1 outline chemical elements atoms atomic mass and atomic number periodic table isotopes electrons...
TRANSCRIPT
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Outline
Chemical Elements Atoms
Atomic Mass and Atomic Number Periodic Table Isotopes Electrons and Energy Molecules and Compounds
Chemical Bonding Ionic and Covalent Hydrogen
Properties of Water Acids and Bases
Learning Goals
1. You will be able to explain what matter is made of
2. You will be able to explain how the characteristics of an atom that makes it unique from other atoms
3. You will be able to answer why the properties of an atom affect its ability to bond with other atoms
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Matter
Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas
All matter (both living and non-living) is composed of 92 naturally-occurring elements
98% of body weight of organisms are primarily composed of six elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—acronym CHNOPS)
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Composition of Earth’s Crust versus Organisms
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40
20
0
Fe Ca K S P Si Al Mg Na O N C H
Earth’s crustorganisms
Element
Per
cen
t b
y W
eig
ht
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© Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.
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Atomic Structure
Atom is the smallest unit of an element Atoms composed of subatomic particles:
Protons – positive charge weight of 1 AMU found in the nucleus
Neutrons – no charge weight of 1 AMU similar to protons found in the nucleus
Electrons – negative charge weigh 1/1836th Dalton; found in electron shell
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Subatomic Particles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b.a.
= proton
= neutron
= electron
ParticleAtomic Mass Unit
(AMU)Location
ElectricCharge
Subatomic Particles
Proton
Neutron
Electron
+1
0
–1
1
1
0
Nucleus
Nucleus
Electron shell
c.
Let’s Draw!
Color in your copy of an atom and it’s corresponding parts
Three hole punch and place in your Biology Binder
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Atomic Symbols
Each element is represented by one or two letters to give them a unique atomic symbol For Example: C = Carbon
Atomic Mass
Each atom has its own specific mass (atomic mass)
Atomic mass of an atom depends on the presence of subatomic particles Atomic number = # protons
Atomic mass/mass number = # protons + neutrons
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Atomic Symbol
AAttoommiicc NNuummbbeerr
MMaassss NNuummbbeerr
AAttoommiicc SSyymmbboo
ll
6 126 Carbon
C
The atomic number is above the atomic symbol and theatomic mass is below the atomic symbol
l
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Periodic Table
Elements grouped in periodic table based on characteristics
Vertical columns = groups; chemically similar Horizontal rows = periods; larger and larger
Atomic mass increases as you move down a group or across a period.
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Periodic TableCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pe
rio
ds
Groups
19
39.10
K
20
40.08
Ca
31
69.72
Ga
32
72.59
Ge
33
74.92
As
34
78.96
Se
35
79.90
Br
36
83.60
Kr
11
22.99
Na
12
24.31
Mg
13
26.98
Al
14
28.09
Si
15
30.97
P
16
32.07
S
17
35.45
Cl
18
39.95
Ar
3
6.941
Li
4
9.012
Be
5
10.81
B
6
12.01
C
7
14.01
N
8
16.00
O
9
19.00
F
10
20.18
Ne
I
1
1.008
H
atomic number
atomic symbol
2
4.003
He
VIII
atomic mass
II III IV V VI VII
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Isotopes
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with a differing numbers of
neutrons (and therefore have different atomic masses). e.g. see carbon below
Some isotopes spontaneously decayRadioactiveGive off energy in the form of rays and subatomic particlesCan be used as tracersMutagenic – Can cause cancer
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Carbon 12C 13
6
Carbon 13C 14
6
Carbon 14C
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Some Medical Uses for Low Level Radiation
MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine
a: © Biomed Commun./Custom Medical Stock Photo; b(Right): © Hank Morgan/Rainbow; b(Left): © Mazzlota et al./Photo Researchers, Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b.
a.
larynx
thyroid gland
trachea
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Some Medical Uses for High Level Radiation
Radiation can kill cancer cell Radiation can preserve food longer
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a: (Peaches): © Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; b: © Geoff Tompkinson/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
a. b.