1 petroleum region of wessex basin topic: petroleum region ... · in and around kimmeridge bay...
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1 Petroleum Region of Wessex Basin
Topic: Petroleum Region of Wessex Basin
Pages: 8
Words: 2000
References: APA
2 Petroleum Region of Wessex Basin
Petroleum Region of Wessex Basin
[Writer Name]
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3 Petroleum Region of Wessex Basin
Petroleum Region of Wessex Basin
The natural design of Wessex basin constitutes a part of a larger intracratonic basin system that
claims a large area of the southern England region, the English Channel and northern France.
Underlain by pre-Variscan basement, the research says that the origin of the Wessex basin was in
the Permo-Trias rifting that is responsible to affect most of the north Western Europe. There
were further phases of extension underwent by the basin during the Jurassic, before it underwent
a modification due to uplift and tilting that occurred in the late Cretaceous and subsequent
Alpine inversion events during the Tertiary (Gao, 2013).
The Wessex basin is subdivided into various component parts which are represented by
somewhat a series of paleohighs and sub-basins. The northern and southern margins of the main
are od the basin are the 'Pewsey fault System' and the 'Central Channel High' respectively. The
Purbeck-Isle of Wight Disturbance, and the underlying Mesozoic Purbeck-Isle of Wight Fault
system are separated effectively by the Portland Wight Basin from intra-basinal highs of the
South Dorset Shelf and (Wood, 2011).
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There are more intra-basinal structural elements in the Wessex basin area which include:
• The South Dorset Basin (Winterbourne Kingston Through). It is bounded by 2 E-W
trending extensional faults, within the South Dorset Shelf.
• The Wardour and Ports down Fault Systems: it represents an important intra-basinal
growth fault sets, in front of and to reverse reactivation in the Tertiary.
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• The Watch-Cothelstone-Hatch Fault System: it transects the basin majorly in subsurface,
trending NNW-SSE
Petroleum System of Wessex Basin
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The Wessex Basin is a system of connected Mesozoic basins that span to cross southern
England, the English Channel and the Northern are of France. The areas of the Wessex Basin
claims more than 20,000 square kilometers of southern England, primarily within the counties of
Dorset and Hampshire. It further extends into offshore English Channel (Law, 2010). It is
therefore known as a significant petroleum province consisting of a fairly complete sequence of
Permian to Cretaceous sediments. In this region there are source rocks for petroleum generation,
seals (or caprocks) to keep oil accumulations in place and reservoir rocks in which oil may
accumulate. The complex tectonic history of the basin has facilitated the burial of source rocks
into this zone to enhance oil generation. It is also responsible to form structures (traps) for oil
accumulation in this region (Law, 2010).
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The basin that contains Wytch Farm is the largest onshore oilfield of western Europe as well as
larger than most of the offshore fields in UK. There are other two much smaller fields (Wareham
and Kimmeridge) which also produce oil in the region,. Additionally there is a series of oil
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seepages which are known in outcrops on the Dorset coast. There is also an ongoing exploration
to search for new prospects in the basin (Gąsiewicz and Słowakiewicz, 2014).
There formation of the basin underwent four distinct phases.
Phase 1. Permo-Triassic: it was a period of continental desert sedimentation, in the beginning
simultaneously with rifting and igneous activity.
Phase 2. There was a shallow marine sedimentation in the Jurassic in the ending of the period
that led to occurring of continental deposition. The sediments were influenced by syn-
sedimentary extensional faulting trending east-west, and caused a down-thrown of Southern
Dorset to the south.
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Phase 3. In ate Cr after stability and marine chalk sedimentation more faulting, eastwards tilting
and erosion occurred. Followed by Tectonic inversion that occurred in early Tertiary and caused
the down-thrown to the north and additionally caused the deposition of shallow marine
sediments and Lower Tertiary fluvial.
Phase 4. The evolution of the basin was finally concluded when a culmination of the reversed
movement caused quick flexuring down to the north.
Stratigraphic summary of the basin
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Looking at the surface the Wessex Basin, as well as the extensions offshore into the English
Channel, it seems that the basin consists of wide areas of dips and layer-cake geology
differentiated by various belts of monoclonal flexuring. There are at some places faulting and the
dips steep to vertical (Buynevich, 2011).
The lines of disturbance are found adjacent to small anticlinal folds. The structural lines are
majorly east to west in the southern region, but they are a part of an interconnected system across
the Channel and reach the northern France:
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Observing the lines closely creates the impression that there are relative movements between the
intervening stable regions. This clearly indicates a basement influence on the sedimentary layers,
most likely reactivated earlier features (Jolley, 2010).
The Jurassic contains three potential source rock intervals:
1.Kimmeridge Clay
2.Oxford Clay
3.Lower Lias
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In and around Kimmeridge Bay there is well exposed Kimmeridge Clay, the thickness of the
Kimmeridge Clay layer is around 500m. It is mostly comprise of oil-prone source rock faces.
Then there is Oxford Clay which is well exposed in the Furzy Cliff towards the east of
Weymouth (Wood, 2011).
There is a Lower Lias, which includes the Black Ven Marls, Blue Lias and Belemnite Marls. All
of them contain oil-prone organic-rich source rock faces and are found in the Lyme Regis area.
This section is also under drilling processes by a borehole near Weymouth.
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The major 3 reservoirs in the oil fields of Wytch Farm are (Gao, 2013):
• The Frome. A complex reservoir from the middle Jurassic and consists of accumulation
of oyster shells surrounded by mudstones.
• The Bridport: it is a 60m thick heap of fine grained sandstones that was formed by
depositing near the shore in the Early Jurassic.
• The Sherwood reservoir comprises a number of sandstones heaped on top of one another
reaching a 120m thickness caused by the rivers in the Triassic period because the
environment was similar to the environment as in the interior of Australia today. 90% of
the recoverable reserves lie in the Sherwood reservoir.
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The Wytch Farm
Summary of Operations
Wytch Farm is situated in one of the most environmentally sensitive areas of the UK and is
counted as one of the largest oilfields. It operates within the southern shores of Poole Harbor,
Furzey Island, and Wareham and at Kimmeridge Bay. It earned the Queens Award in 1995, for
best Environmental Achievement. Currently the production of the farm is 16 000 barrels of oil
per day (crude oil, liquid petroleum gas and gas). It employs 100 people as staff and is connected
to 250 contractors during the operations.
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The farm works on conventional method of extraction of oil from oilfields along with some gas
products from oil reservoirs made of sandstone and limestone. The operation is run by Perenco
UK Limited who took the control of the farm and the operation of the oilfield in 2011 from
BP. The current production of the farm is 19 000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (including
crude oil, gas and liquid petroleum gas). Until now, Perenco has not pursued license to search for
shale gas or coal bed methane in Dorset and neither there is any news that Perenco has any such
plans in near future.
In September 2012, Perenco UK Limited submitted application to Dorset County Council for the
extension of the duration of 39 existing planning permissions for the Wytch Farm, Wareham and
Kimmeridge oilfields to 2037. Perenco also held an exhibition for the public in May 2012 and
provided major information related to its applications and recorded feedback of the
public. Dorset County Council sent the applications for further consultations. The planning
committee of Dorset County Council approved the applications in 2013. Perenco is committed
to maintain highest standards of operation and perpetual success in contributing a very positive
societal and economic contribution in the economy.
International Factors affecting Operations at Wytch Farm
There are several international factors that affect the operations of the Wytch farm and the
management has to make adjustments into the operations according to the change in those factors
and international market dynamics. Primarily international policies regarding transportation
industry in order to reduce carbon print affect the operations of all oil extraction, production and
refining organisations. Since transportation sector is the largest consumer of oil energy therefore
changes the policies of transportation industry has direct effects on oil producing companies.
Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are studied by decomposing it into carbon intensity, energy
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efficiency and total transport demand. Fuel producers such as Wytch Farm are held responsible
for the carbon intensity of fuels, while car manufacturers are assessed for the efficiency of
vehicles, and the consumers are accounted for the demand of fuel. In the European Union and
the US, car manufacturers are regulated in g CO2 per km or mile, i.e. a measure that targets both
carbon intensity of fuels and energy efficiency of cars (Lee et al. 2012).
International quality standards and operating procedures also affect the operations. When
policies and standards change at international level in response to climate, sustainability and
environmental concerns then operating procedures at Wytch farm must also adjust to adapt and
implement those changes for example in order to meet the target set by Kyoto agreement UK has
introduced various laws and regulation such as Climate Change Act 2008 in which Carbon
budget has been introduced as an integral part (Smythe, 104). Now all the sectors and industries
in including the Wytch farm have to cut down the carbon budget by 50% until 2027. In order to
achieve this target the management must plan and introduce certain measures in the operations of
the farm.
Local Social, Economic and Environmental Factors
In contrast to most of the European countries, there is no dominant national oil company in the
UK, therefore the government of UK interacts and intervenes in the operations of oil and energy
sector with the help of following department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC), Department
for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS), Department for Communities and Local Government
(DCLG), Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), Department for Transport
(DfT), HM Treasury (HMT). The Environment Agency (EA) is the UK administrator and
English regulator for the EU Emissions Trading System. EA influences energy sector and
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respective energy efficiency as well as greenhouse gas emissions reductions by introducing
regulations and inspections such as business premises in the context of pollution prevention and
control, and landfill sites (landfills emit the greenhouse gas methane). The EA also targets
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by exercising regulatory rights in other areas of expertise
for example water, waste, flood and coastal risk management (Goldman, Goldberg and Grant,
2013).
The UK government is seeking to make improvements in the efficiency of various vehicles such
as trucks, busses and aero planes. Such policies will have a downward impact on the fuel
consumption and ultimately on the supply and demand of oil energy and thus will affect
operations of the Wytch farm to make adjustment accordingly to maintain profitability b
The UK government is encouraging the roll-out of the gas grid to remote regions of the country
to promote substitution of kerosene with natural gas. This will not only yield environmental
benefits but also reduction in sulphuric and Carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally it has been
observed that traffic congestion is a significant factor that increases the aggregate consumption
of oil fuels. Thus a reduction in the traffic congestion will ultimately reduce carbon emissions
and will reduce the aggregate demand for oil fuels. Wytch farm must monitor such policies to
make necessary adjustments promptly to adjust with the future changes in the demand of oil
fuels (Atkinson, 2011).
Impact of renewable Energy Sources
The government is striving to continually reduce heating oil use particularly by using renewable
energy sources such as biomass, as a substitute to existing oil sources. Although the gas network
covers most of the housing unit in the country yet there is a limited oil demand by those housing
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units developed outside the city. Once they gain a suitable size the gas network will most
probably will reach them causing further reduction in the demand for the oil (Twidell, 2012).
Future of Wytch Farm
Considering the fact that Oil is a significant part of global energy market, it is expected that oil
market is likely to grow along with the growth in energy market which is growing continually
particularly in developing markets. Although oil continues to lose market share yet aggregate
consumption (maintaining demand) and production (maintaining supply) are expected to grow
slowly as compared to the past mostly due to the policy changes targeted to curb the pace of
increase in demand. The impact of high prices also affects the total production (Johnson, 2013).
The Wytch farm currently, employs an approximately 100 Perenco employees and around 250
agencies/contractors staff to successfully operate in the oilfields. The quality of job and salaries
of the employees are above average and 300 supporting jobs are also associated with the Wytch
farm for example by supplies and services. Additionally over the extended period the Wytch
farm is expected to support jobs directly and indirectly (Wien, 2011).
The permission for the extension of the life of oilfields should be granted in order to keep these
jobs until 2016 (at which the oilfields are expected to expire) and beyond. In addition to the
employment impacts, there are other positive economic and fiscal outcomes of the Wytch farm
and if closed the results of shutdown of such refineries would lead to significant reduction in tax
income for both local and national government.
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References
Atkinson, G., Hamilton, K., Ruta, G., & Van Der Mensbrugghe, D. (2011). Trade in ‘virtual carbon’: Empirical results and implications for policy. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 563-574.
Benjaafar, S., Li, Y., and Daskin, M. (2013). Carbon footprint and the management of supply chains: Insights from simple models. Automation Science and Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, 10(1), 99-116.
Buynevich, I V. (2011). Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis: Volume 473 of Geological Society of America Special Paper, Volume 473 of Special papers. Geological Society of America;
Gao, D. (2013). Tectonics and Sedimentation: Implications for Petroleum Systems, AAPG Memoir 100: Volume 100 of AAPG Memoir. AAPG;
Gąsiewicz, A and Słowakiewicz, M. (2014). Palaeozoic Climate Cycles: Their Evolutionary and Sedimentological Impact: Volume 376 of Geological Society of London Special Publications. Geological Society of London;
Goldman, M., Goldberg, R., and , M. (2013). The Case for an Enhanced and Updated International Air Transportation Policy. Air & Space, 26(2).
Johnson, H. D. (2013). Integrated MSc Petroleum Courses at Imperial College. In GeoSkill 2013.
Jolley, S J. (2010). Reservoir Compartmentalization: Issue 347 of Geological Society special publication, Volume 347 of Special publication - Geological Society of London. Geological Society of London;
Law, R D. (2010). Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne: Issue 335 of Geological Society special publication, Volume 335 of Special Publication 335 Series, Geological Society (London), Volume 335 of Special publication - Geological Society of London. Geological Society of London;
Lee, J., Cullum, D. D., Friedheim, J., and Young, S. (2012). A New SBM for Narrow Margin ERD Drilling. In IADC/SPE Drilling Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Parker, D. (2009). The Official History of Privatisation Vol. I: The Formative Years 1970-1987: Government Official History Series. Routledge;
Smythe, D. K. (2014). Planning application no. SDNP/1305896/CM by Celtique Energie to drill at Fernhurst, West Sussex: Critique of environmental statement in the context of relevant geology and hydrogeology.
Twidell, J., & Weir, T. (2012). Renewable energy resources ED2. Taylor & Francis.
Wien, G. (2011). Wytch farm Oil Field-Subsurface Coursework.
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Wood, L (2011). Shale Tectonics: AAPG Memoir 93: Volume 93 of AAPG Memoir. AAPG;