone
Sudeck atrophy -sever osteoporosis
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Increase bone density
a-osteopetrosis
b-myelosclerosis
c-sclerotic metastasis
d-paget s disease
e-prostatic metastasis
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Periosteal reaction
Excess bone prodused by the
periosteum which occurs in response to
such condition
a-neoplasm
b-inflammation
c-trauma
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Cortical thickening
Laying down of new bone ,there is no
separated lines or spicules of calcification as
seen in periosteal reaction
Causes:
1-chronic osteomylitis
2-healed trauma
3- response to chronic teroids
4- benign neoplasm
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Alteration in the trabecular pttern
Reduction in number of trabeculae and alteration
in the remaining ones
a-osteoporosis :thick cortex ,long trabeculae
b-paget s disease:thick trabeculation in cortex and
medulla
c-haemolytic anemia :biconcave bone marrow
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Alteration in the shape of the bone a-achondoplasia
b-multiple stenosis
c-acromegaly
e-expnding bone tumor
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osteoporosis
Due to defenciency of the protein matrix
Matrix reduced in quantity
Caueses:
1-idiopathic
2-cushing syndrome
3-postmenopausal
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osteomalacia
Lack of calciumin the body tissue
With poor mineralization of osteoid
If this occurs before epiphyseal closure
It is called rickets while in adults it is called osteomalacia
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Periosteal Reactions
Benign
None
Solid
More aggressive or malignant
Lamellated or onion-skinning
Sunburst
Codman’s triangle
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Chronic osteomyelitis
Benign
None
Solid
Aggressive/malignant
Onion-skinning
Sunburst
Codman’s triangle
Periosteal Reactions
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Benign
None
Solid
Aggressive/malignant
Onion-skinning
Sunburst
Codman’s triangle
Periosteal Reactions
Ewing’s sarcoma
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Ewing’s-Codman’s
triangle
Benign
None
Solid
Aggressive/malignant
Onion-skinning
Sunburst
Codman’s triangle
Periosteal Reactions
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Osteosarcoma
Benign
None
Solid
Aggressive/malignant
Onion-skinning
Sunburst
Codman’s triangle
Periosteal Reactions
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Periosteal Reactions
Solid Lamellated Codman’s Sunburst
Less malignant More malignant
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Alteration in trabecular
patteran
1-haemolytic anemia
2-paget s disease
3-marrow hyerplasia
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CT SCAN
1-disc herniation
2-imaging of complex shapd bone
3- extend of bone tumors both within
bone and adjacent soft tissue
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Radioisotope scanning 1-detecion of metastasis
2-detection of osteomylitis
3- to decide if an abnormality on
rdiograph no seen
4- other abnormalities
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Infection of bone
An invading organism may attack bone by direct invasion
from an infected wound, or from an infected joint, or it may
gain access by
haematogenous spread from distant foci, usually in the skin
Haematogenous osteomyelitis usually occurs during the period
of growth, but all ages may be affected and cases are even
found in old
age.
In infants, Streptococcus usually causes osteomyelitis. In
adults, Staphylococcus is more common
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osteomyelitis
In the infant, vessels penetrate the epiphyseal plate in
both directions. Metaphyscal infections can thus pass
to the epiphysis and then the joint. Acute pyogenic
arthritis is therefore a relatively
common sequel of osteomyelitis in infants. The
periosteum in nfants is very loosely attached to
underlying bone.
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osteomyelitis
In childhood, between 2 and 1 6 years, few vessels
cross the epiphyseal
plate though the periosteum is still relatively
loosely
attached. The epiphysis and joint are thus less
frequently infected.
The metaphyseal vessels terminate instead in
slow-flowing sinusoids
which promote blood-borne infective change
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osteomyelitis
In the adult, after the epiphyseal plate has fused,
metaphyseal
and epiphyseal vessels are again connected so
that septic arthritis
can recur. Periostcum, however, is well hound
down and articular
i nfections via a metaphyseal route are less
likely.
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Osteomyelitis The formation of pus in the bone deprives local cortex and
medulla of its blood supply.
Dead bone is resorbed by granulation tissue. Pieces of dead bone,
especially if cortical or surrounded by , pus, are not resorbed and
remain as sequestra .
As sequestra are devitaliscd they remain denser than surrounding
vital bone, which becomes demineralised due to hyperaemia and
immobilisation.
Absorption of sequestra is also facilitated by the presence of
an im'olucrum.
The involucrum forms beneath vital periostcum • which bas been elevated by pus.
As periostcum is poorly attached in nfants, involucrum formation is
greater and so is the resorption of dead bone, and healing.
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osteopmyelitis
Acute osteomyelitis:
1-oedema
2-soft tissue swelling
3- bone destruction
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osteomyelitis
Chronic osteomyelitis :The preliminary radiograph :
1- There is cortical thickening
2- evidence of intramedullary cavitation and angulation.
3-Linear calcified densities in the
soft tissues may represent extruded sequestra.
4- sequestrum in bone
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Chronic osteomyelitis
MR image shows
1- muscle wasting;
2-the deformity of the bone is again
demonstrated.
3-There is extensive increase in signal within the medulla, indicating
a fluid collection.
4- A band of high signal can be seen extending from
the medulla superiorly, through the cortex laterally and into the
adjacent
soft tissues.
5-There is an effusion in the knee joint and oedema of the
subcutaneous
soft tissues.
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osteomyelitis
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Osteomyeltis
I n areas of dead periostcum, defects in the
involucrum occur..
These cloacae allow pus and sequestra to
escape, sometimes to the
skin via a sinus. The track and its deep
connection to bone can then
be demonstrated by sinograpby using water-
soluble contrast medium
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THANK YOU