2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%Temporary help services Construction All nonfarm

Year

% c

hang

e in

em

ploy

men

t sin

ce 2

003

1. Percent change in employment, 2003-2014 (Seasonally adjusted: private wage-and-salary workers)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003-2014 Current Employment Statistics. Calculations by the authors.

2. Employment in construction and percentage of workers who were temporary workers, 2003-2013

Source: 2003-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0%

5%

10%

15%

10.611.3 11.4 11.3 11.5

11.09.7

8.38.9 9.2 9.2

Employment Temporary (%)

Year

Num

ber o

f wor

kers

(in

mill

ions

)

% o

f wor

kers

3. Percentage of workers who were temporary workers, construction vs. non-construction, 2003-2013

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130%

5%

10%

15%

10.6%

13.8%

7.4% 7.4%

Construction Non-construction

Year

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2003-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

4. Percentage of workers who were temporary workers, by major industry, 2011-2013 average

All Industries

Mining

Manufacturing

Wholesale & Retail

Finance

Public Administration

Transportation & Utilities

Information

Leisure & Hospitality

Services

Construction

Agriculture

7.5%

1.4%

3.5%

4.3%

4.3%

4.7%

4.9%

6.3%

8.6%

9.6%

13.3%

16.0%% of workers

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

5. Work arrangements among construction workers, 2010

Paid by a temporary agency

On-call worker

Works for a contractor who provides workers/services to others under

contract

Independent contractor/consultant/ freelance worker

Regular permanent employee

0.5%

5.3%

7.1%

28.8%

55.9%

% of workers

Source: 2010 Occupational Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. Calculations by the authors.

6. Age distribution in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

35.2%

47.2%

17.7%

Temporary

16-34 years 35-54 years 55+ years

29.6%

48.7%

21.7%

Regular

7. Hispanic workers in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

Temporary Regular All construction0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

42.8%

20.7%23.6%

Employment status

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

8. Foreign-born and English ability in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

Temporary Regular All construction0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

40.7%

19.3%22.1%

38.1%

15.3%18.3%

24.3%

6.3%8.6%

Foreign-born

Non-English spoken at home

Not comfortable speaking English

Employment status

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

9. Educational attainment in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

Less than high school

High school Some college Associate's degree

Bachelor's degree and

above

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

47.8%

27.9%

15.3%

8.1%

0.9%

20.7%

31.2%

21.5%

11.9%14.6%

Temporary

Regular

Educational attainment

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

10. Occupational distribution in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

84.2%

14.8%

1.0%

Temporary

Production Management/ Professional Service/ Sales

69.4%

29.2%

1.3%

Regular

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

11. Percentage of full-time workers in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

Temporary Regular All construction30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

72.2%

84.9% 83.3%

Employment status

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

12. Establishment size in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

50+ employees

11-49 employees

1-10 employees

17.7%

22.6%

59.6%

12.2%

13.2%

74.7%

Temporary

Regular

% of workers

Note: Records without establishment size information were excluded.Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

13. Hourly wage rate in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2013

Temporary Regular All construction$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$15.50

$20.50 $19.80

Employment status

Hou

rly w

age

($)

Source: 2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

14. Average annual income in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2012

Family income

Total income

Wage-and-salary income

$74,638

$47,979

$42,895

$78,395

$50,028

$44,744

$49,446

$34,235

$30,495 Temporary

Regular

All construction

Average income ($)

Source: 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

15. Family income as a percentage of the poverty line in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2012

Poor/Negative (<100%)

Nearly poor (100% - <125%)

Low income (125% - <200%)

Middle income (200% - <400%)

High income (>=400%)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

15.7%

6.1%

22.6%

27.0%28.6%

6.1%3.5%

12.3%

34.0%

44.1%Temporary

Regular

Family income (% of poverty line)

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

16. Type of health insurance coverage in construction, temporary

vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

37.6%

12.0%

50.4%

Temporary

Private Public Uninsured

62.8%6.9%

30.3%

Regular

17. Fringe benefits in construction, temporary vs. regular employment, 2011-2013 average

Temporary Regular All construction0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

13.1%

55.2% 52.1%

7.3%

40.9%36.1%

18.8%

41.0%37.8%

Paid vacation Paid sick leave Pension plan

Employment status

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2011-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Calculations by the authors.

18. Job exposures in construction, temporary vs. regular workers, 2010

Skin contact with chemical substances

Exposed to vapors/gas/dust/fumes twice a week or

more

Works outdoors twice a week or more

30.1%

49.4%

70.3%

37.6%

57.2%

84.4%

Temporary

Regular

% of workers

Source: 2010 Occupational Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. Calculations by the authors.

19. Feels worried about becoming unemployed, temporary vs. regular workers in construction, 2010

Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

32.3%

26.9% 26.3%

14.5%10.9%

20.5%

38.7%

29.9%

Temporary Regular

% o

f wor

kers

Source: 2010 Occupational Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. Calculations by the authors.