1 next week – (4/27) global change – 4/29 first review for part iii unit exam (final exam)...
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• Next week – (4/27) Global change
– 4/29 First Review for Part III unit exam (final exam)
– -Begin comprehensive question– due May 4
Notes 4/22
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Final Exam Comprehensive Question:• Comprehensive integration (50 pts): Imagine yourself as a
content advisor to Tucson's Rio Nuevo Project, which has the goal of educating citizens about environment-human issues of the Southwest. Choose a modern Southwest environment-human issue from Part 3 of our course that you think should be included in museum displays and exhibits. For this issue:
• Explain why it is important currently.• Describe a historic or prehistoric example of the issue (from our
Part 2).• Describe the environmental background to the issue (from our
Part 1).• Answer this three times using different issues (lectures)
each time. The Geos. 220 course lecture topics are below. Don't be redundant, i.e., don't use any lecture topic more than once
• Typed, single-spaced; ½-page for each answer
•Due May 4, 2010
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Today’s topic: Water in the Southwest
• Water stats & cycling• Groundwater
– Subsidence• Colorado River• Required Reading:• General reading: Cadillac Desert
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Water Information at UA• Water Resources Research Center
(WRRC)– Campbell, just south of 6th– Free Newsletters
•Arroyo•Arizona Water Resource
–Xeriscaping
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• 96% of Earth’s water is ……….• 74% of Earth’s fresh water is ………• 99% of Earth’s fresh liquid water is ………….
Water water everywhere, not a drop to drink
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• Units: 1000 km3/yr (0.26 mill-bill gallons/yr)• Oceans: 85% …………, 79% …………….• Fresh water: surface, subsurface, or evap
Water Cycle
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Where do we get our Water?
• ………………– Wells into aquifers
• ………………..– Reservoirs & streamflow
• …………………– Small scale homeowners
• (not for drinking)
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What Is An Aquifer?What Is An Aquifer?
Aquifer - sands with water filling the pore spaces between the grains
bedrockwater table
aquifer
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• Depth can be …………………..feet– Washed down throughout eons of erosion
• Filled in with water– ……………………. water– “Borrowing” water from time.
Basin Fill
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Tucson Wells
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1995 Annual Groundwater Budget Tucson Active Management Area1995 Annual Groundwater Budget Tucson Active Management AreaInflow +………… ac-ftNatural and Incidental Recharge,Groundwater Inflow
Outflow - …………..ac-ftMunicipal, Agricultural and IndustrialPumpage, Groundwater Outflow
Balance (OVERDRAFT) -…………… ac-ft
• Acre-foot: water 1 foot deep covering 1 acre (43,560 ft2) = 325,851 gal.
• SRC Pool: ~2 acre-feet
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Consequences Of OverdraftConsequences Of Overdraft
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Consequences Of OverdraftConsequences Of Overdraft
1. Loss in ………………
2. Increased ……………..
3. Change in water quality
4. Land ………………..
5. Loss of ………………
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• From over pumping of groundwater
• Over 15 feet in ~40 years
• Everything sinks (even trees)
• Can be general, or with ……………….
Subsidence
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Subsidence in Tucson
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Subsidence …………… and Infrastructure
• Not the same as ………………..• Roads damaged• Canals crack, sewage flows backwards
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Extent of Subsidence
• Areas with 1600 ft. of sediments (gray)
• Areas with serious subsidence (red)– ………….. areas– ………………
• Conclusion: Best not to deplete groundwater
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How Much Water Left Under Tucson?
• So, ~………… maf left,
maf80.ft.ac000,000,80
porosity%25deep.ft1000.mi.sq1
acres640.mi.sq500
maf20.ft.ac000,000,20
porosity%25deep.ft250.mi.sq1
acres640.mi.sq500
yearTucson268day365
year1
Tucsonans10
Tucson
.gal200
dayTucsonan
af1
.gal851,325
maf1
af10maf60
6
6
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Well HydrographPima & Swan
Well HydrographPima & Swan
100
200
300
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
De
pth
To
Wa
ter
(ft.
)
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Consequences Of OverdraftConsequences Of Overdraft
1. Loss in well productivity
2. Increased pumping costs
3. Change in water quality
4. Land subsidence
5. Loss of surface flows
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Colorado River Watershed
• Seems big, but actually not (m3/sec):– Colorado: …….– Columbia: ……..
…….– Miss.: …………….– Amazon:
………………
Surface Water
Source: http://www.rev.net/~aloe/river/
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Lee’s Ferry flow: 13.5 maf/yrHow many people would that
provide for?
peoplemillion75~
day365
yr1
gal.160
day•pers1
af
gal.325,851
maf1
af10
yr
maf13.5 6
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Whither the Rainfall?
• Assume avg ppt of 12 in./yr• Assume half of CRB above Lee’s ferry• CRB receives over 5x more rainfall
than it drains• Where does 80% of rainfall go?
maf157.ppt.ft1.mi.sq1
acres640.mi.sq000,246
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Colorado River Compact, 1922• AZ: W.S. Norviel (2nd from left)• 4th from left? (hint: It’s not Haury)
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• WY, CO, UT, NM – Upper Basin• AZ, NV, CA – Lower Basin
– AZ: ………..of basin, ………… of water
– Who was left out?• 7.5 maf for each basin per year
– 75 maf to Lower Basin per decade• Extra 1 maf for Lower Basin, just to
be nice.
Colorado River Compact
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• Flow was assumed to 16.4 maf per year
• Past 300 years: – Average: 13.5 maf– Range: 4.4 – 22 maf
• How do we know this?
Reality Check
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• ……………..– All within basin– Might claim > 5 maf– Can’t use it, but might sell it
• …………….– 1944 treaty: 1.5 maf– No flow to delta: water, silt,
nutrients
Other Parties
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Colorado River to Tucson?
• Carl Hayden legacy• Begun in 1960s• …….. miles of
canals• Uphill
– Havasu: 482 ft.– Enormous pumps
• Magnificent project• $....................
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• CAP Pump:– ~25,000
gal./sec.– ~………. ft
up• Hohokam
would be so proud!!
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• Storage into ………………..• Replace groundwater pumping• Still not using entire allotment
– CAP water unpopular to drink•“Tasty,” smelly, different•Working better this time
– CAP expensive to farm•Only 1 profitable crop?
–Maybe 2??
Arizona and CAP Water
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Importing Salts to Southern Arizona
• CAP water has 580 mg/L salts
yr/tonnes000,715~mg10
)tonne(Mg1
l1
saltsmg580
.gal1
l785.3
af1
.gal851,325
maf1
af10
yr
maf1
9
6
)stopnon(min/trucks3
tonne1
truckstonhalf2
min600,525
yr1
yr
tonnes000,715
Where goeth the salts?
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GroundwaterPumping
• …………………through time
• Used mostly for irrigation
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•Fix your faucets all you want …
•People replace cotton and lettuce, water use
Statewide Use: It’s agriculture
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Water Summary
• Relatively ……… drinking water worldwide• Absolutely enough for humanity, so far• SW groundwater (like a miracle)
– Not ………..., unintended consequences• SW big rivers
– Not much ………, engineering …………• Are we immune from having to abandon
infrastructure?