1 origins of american government “it is, sir, the people’s constitution, the people’s...

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Origins of American Origins of American GovernmentGovernment

““It is, Sir, the people’s It is, Sir, the people’s Constitution, the people’s Constitution, the people’s government, made for the government, made for the

people, made by the people, people, made by the people, and answerable to the and answerable to the

people.”people.”

Daniel Webster 1830Daniel Webster 1830

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Place in the correct Place in the correct chronological orderchronological order

A.A. Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

B.B. French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

C.C. Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

D.D. Shots fired at Lexington and Shots fired at Lexington and ConcordConcord

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Correct orderCorrect order

B. French and Indian War 1754-1763B. French and Indian War 1754-1763

E. Boston Tea Party 1773E. Boston Tea Party 1773

C. Shots fired at Lexington and C. Shots fired at Lexington and Concord 1775Concord 1775

F. Declaration of Independence 1776F. Declaration of Independence 1776

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Place in the correct Place in the correct chronological orderchronological order

A.A. British surrender at YorktownBritish surrender at Yorktown

B.B. Constitutional Convention in PhillyConstitutional Convention in Philly

C.C. Washington inaugurated in New Washington inaugurated in New York as first President.York as first President.

D.D. Bill of Rights added to ConstitutionBill of Rights added to Constitution

E.E. Articles of Confederation approved Articles of Confederation approved by second Continental Congressby second Continental Congress

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Correct orderCorrect order

I. Articles of Confederation approved by I. Articles of Confederation approved by Second Continental Congress 1777Second Continental Congress 1777

A. British surrender at Yorktown –Oct. A. British surrender at Yorktown –Oct. 17811781

G. Constitutional Convention 1787G. Constitutional Convention 1787

H. Washington Inaugurated 1789H. Washington Inaugurated 1789

D. Bill of Rights added to Constitution D. Bill of Rights added to Constitution 17911791

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What is the foundation for the What is the foundation for the national government of this national government of this

country?country?Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceThe Constitution and the 27 The Constitution and the 27

AmendmentsAmendments

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Brain StormBrain Storm

Name/list terms and phrases which Name/list terms and phrases which are commonly used to describe the are commonly used to describe the government of the United Statesgovernment of the United States

Where did these concepts/ideas Where did these concepts/ideas come from?come from?

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Three major sources for Three major sources for American DemocracyAmerican Democracy

1.1. Greece---Athenian direct democracyGreece---Athenian direct democracy

2.2. Rome---Indirect or Representative Rome---Indirect or Representative Democracy (Republic)Democracy (Republic)

3. England---We took many of the ideas 3. England---We took many of the ideas of government from the British of government from the British

A. rights that belong to citizensA. rights that belong to citizens

B. representative democracyB. representative democracy

C. limited governmentC. limited government

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American Democracy UniqueAmerican Democracy Unique

Our form of government---American Our form of government---American Democracy is not like the government of Democracy is not like the government of any other country. What are founding any other country. What are founding fathers came up with is truly unique.fathers came up with is truly unique.

A. We have a A. We have a federal systemfederal system in which we in which we divide governmental power between a divide governmental power between a national government and state national government and state governments.governments.

B. We also have a B. We also have a Constitutional Constitutional governmentgovernment where the powers that belong where the powers that belong and don’t belong to the national government and don’t belong to the national government are clearly outlined in a written document.are clearly outlined in a written document.

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Part 1---America’s concept of Part 1---America’s concept of democracy rest on the following democracy rest on the following

basic notions:basic notions:Fundamental worth and dignity of Fundamental worth and dignity of

every person.every person.Respect for equality of all personsRespect for equality of all personsFaith in majority rule, but respect for Faith in majority rule, but respect for

minority rights—(Madison worried minority rights—(Madison worried about the Tyranny of the majority)about the Tyranny of the majority)

Recognition of the necessity for Recognition of the necessity for compromisecompromise

Widest possible degree of individual Widest possible degree of individual freedomfreedom

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Question to consider---do not put Question to consider---do not put this slide in notesthis slide in notes

Consider the following theory: Since Consider the following theory: Since democracy promotes the concepts from democracy promotes the concepts from the previous slide, nations with the previous slide, nations with democratic governments do not fight democratic governments do not fight wars against each other—therefore to wars against each other—therefore to bring about a more peaceful planet, bring about a more peaceful planet, democracy should be promoted world democracy should be promoted world wide.wide.

Should the United States be willing to Should the United States be willing to spend “blood and treasurer” to promote spend “blood and treasurer” to promote the spread of democracy? Why? Why the spread of democracy? Why? Why not?not?

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Where did our system of Where did our system of government come from? (other government come from? (other

than Greek and Roman than Greek and Roman influence)influence)

English influencesEnglish influences Colonial practices Colonial practices Philosophical influencesPhilosophical influences New ideas created at New ideas created at

Constitutional conventionConstitutional convention

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English documents English documents Magna Carta 1215Magna Carta 1215 1. 1. limited power of the government (King)limited power of the government (King) 2. 2. fundamental rightsfundamental rights a) trial by jurya) trial by jury b) due process of law (fair trial)b) due process of law (fair trial) English Petition of RightsEnglish Petition of Rights 16281628 1. 1. early document supporting idea that men have early document supporting idea that men have

rights and established concept of rule of lawrights and established concept of rule of law 2.2. included basic rightsincluded basic rights a) guarantee of trial by jurya) guarantee of trial by jury b) protection against marshal lawb) protection against marshal law c) protection against quartering of troopsc) protection against quartering of troops d) protection of private propertyd) protection of private property English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights 16891689 1.1. limited power of the monarchlimited power of the monarch A. free elections to those in Parliament (House of A. free elections to those in Parliament (House of

Commons)Commons) B. right of petitionB. right of petition C. parliamentary checks on power of KingC. parliamentary checks on power of King

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Examples of English influence on Examples of English influence on the U.S. Legislative branch of the U.S. Legislative branch of

GovernmentGovernment The English Parliament had a two house The English Parliament had a two house

legislature---The House of Commons and legislature---The House of Commons and the House of Lords.---This is known as a the House of Lords.---This is known as a bicameral legislature.bicameral legislature.

Today every state except Nebraska has a Today every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature.bicameral legislature.

The Congress of the United States is The Congress of the United States is bicameral---The U.S. Senate and the U.S. bicameral---The U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives.House of Representatives.

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Colonies established practices Colonies established practices that became a key part of that became a key part of

nations system of government.nations system of government.Written Constitutions in each colony—Written Constitutions in each colony—

all called for a separation of powers all called for a separation of powers between the Governor and state between the Governor and state legislatures, and representative legislatures, and representative bicameral legislatures.bicameral legislatures.

Some colonial Constitutions included a Some colonial Constitutions included a list of rights: ex. Virginia Declaration of list of rights: ex. Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason), Virginia Rights (George Mason), Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (Thomas Statute of Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson).Jefferson).

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Philosophical influencesPhilosophical influences John Locke (1632-1704)--develops John Locke (1632-1704)--develops Social Social

Contract theory of government.Contract theory of government.

A. Human beings enter into a contract by A. Human beings enter into a contract by agreeing with one another to create a agreeing with one another to create a state (government). Give up some state (government). Give up some freedom for security.freedom for security.

B. Government arose out of a voluntary B. Government arose out of a voluntary act of free people. act of free people.

C. The state exist only to serve the C. The state exist only to serve the people.people.

D. The people are the sole source of D. The people are the sole source of political power and they are free to give or political power and they are free to give or withhold that power as they choose.withhold that power as they choose.

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Concepts created by Social Concepts created by Social Contract Theory included in Contract Theory included in

Constitution and Declaration of Constitution and Declaration of IndependenceIndependence Popular sovereignty-Popular sovereignty- people hold the power to rule. people hold the power to rule.

Limited government-Limited governmentgovernment is not all government is not all powerful.powerful.

Individual rights-Individual rights- people are born with rights that people are born with rights that were given to them by God.were given to them by God.

Representative government-Representative government- people elect others to people elect others to represent their interest.represent their interest.

Ordered government-Ordered government- orderly regulation of orderly regulation of relationships between citizens---opposite of relationships between citizens---opposite of anarchy.anarchy.

Thomas Jefferson would borrow heavily from the Thomas Jefferson would borrow heavily from the writings of John Locke when he writes the writings of John Locke when he writes the Declaration of Independence.Declaration of Independence.

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VideoVideo

United Streaming; American History, United Streaming; American History, Foundations of American Foundations of American Government---Writing the Government---Writing the Constitution segment.Constitution segment.

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Let’s take a look at the Let’s take a look at the Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Raise your hand when you see an Raise your hand when you see an example of the following:example of the following:

Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereigntyLimited GovernmentLimited Government Individual rightsIndividual rightsOrdered governmentOrdered governmentYou do not have to write down the You do not have to write down the

Declaration in your notes.Declaration in your notes.

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Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceWhen in the course of human events, When in the course of human events,

it becomes necessary for one people it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of nature station to which the Laws of nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them declare the causes which impel them to the separationto the separation

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DeclarationDeclaration We hold these truths to be self evident, that We hold these truths to be self evident, that

all men are created equal, that they are all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; powers from the consent of the governed; That when any Form of Government That when any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends it is the becomes destructive of these ends it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government , laying its and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.Safety and Happiness.

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Review ContinuedReview Continued4. Name two English documents which 4. Name two English documents which

played a large role in influencing the played a large role in influencing the political ideas of most colonist? political ideas of most colonist?

____________________,_____________________________________,_________________5. List two important rights that English 5. List two important rights that English

citizens (colonist were English citizens) citizens (colonist were English citizens) received because of the above documents.received because of the above documents.

___________________,______________________________________,___________________6. The English Parliament had two houses, 6. The English Parliament had two houses,

the House of ______and the House of the House of ______and the House of _________. This is known as a _________. This is known as a ______________legislature. Today the U.S. ______________legislature. Today the U.S. Congress has a ___________ and a Congress has a ___________ and a ________________.________________.

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Part 1 ReviewPart 1 Review

1. Which two documents are the foundation 1. Which two documents are the foundation of American Government?of American Government?

________________, _____________________________________, _____________________2. Put the following events in the proper 2. Put the following events in the proper

order.order. A. Declaration of IndependenceA. Declaration of Independence B. Writing the ConstitutionB. Writing the Constitution C. Articles of ConfederationC. Articles of Confederation D. Shots fired at Lexington and ConcordD. Shots fired at Lexington and Concord

3. Define limited government3. Define limited government

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Review ContinuedReview Continued7. List two Virginia documents that would 7. List two Virginia documents that would

have a large influence on the United have a large influence on the United States Bill of Rights. Who wrote each?States Bill of Rights. Who wrote each?

__________________ written by__________________________________ written by__________________________________ written by__________________________________ written by________________

8._____ Which concepts/ideas are part of the 8._____ Which concepts/ideas are part of the social contract theory?social contract theory?

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Review ContinuedReview Continued9._____ Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?9._____ Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? 10. From which political philosopher did the author 10. From which political philosopher did the author

of the Declaration borrow from extensively?of the Declaration borrow from extensively? ______________________________11. From what three nations/empires did we get 11. From what three nations/empires did we get

many of the ideas that we include in our system many of the ideas that we include in our system of government?of government?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. In 1776 the Declaration of Independence states 12. In 1776 the Declaration of Independence states that “all men are created equal”----Why did it take that “all men are created equal”----Why did it take so long for this goal to be reached? Has it been so long for this goal to be reached? Has it been reached? What areas do we still need to work on? reached? What areas do we still need to work on? Did they really just mean that men were equal?Did they really just mean that men were equal?

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QuizQuiz

Which two documents are the Which two documents are the foundation of the American System of foundation of the American System of Government?Government?

Declaration of Independence and The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution.Constitution.

List two rights that are founding fathers List two rights that are founding fathers were familiar with as English Citizens?were familiar with as English Citizens?

Trial by jury----protection of private Trial by jury----protection of private propertyproperty

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QuizQuiz

List three countries/empires who were List three countries/empires who were major contributors to our system of major contributors to our system of government.government.

Roman Empire, Greek Empire, EnglandRoman Empire, Greek Empire, EnglandThe State of Connecticut deciding to The State of Connecticut deciding to

allow gay marriage while Virginia does allow gay marriage while Virginia does not is an example of which not is an example of which Constitutional principle?Constitutional principle?

FederalismFederalism

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QuizQuiz

List three English documents that List three English documents that had a large influence on our system had a large influence on our system of government?of government?

Magna Carta, English Petition of Magna Carta, English Petition of Rights, English Bill of Rights.Rights, English Bill of Rights.

Which English King lost his head Which English King lost his head because he would not sign the because he would not sign the English Petition of Rights?English Petition of Rights?

Charles ICharles I

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QuizQuiz

Which royal family agreed to sign the Which royal family agreed to sign the English Bill of Rights before taking the English Bill of Rights before taking the throne? (hint: school in Williamsburg)throne? (hint: school in Williamsburg)

William and MaryWilliam and Mary What are the two legislative bodies in the What are the two legislative bodies in the

English Parliament?English Parliament? House of Commons and House of LordsHouse of Commons and House of Lords What are the two legislative bodies in the What are the two legislative bodies in the

Congress?Congress? Senate and House of RepresentativesSenate and House of Representatives

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QuizQuiz What is the term that describes a legislature What is the term that describes a legislature

with two parts?with two parts? BicameralBicameral Who wrote the Declaration of Who wrote the Declaration of

Independence?Independence? Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Who is considered the Father of the Who is considered the Father of the

Constitution?Constitution? James MadisonJames Madison From which political philosopher did the From which political philosopher did the

author of the Declaration of Independence author of the Declaration of Independence borrow from extensively?borrow from extensively?

John LockeJohn Locke

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QuizQuiz Which document written in 1777 by the Which document written in 1777 by the

Second Continental Congress was the Second Continental Congress was the United States first attempt at forming a United States first attempt at forming a permanent national government?permanent national government?

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation Who wrote the Virginia Statute of Religious Who wrote the Virginia Statute of Religious

Freedom?Freedom? Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Who wrote the Virginia Declaration of

Rights?Rights? George MasonGeorge Mason Define Limited GovernmentDefine Limited Government Government is not all powerfulGovernment is not all powerful

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QuizQuiz

List three concepts developed by Locke’s Social List three concepts developed by Locke’s Social Contract theory?Contract theory?

Popular Sovereignty, Limited Government, Popular Sovereignty, Limited Government, Individual rights, Representative Government, Individual rights, Representative Government, Ordered GovernmentOrdered Government

Madison was concerned that in a democracy the Madison was concerned that in a democracy the majority could take away the rights of the minoritymajority could take away the rights of the minority—he described this problems as---------—he described this problems as---------

The tyranny of the majorityThe tyranny of the majority How many states sent delegates to the How many states sent delegates to the

Constitutional Convention in 1787? How many Constitutional Convention in 1787? How many delegates?delegates?

12----5512----55

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QuizQuiz

Who was the oldest delegate at the Who was the oldest delegate at the Convention?Convention?

FranklinFranklin Who was President of the Convention?Who was President of the Convention? George WashingtonGeorge Washington What was the first major decision made at What was the first major decision made at

the Convention?the Convention? To write new ConstitutionTo write new Constitution Which famous Virginian did not attend the Which famous Virginian did not attend the

Constitutional Convention?Constitutional Convention? JeffersonJefferson

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True FalseTrue False The articles of Confederation had a Congress with The articles of Confederation had a Congress with

a bicameral legislaturea bicameral legislature The Congress created by the Articles had the The Congress created by the Articles had the

power to tax exports.power to tax exports. Under the Articles the President was Commander Under the Articles the President was Commander

in Chiefin Chief Under the Articles states could print their own Under the Articles states could print their own

money.money. Under the Articles the Supreme Court had the Under the Articles the Supreme Court had the

power of Judicial Review.power of Judicial Review. Under the Articles state retained most of the Under the Articles state retained most of the

power to govern.power to govern. Shays Rebellion demonstrated the weakness of Shays Rebellion demonstrated the weakness of

the Articles.the Articles. Under the Articles the states with the largest Under the Articles the states with the largest

population had more representation in Congress.population had more representation in Congress.

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Put in Chronological orderPut in Chronological order

A. Declaration of IndependenceA. Declaration of Independence

B. Washington inaugurated as PresidentB. Washington inaugurated as President

C. Victory at YorktownC. Victory at Yorktown

D. Shots fired at Lexington and ConcordD. Shots fired at Lexington and Concord

E. Constitutional ConventionE. Constitutional Convention

D---A----C----E-----BD---A----C----E-----B

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Part 2--First National Part 2--First National ConstitutionConstitution

The Articles of Confederation were written The Articles of Confederation were written in 1777 by the Second Continental in 1777 by the Second Continental Congress while the Revolutionary War was Congress while the Revolutionary War was still going on.still going on.

The Articles went into effect in 1781 and The Articles went into effect in 1781 and would last until 1787.would last until 1787.

The document creates a unicameral The document creates a unicameral legislature (Congress) and a very weak legislature (Congress) and a very weak national/federal government.national/federal government.

Most of the power would stay in the hands Most of the power would stay in the hands of the individual states.of the individual states.

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Weakness of Articles of Weakness of Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

One vote for each state regardless of size.One vote for each state regardless of size. Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes.Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes. No Executive (President)No Executive (President) No National Court SystemNo National Court System Amendments could only be added with Amendments could only be added with

consent of all states.consent of all states. 9 out of 13 states had to agree to pass any 9 out of 13 states had to agree to pass any

law.law. Congress could not regulate trade between Congress could not regulate trade between

states (interstate commerce).states (interstate commerce). States could print own money.States could print own money. States could ignore laws passed by Congress.States could ignore laws passed by Congress. (doctrine of nullification)(doctrine of nullification)

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VideoVideo

United Streaming—Understanding United Streaming—Understanding the Constitution: Creating a Federal the Constitution: Creating a Federal Government---segments 2,3,4Government---segments 2,3,4

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Shays’ Rebellion 1786Shays’ Rebellion 1786Small farmers and property owners Small farmers and property owners

(1200 strong) rebel against (1200 strong) rebel against government in Massachusetts.government in Massachusetts.

In reference to Shays’ Rebellion In reference to Shays’ Rebellion Washington says “What a triumph for Washington says “What a triumph for our enemies to find that we are our enemies to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves.”incapable of governing ourselves.”

The rebellion shows the weakness of The rebellion shows the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and the the Articles of Confederation and the need for a new government.need for a new government.

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Constitutional Convention May Constitutional Convention May 25, 178725, 1787

12 out of 13 states send delegates to 12 out of 13 states send delegates to Philly—(Rhode Island does not).Philly—(Rhode Island does not).

55 delegates attend convention—today we 55 delegates attend convention—today we call them the “Framers”.call them the “Framers”.

Average age of delegates was 42 (Franklin Average age of delegates was 42 (Franklin at 81 oldest)at 81 oldest)

The document that they would create The document that they would create would be described as “the most would be described as “the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man.”time by the brain and purpose of man.”

English statesman William GladstoneEnglish statesman William Gladstone

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Early attempt to fix ArticlesEarly attempt to fix Articles

1786-five states meet in Annapolis 1786-five states meet in Annapolis Maryland to discuss the problems Maryland to discuss the problems facing the country. They ask for a facing the country. They ask for a second meeting to be held in second meeting to be held in Philadelphia in 1787.Philadelphia in 1787.

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Constitutional ConventionConstitutional ConventionElect George Washington as President of Elect George Washington as President of

Convention.Convention.Decide to conduct their meetings in Decide to conduct their meetings in

secrecy.secrecy.First major decision made--write a new First major decision made--write a new

constitution and get rid of the Articles of constitution and get rid of the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

James Madison would contribute the most James Madison would contribute the most to the constitution –that is why he is to the constitution –that is why he is known as the “Father of the known as the “Father of the Constitution.”Constitution.”

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Part 2 ReviewPart 2 Review1.1. The Articles of ______ was our nation’s The Articles of ______ was our nation’s first attempt at creating a national first attempt at creating a national

government. government.

2. The Articles created a _____ legislature2. The Articles created a _____ legislature

3. The Articles were written 3. The Articles were written A. before the Revolutionary WarA. before the Revolutionary War B. during the Revolutionary WarB. during the Revolutionary War C. after the Revolutionary WarC. after the Revolutionary War

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4. Which of the following 4. Which of the following was notwas not one of the one of the weaknesses of the Articles?weaknesses of the Articles?

A. 9 out of 13 states needed to pass a lawA. 9 out of 13 states needed to pass a law

B. States could print own moneyB. States could print own money

C. No Congress was createdC. No Congress was created

D. Congress powerless to lay and collect D. Congress powerless to lay and collect taxestaxes

E. States could ignore laws passed by E. States could ignore laws passed by CongressCongress

F. No Executive or National Court SystemF. No Executive or National Court System

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5. What action taken by a small group 5. What action taken by a small group of farmers in Massachusetts showed of farmers in Massachusetts showed the world that under the Articles we the world that under the Articles we were incapable of governing were incapable of governing ourselves?ourselves?

6. In what year did the Constitutional 6. In what year did the Constitutional Convention take place? Convention take place?

7. In what city did the Convention take 7. In what city did the Convention take place?place?

8. How many states sent delegates to 8. How many states sent delegates to the Convention?the Convention?

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9. Who was the oldest delegate?9. Who was the oldest delegate?

10. What famous Virginian was not 10. What famous Virginian was not there?there?

11. Who was selected President of the 11. Who was selected President of the Convention?Convention?

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12. Which of the following was the first major 12. Which of the following was the first major decision made at the Convention?decision made at the Convention?

A. Jefferson was to be PresidentA. Jefferson was to be President B. Rhode Island must send a representative before B. Rhode Island must send a representative before

they could proceedthey could proceed C. They were going to rid themselves of the Articles C. They were going to rid themselves of the Articles

of Confederation and write a new Constitution.of Confederation and write a new Constitution. D. to meet again next year in AnnapolisD. to meet again next year in Annapolis

13. Who contributed more than anyone else to the 13. Who contributed more than anyone else to the Constitution? (considered “Father of the Constitution? (considered “Father of the Constitution”)Constitution”)

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14. If you could add one amendment 14. If you could add one amendment to the Constitution what would it be to the Constitution what would it be and why?and why?

Remember many things can be Remember many things can be accomplished through legislation----accomplished through legislation----only major items of fundamental only major items of fundamental change should be considered change should be considered through amendments.through amendments.

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Part 3---Major plans presented at Part 3---Major plans presented at ConventionConvention

Virginia Plan—(large state plan) Virginia Plan—(large state plan) largely the work of Madison.largely the work of Madison.

1.1. 3 separate branches of government.3 separate branches of government.2.2. Legislature would be bicameralLegislature would be bicameral3.3. Representation in each house based Representation in each house based

on population.on population.4.4. Lower house elected by people in Lower house elected by people in

each state.each state.5.5. Upper house chosen by Lower House.Upper house chosen by Lower House.6.6. Executive and Judicial branches Executive and Judicial branches

would be selected by the Legislative would be selected by the Legislative branch.branch.

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Summary of Virginia PlanSummary of Virginia Plan

This plan was popular among the This plan was popular among the large states, but unpopular with the large states, but unpopular with the small states. Why?small states. Why?

All the power in the new national All the power in the new national government would be in the hands of government would be in the hands of the legislature. A legislature that was the legislature. A legislature that was going to be dominated by the large going to be dominated by the large states.states.

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Major plans presented at Major plans presented at ConventionConvention

New Jersey plan—(small state plan) New Jersey plan—(small state plan) William PatersonWilliam Paterson

1.1. Unicameral Congress with equal Unicameral Congress with equal representation.representation.

2.2. Federal Executive of more than one Federal Executive of more than one person selected by Congress.person selected by Congress.

3.3. Federal Judiciary (Federal Courts) Federal Judiciary (Federal Courts) appointed by Chief Executives.appointed by Chief Executives.

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Question for classQuestion for class

Based on the notes that you have Based on the notes that you have taken so far and what you already taken so far and what you already know about the Federal Government, know about the Federal Government, what parts of the Virginia Plan were what parts of the Virginia Plan were adopted and what parts of the New adopted and what parts of the New Jersey Plan were adopted?Jersey Plan were adopted?

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Great Compromise (Connecticut Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise—Roger Sherman)Compromise—Roger Sherman)

1.1. Bicameral legislature:Bicameral legislature:

lower house (House of lower house (House of Representatives) to be based on Representatives) to be based on population.population.

The upper house (United States The upper house (United States Senate) to be based on equal Senate) to be based on equal representation.representation.

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Who should count as Who should count as population?population?

If the House of Representatives was If the House of Representatives was going to be based on population then going to be based on population then that would mean that you would have that would mean that you would have to count the population of a state. The to count the population of a state. The question arose who should count as question arose who should count as population?population?

Southern states wanted to count Southern states wanted to count slaves which would increase their slaves which would increase their population, thus increasing their population, thus increasing their representation in the new Congress.representation in the new Congress.

Northern States did not want slaves Northern States did not want slaves counted.counted.

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Three-Fifths Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves would be counted as three-Slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person when determining fifths of a person when determining the population of any state.the population of any state.

Compromise would be abolished in Compromise would be abolished in 1865 with the adoption of 131865 with the adoption of 13thth. . Amendment that abolished slavery.Amendment that abolished slavery.

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House of Representatives House of Representatives todaytoday

Because the House of Representatives is based Because the House of Representatives is based on population we must from time to time count on population we must from time to time count the population---we do that through a census that the population---we do that through a census that is conducted by the census bureau every 10 is conducted by the census bureau every 10 years.years.

Today there are 435 representatives nationwide. Today there are 435 representatives nationwide. Virginia has 11. The nation is divided into 435 Virginia has 11. The nation is divided into 435 Congressional Districts with one representative Congressional Districts with one representative from each district.from each district.

On average, there is one representative for On average, there is one representative for 600,000 people. You live in the 6600,000 people. You live in the 6thth Congressional Congressional District in Virginia and your representative is Bob District in Virginia and your representative is Bob Goodlatte---a republican. Goodlatte---a republican.

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Congressional DistrictsCongressional Districts

View MapView Map

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Commerce and Slave Trade Commerce and Slave Trade CompromiseCompromise

Congress was given the power to Congress was given the power to regulate foreign and interstate regulate foreign and interstate commerce.commerce.

Southerners were worried that the Southerners were worried that the north would push through legislation north would push through legislation that would end slavery and tax that would end slavery and tax southern tobacco and cotton exports.southern tobacco and cotton exports.

To satisfy the southern delegates To satisfy the southern delegates Congress was forbidden the power to Congress was forbidden the power to tax exports and to act on the slave tax exports and to act on the slave trade for a period of 20 years. (In 1808 trade for a period of 20 years. (In 1808 Congress did ban the importation of Congress did ban the importation of slaves).slaves).

5959

Electoral College CompromiseElectoral College Compromise

Some at the convention wanted to Some at the convention wanted to elect the President by popular vote.elect the President by popular vote.

Others wanted the President to be Others wanted the President to be selected by Congress.selected by Congress.

The Compromise was the electoral The Compromise was the electoral college system which was proposed college system which was proposed by Alexander Hamilton.by Alexander Hamilton.

6060

Electoral College System Electoral College System SummarySummary

We have elected every President using the We have elected every President using the Electoral College System.Electoral College System.

The number of electoral votes a state receives is The number of electoral votes a state receives is determined by the number of Senators and determined by the number of Senators and Representatives a state has. 2+x=EV----examples Representatives a state has. 2+x=EV----examples Virginia 2+11=13, California 2+53=55, Wyoming Virginia 2+11=13, California 2+53=55, Wyoming 2+1=32+1=3

There are a total of 538 electoral votes and it There are a total of 538 electoral votes and it takes 270 electoral votes to be elected President.takes 270 electoral votes to be elected President.

A candidate can win the popular vote and lose A candidate can win the popular vote and lose the election by losing the electoral college—just the election by losing the electoral college—just ask Al Gore, Sam Tilden, Grover Cleveland, and ask Al Gore, Sam Tilden, Grover Cleveland, and Andrew Jackson.Andrew Jackson.

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Convention completes its Convention completes its WorkWork

September 17, 1787 39 names are placed September 17, 1787 39 names are placed on finished document.on finished document.

In order for it to go into effect 9 out of 13 In order for it to go into effect 9 out of 13 states had to approve it.states had to approve it.

In the battle for approval (ratification) two In the battle for approval (ratification) two groups emerged.groups emerged.

1. Federalist –supported ratification—John 1. Federalist –supported ratification—John Adams and Alexander HamiltonAdams and Alexander Hamilton

2. Anti-Federalist—opposed ratification2. Anti-Federalist—opposed ratification Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson and

George MasonGeorge Mason

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Major criticisms by anti-Major criticisms by anti-federalistfederalist

1.1. Absence of any mention of God.Absence of any mention of God.

2.2. Denial of states the right to print Denial of states the right to print money.money.

3.3. Greatly increased powers of central Greatly increased powers of central government.government.

4.4. Lack of list of rights (Bill of Rights)Lack of list of rights (Bill of Rights)

“ “I look upon that paper as the most fatal I look upon that paper as the most fatal plan that could possibly be conceived to plan that could possibly be conceived to enslave a free people.” Patrick Henryenslave a free people.” Patrick Henry

6363

Federalist PapersFederalist PapersA collection of 85 essays written in A collection of 85 essays written in

support of ratification of the Constitution.support of ratification of the Constitution.They were published in the local They were published in the local

newspapers of the day. (Especially in the newspapers of the day. (Especially in the state of New York where the vote on state of New York where the vote on ratification had not taken place)ratification had not taken place)

Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.Madison, and John Jay.

Considered among the best political Considered among the best political writings in the English language, they writings in the English language, they are still used today by scholars to are still used today by scholars to determine the intent of the Founding determine the intent of the Founding Fathers.Fathers.

6464

New Government takes overNew Government takes over

Eventually all 13 states ratify the Eventually all 13 states ratify the Constitution.Constitution.

The Bill of Rights (First 10 The Bill of Rights (First 10 Amendments) would be added four Amendments) would be added four years later in 1791.years later in 1791.

The new Congress met first on March The new Congress met first on March 4, 1789 in New York. On April 30, 1789 4, 1789 in New York. On April 30, 1789 George Washington was sworn in as George Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States.the first President of the United States.

6565

The ConstitutionThe ConstitutionPreamblePreamble

Article I-Legislative DepartmentArticle I-Legislative Department

Divided into 10 sectionsDivided into 10 sections

Article II-Executive DepartmentArticle II-Executive Department


Article III-Judicial DepartmentArticle III-Judicial Department


Article IV-Relations among the StatesArticle IV-Relations among the States


Article V-Provisions for AmendmentArticle V-Provisions for Amendment

6666

The Constitution continuedThe Constitution continued

Article VI-Public Debts, Supremacy of Article VI-Public Debts, Supremacy of National law, oathNational law, oath

Divided into 3 SectionsDivided into 3 Sections

Article VII-Ratification of ConstitutionArticle VII-Ratification of Constitution

27 Amendments27 Amendments

6767

Four methods of Amending the Four methods of Amending the ConstitutionConstitution

1. Proposed by two thirds vote in each 1. Proposed by two thirds vote in each house. Ratified by ¾’s (38) state house. Ratified by ¾’s (38) state legislatures.—26 out of 27 done this legislatures.—26 out of 27 done this way.way.

2. Proposed by two thirds vote in each 2. Proposed by two thirds vote in each house. Ratified by ¾’s (38) state house. Ratified by ¾’s (38) state conventions.conventions.

3. Proposed by a national convention, 3. Proposed by a national convention, called by Congress at the request of called by Congress at the request of 2/3’s (34) of the states. Ratified by ¾’s 2/3’s (34) of the states. Ratified by ¾’s (38) state legislatures.(38) state legislatures.

4. Proposed by a national convention and 4. Proposed by a national convention and ratified by ¾’s (38) state conventions.ratified by ¾’s (38) state conventions.

6868

Part 3 ReviewPart 3 Review1.1. The Virginia plan was largely the work of The Virginia plan was largely the work of

A. James Madison B. Thomas Jefferson A. James Madison B. Thomas Jefferson

C. George Mason D. Alexander HamiltonC. George Mason D. Alexander Hamilton

2. The Virginia plan called for ---branch (es) 2. The Virginia plan called for ---branch (es) of government.of government.

A. one B. two C. three D. fourA. one B. two C. three D. four

3. The Virginia plan called for a -----3. The Virginia plan called for a -----legislaturelegislature

4. The Virginia plan favored ---states4. The Virginia plan favored ---states

A. large B. small C. midsize D. southernA. large B. small C. midsize D. southern

6969

Quiz ContinuedQuiz Continued5. The Virginia plan called for the representation in 5. The Virginia plan called for the representation in

the legislature to be based on -----the legislature to be based on ----- A. tax contributions B. region C. slaves D. A. tax contributions B. region C. slaves D.

populationpopulation6. The New Jersey Plan favored---states.6. The New Jersey Plan favored---states. A. Southern B. Northern C. large D. smallA. Southern B. Northern C. large D. small7. The New Jersey plan called for a ----legislature.7. The New Jersey plan called for a ----legislature. A. unicameral B. bicameral C. trilateral D. A. unicameral B. bicameral C. trilateral D.

complexcomplex8. According to the New Jersey plan how were the 8. According to the New Jersey plan how were the

federal executives to be chosen?federal executives to be chosen? A. By the people B. By CongressA. By the people B. By Congress C. By the states D. by the CourtsC. By the states D. by the Courts9. According to the New Jersey plan representation 9. According to the New Jersey plan representation

in Congress was to be -----divided among the in Congress was to be -----divided among the states.states.

A. fairly B. proportionally A. fairly B. proportionally C. equally D. randomly C. equally D. randomly

7070

Quiz ContinuedQuiz Continued10. The Great Compromise called for a ----legislature.10. The Great Compromise called for a ----legislature. A. unicameral B. bicameral C. trilateralA. unicameral B. bicameral C. trilateral11. The Great Compromise called for a lower house to 11. The Great Compromise called for a lower house to

be based on ---------.be based on ---------. A. square miles B. population C. tax dollars A. square miles B. population C. tax dollars

contributedcontributed12. The Great Compromise called for a upper house to 12. The Great Compromise called for a upper house to

be based on ----- representation.be based on ----- representation. A. square miles B. population C. equalA. square miles B. population C. equal13. Today the population of each state is determined 13. Today the population of each state is determined

every 10 years by conducting a/an ------every 10 years by conducting a/an ------ A. election B. census C. revolution D. conventionA. election B. census C. revolution D. convention14. According to one of the first compromises reached at 14. According to one of the first compromises reached at

the Convention the “Framers” determined that slaves the Convention the “Framers” determined that slaves were to be counted as -------(fraction) of a person. This were to be counted as -------(fraction) of a person. This practice was abolished by the 13 Amendment.practice was abolished by the 13 Amendment.

A. one half B. two thirds C. three fifths D. three A. one half B. two thirds C. three fifths D. three quartersquarters

7171

Quiz ContinuedQuiz Continued15. To satisfy southern delegates at the 15. To satisfy southern delegates at the

convention the Framers decided that convention the Framers decided that Congress would be forbidden to Congress would be forbidden to tax------. tax------.

A. Cotton B. plantations A. Cotton B. plantations

C. slaves D. exportsC. slaves D. exports

16. To satisfy southern delegates at the 16. To satisfy southern delegates at the convention the Congress was forbidden convention the Congress was forbidden to outlaw ----trade until 1808.to outlaw ----trade until 1808.

A. cotton B. tobacco C. slaves D. sugarA. cotton B. tobacco C. slaves D. sugar

7272

Quiz continuedQuiz continued17. The Electoral College was created as 17. The Electoral College was created as

a response to those who worried that a response to those who worried that the common people of America were the common people of America were not informed enough to make a wise not informed enough to make a wise choice for -------. choice for -------.

A. President B. Supreme CourtA. President B. Supreme Court

C. Governor D. SenatorsC. Governor D. Senators

18. True or False18. True or False

The Electoral College has not played The Electoral College has not played a role in determining the outcome of a a role in determining the outcome of a Presidential election in over 100 years.Presidential election in over 100 years.

7373

QuizQuiz19. What two groups emerged during the 19. What two groups emerged during the

argument over the ratification of the argument over the ratification of the Constitution?Constitution?

20. According to the Constitution how many 20. According to the Constitution how many states were needed to ratify the states were needed to ratify the Constitution before it went into effect?Constitution before it went into effect?

21. How many states eventually ratified the 21. How many states eventually ratified the Constitution?Constitution?

22. John Adams and Alexander Hamilton were 22. John Adams and Alexander Hamilton were considered part of which political group considered part of which political group during the argument over the Constitution?during the argument over the Constitution?

23. Patrick Henry and George Mason were 23. Patrick Henry and George Mason were considered part of which political group considered part of which political group during the argument over the Constitution?during the argument over the Constitution?

7474

QuizQuiz24. Which of the following 24. Which of the following was notwas not a major a major

criticism of the Constitution by the anti-criticism of the Constitution by the anti-federalist?federalist?

A. lack of a list of individual rights.A. lack of a list of individual rights. B. greatly increased the powers of nationalB. greatly increased the powers of national government at the expense of the government at the expense of the

states.states. C. Absence of any mention of God.C. Absence of any mention of God. D. greatly increased the powers of the D. greatly increased the powers of the states at the expense of the national states at the expense of the national government.government.

7575

QuizQuiz25. What was the purpose of the “Federalist 25. What was the purpose of the “Federalist

Papers”?Papers”? A. convince states to ratify ConstitutionA. convince states to ratify Constitution B. convince states to not ratify ConstitutionB. convince states to not ratify Constitution C. convince Congress to ratify ConstitutionC. convince Congress to ratify Constitution D. convince Congress to not ratify D. convince Congress to not ratify

Constitution.Constitution.

26. Which of the following 26. Which of the following was notwas not an an author of the “Federalist Papers”?author of the “Federalist Papers”?

A. James Madison B. Thomas JeffersonA. James Madison B. Thomas Jefferson C. John JayC. John Jay C. Alexander Hamilton C. Alexander Hamilton

7676

QuizQuiz27. Who was the author of the Bill of Rights?27. Who was the author of the Bill of Rights?28. How many amendments were proposed 28. How many amendments were proposed

by the above author? How many passed?by the above author? How many passed?29. Where did the first Congress of the United 29. Where did the first Congress of the United

States meet under the new Constitution?States meet under the new Constitution?30. When were the Bill of Rights added to the 30. When were the Bill of Rights added to the

Constitution?Constitution?31. The Constitution is divided into ----31. The Constitution is divided into ----

Articles.Articles.32. The Constitution has ----amendments.32. The Constitution has ----amendments.33. In which Articles will you find the 33. In which Articles will you find the

Executive Branch organized?Executive Branch organized?34. In which Articles will you find the Judicial 34. In which Articles will you find the Judicial

Branch organized?Branch organized?35. In which Articles will you find the 35. In which Articles will you find the

Legislative Branch organized?Legislative Branch organized?36. Which Article is the longest?36. Which Article is the longest?

7777

Part 4---Major Principles in the Part 4---Major Principles in the ConstitutionConstitution

1. 1. Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty—rule by the people—rule by the people A. The Preamble begins with “we the people A. The Preamble begins with “we the people

of the United States in order to form a more of the United States in order to form a more perfect union”perfect union”

2. 2. FederalismFederalism—power is divided between the —power is divided between the national government and the state national government and the state governments. The Supremacy Clause of the governments. The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution provides for a “ladder of laws”- Constitution provides for a “ladder of laws”-

U.S. ConstitutionU.S. ConstitutionActs of Congress and TreatiesActs of Congress and TreatiesState ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsState Laws (acts of state legislature)State Laws (acts of state legislature)City and County ordinances.City and County ordinances.

7878

Major Principles continuedMajor Principles continued Examples of Federalism-Examples of Federalism- 1. States make up their own rules on how to 1. States make up their own rules on how to

conduct Presidential elections inside their own conduct Presidential elections inside their own states.states.

2. Some states have the death penalty and 2. Some states have the death penalty and some don’t. (also radar detectors and gay some don’t. (also radar detectors and gay marriage)marriage)

3. When the national (federal) government 3. When the national (federal) government declares marijuana illegal states can not declares marijuana illegal states can not make it legal.make it legal.

4. The Full Faith and Credit Clause deals with 4. The Full Faith and Credit Clause deals with relations between the states. The Constitution relations between the states. The Constitution says that all states must honor the public says that all states must honor the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of acts, records, and judicial proceedings of another state. (So if you get legally married in another state. (So if you get legally married in Utah and move to Virginia, you are still Utah and move to Virginia, you are still married)married)

7979

3. Separation of Powers3. Separation of Powers The three branches of government The three branches of government

(executive, judicial, and legislative) are (executive, judicial, and legislative) are separate and distinct. separate and distinct.

A. Executive branch—enforces the lawA. Executive branch—enforces the law

B. Legislative branch---makes the lawB. Legislative branch---makes the law

C. Judicial branch---interprets the lawC. Judicial branch---interprets the law

Can the President keep his or her meetings Can the President keep his or her meetings with advisors secret from the Congress?with advisors secret from the Congress?

Do the powers of the President expand in Do the powers of the President expand in time of war? (The Constitution does say time of war? (The Constitution does say that the President is the Commander in that the President is the Commander in Chief)Chief)

8080

4. Checks and Balances4. Checks and Balances Each branch of government Each branch of government

exercises some control on the other exercises some control on the other branches of government.branches of government.

Examples: Examples: A.A. Congress passes a bill and the Congress passes a bill and the

President vetoes it.President vetoes it.B.B. Congress may override a Congress may override a

Presidential veto.Presidential veto.C.C. The Supreme Court may declare a The Supreme Court may declare a

law unconstitutional (judicial review).law unconstitutional (judicial review).Check handout “Checks and Balances Check handout “Checks and Balances

at Work”at Work”

8181

5. Limited Government5. Limited Government The Congress limits the power of The Congress limits the power of

government. Examples:government. Examples:1.1. Congress shall not pass an Ex post Congress shall not pass an Ex post

Facto law.Facto law.2.2. Congress shall not pass a bill of Congress shall not pass a bill of

attainder.attainder.3.3. Congress may not take away a Congress may not take away a

persons freedom of speech or press.persons freedom of speech or press.4.4. Congress shall not tax exports.Congress shall not tax exports.5.5. Congress shall not create a state Congress shall not create a state

from another state without the from another state without the permission of that states legislature.permission of that states legislature.

8282

6. Judicial Review6. Judicial ReviewThis power, which belongs to the This power, which belongs to the

federal courts, is not explicitly federal courts, is not explicitly stated in the Constitution. stated in the Constitution.

It was first used by the Supreme It was first used by the Supreme Court in Court in Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison in in 1803.1803.

A. The Supreme Court ruled that a A. The Supreme Court ruled that a law which had been passed by law which had been passed by Congress and signed by the Congress and signed by the President was unconstitutional.President was unconstitutional.

Today the Federal Courts may rule that Today the Federal Courts may rule that any action of government (federal, any action of government (federal, state, or local) is Unconstitutional.state, or local) is Unconstitutional.

8383

A few examples of governmental A few examples of governmental actions being ruled actions being ruled

unconstitutional (judicial unconstitutional (judicial review).review). Segregation of public schools by state and Segregation of public schools by state and

local governments.local governments. Requiring students to stand for the pledge Requiring students to stand for the pledge

or participate in prayer before each school or participate in prayer before each school day.day.

Requiring a wife get her husbands Requiring a wife get her husbands permission before getting an abortion.permission before getting an abortion.

Putting someone on trial with out a lawyer if Putting someone on trial with out a lawyer if there is a possibility that they could go to there is a possibility that they could go to jail.jail.

States prohibiting bi-racial couples from States prohibiting bi-racial couples from getting married.getting married.

8484

AmendmentsAmendments11. Immunity of states from certain lawsuits11. Immunity of states from certain lawsuits12. Changes in electoral college system12. Changes in electoral college system13. Abolition of slavery13. Abolition of slavery14. Citizenship, due process, equal 14. Citizenship, due process, equal

protection.protection.15. No denial of vote because of race or color.15. No denial of vote because of race or color.16. Power of Congress to tax incomes.16. Power of Congress to tax incomes.17. Popular elections of U.S. Senators.17. Popular elections of U.S. Senators.18. Prohibition of alcohol.18. Prohibition of alcohol.19. Women given right to vote.19. Women given right to vote.20. Change dates on start of Presidential and 20. Change dates on start of Presidential and

Congressional terms.Congressional terms.21. Repeal of 1821. Repeal of 18thth. Amendment. Amendment22. Limit on Presidential terms.22. Limit on Presidential terms.

8585

Amendments continuedAmendments continued

23. District of Columbia given 3 electoral 23. District of Columbia given 3 electoral votes in Presidential election.votes in Presidential election.

24. Ban on poll tax.24. Ban on poll tax.

25. Presidential succession, vice-25. Presidential succession, vice-presidential vacancy, presidential presidential vacancy, presidential disability.disability.

26. Voting age changed to 1826. Voting age changed to 18

27. Congressional pay can not be raised 27. Congressional pay can not be raised during the term of a Congress person.during the term of a Congress person.

8686

Part 4 ReviewPart 4 Review1.1. The Constitution is divided into ---Articles.The Constitution is divided into ---Articles.

2.2. The Constitution has ---Amendments.The Constitution has ---Amendments.

3.3. Which of the following terms is best Which of the following terms is best defined as “rule by the people”---that the defined as “rule by the people”---that the power to govern a nation resides with the power to govern a nation resides with the people of that nation?people of that nation?

A. federalism B. popular sovereigntyA. federalism B. popular sovereignty

C. judicial review D. Checks and balancesC. judicial review D. Checks and balances

8787

QuizQuiz

4. Which of the following terms is best 4. Which of the following terms is best defined as a system of government defined as a system of government that divides power between a that divides power between a national government and several national government and several regional (state) governments?regional (state) governments?

A. popular sovereignty A. popular sovereignty B. FederalismB. Federalism C. checks and balance C. checks and balance D. separation of powersD. separation of powers

8888

QuizQuiz

5. Which of the following terms is best 5. Which of the following terms is best defined as the power possessed by defined as the power possessed by the judicial branch of government the judicial branch of government that allows it to declare that an that allows it to declare that an action of government is action of government is unconstitutional?unconstitutional?

A. Federalism A. Federalism B. popular sovereigntyB. popular sovereignty C. Judicial Review C. Judicial Review D. Checks and BalancesD. Checks and Balances

8989

QuizQuiz

6. True/False-----States make up their 6. True/False-----States make up their own rules on how to conduct own rules on how to conduct Presidential elections within their own Presidential elections within their own state.state.

7. True/False----Some states have the 7. True/False----Some states have the death penalty and others do not.death penalty and others do not.

8. True/False----The Full Faith and Credit 8. True/False----The Full Faith and Credit Clause says that all states must honor Clause says that all states must honor the public acts, records, and judicial the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of another state.proceedings of another state.

9090

QuizQuiz

9. Which of the following is the “top rung” 9. Which of the following is the “top rung” and “bottom rung” in the “ladder of and “bottom rung” in the “ladder of laws” created by the Supremacy Clause laws” created by the Supremacy Clause in the Constitution?in the Constitution?

A. Constitution---City and County A. Constitution---City and County ordinancesordinances

B. Constitution---State ConstitutionsB. Constitution---State Constitutions

C. State Constitutions---State lawsC. State Constitutions---State laws

D. Acts of Congress---ConstitutionD. Acts of Congress---Constitution

9191

QuizQuiz

10. Which branch of government 10. Which branch of government enforces the law?enforces the law?

A. executive B. judicial C. legislativeA. executive B. judicial C. legislative

11. Which branch of government 11. Which branch of government makes the law?makes the law?


12. Which branch of government 12. Which branch of government interprets the law?interprets the law?


9292

QuizQuiz

14. Which Supreme Court case 14. Which Supreme Court case established that the Federal Courts established that the Federal Courts had the power to determine the had the power to determine the Constitutionality of governmental Constitutionality of governmental actions?actions?

A. McCulloch v. MarylandA. McCulloch v. Maryland

B. Marbury v. MadisonB. Marbury v. Madison

C. Brown v. Bd. Of Ed.C. Brown v. Bd. Of Ed.

D. Nixon v. New York TimesD. Nixon v. New York Times

9393

QuizQuiz15. Which method of amending the 15. Which method of amending the

Constitution has been used most often Constitution has been used most often (26 out of 27 times)?(26 out of 27 times)?

A. Proposed by 2/3 vote in each house A. Proposed by 2/3 vote in each house and ratified by ¾’s of the state and ratified by ¾’s of the state legislatures.legislatures.

B. Proposed by 2/3 vote in each house B. Proposed by 2/3 vote in each house and ratified by ¾’s of conventions held and ratified by ¾’s of conventions held

in each state.in each state. C. Proposed by a national convention and C. Proposed by a national convention and

ratified by ¾’s of state legislaturesratified by ¾’s of state legislatures D. Proposed by a national convention and D. Proposed by a national convention and

ratified by ¾’s of conventions held in ratified by ¾’s of conventions held in each state.each state.

9494

QuizQuiz16. Which of the following topics has 16. Which of the following topics has

been most recently considered by been most recently considered by Congress as amendments to the Congress as amendments to the Constitution?Constitution?

A. gay marriage and flag burningA. gay marriage and flag burning B. reinstitution of the draft and 16 olds B. reinstitution of the draft and 16 olds

allowed to vote.allowed to vote. C. Washington D.C. to get C. Washington D.C. to get

representation in Congress and representation in Congress and abolishment of Electoral College systemabolishment of Electoral College system

D. abolishment of income tax and D. abolishment of income tax and legalization of marijuanalegalization of marijuana

9595

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