1 networking technologies topologies lesson 3 ( lo 1.2) lecturer: daniel k. tom-joe

1

Networking Networking TechnologiesTechnologiesTopologiesTopologies

Lesson 3( LO 1.2)

Lecturer: Daniel K. Tom-Joe

2

Topology: Scope of Topology: Scope of NetworksNetworksLocal Area Network

Wide Area Network

3

Bus TopologyBus Topology

Terminator

SegmentSegment

Terminator

4

Star TopologyStar Topology

Hub

5

Ring TopologyRing Topology

6

Mesh TopologyMesh Topology

7

Hybrid TopologiesHybrid TopologiesStar-Bus Bus

Star-Ring

8

EthernetEthernet

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription

Access MethodAccess Method CSMA/CDCSMA/CD

Transfer SpeedTransfer SpeedStandard Ethernet – 10 MbpsFast Ethernet – 100 MbpsGigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)

Standard Ethernet – 10 MbpsFast Ethernet – 100 MbpsGigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)

Collision DetectionCarrier Sense Multiple Access

Detects signalTransmits signal Collision detected

9

Fiber Distributed Data Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceInterface


Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing

Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed Fiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 MbpsFiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps

Primary Ring

Secondary Ring

10

Token RingToken Ring


Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing

Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed 4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types

Physical Ring

Logical Ring

MSAU

A multistation access unit (MSAU) is a network hub in Token Ring local area networks (LANs).

ELIZABETH

11

Network CablesNetwork CablesTypes of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of Cables

Coaxial ThinNetThickNet10Base2, 10Base5

Fiber-Optics

Twisted-PairUnshielded (UTP)Shielded (STP)10BaseT

12

Wireless Communication Wireless Communication DevicesDevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication Devices

Narrowband Radio Transmission

Infrared Transmission

13

GatewaysGateways

Ethernet

Token Ring

Gateway

14

Infrared Data Association (IrDA)

Wireless Communication by Using IrDA

Windows Client

Mouse

Laptop

15

Types of Data Types of Data TransmissionsTransmissions BroadcastUnicast

Multicast

16

IP Address ClassesIP Address Classes

ww xx yy zz

Class A Network IDNetwork IDNetwork IDNetwork ID Host IDHost ID

Class B Network IDNetwork IDNetwork IDNetwork ID Host IDHost ID

Class C Network IDNetwork IDNetwork IDNetwork ID Host IDHost ID

17

IP AddressesIP Addresses

192.168.1.0192.168.1.0 192.168.3.0192.168.3.0

192.168.1.100192.168.1.100 192.168.2.101192.168.2.101

192.168.2.100192.168.2.100 192.168.3.100192.168.3.100

192.168.2.0192.168.2.0

192.168.1.100192.168.1.100IPAddress

Host IDHost ID

Network IDNetwork ID

18

SubnetsSubnets

RouterRouter

Subnet 1 Subnet 2

1111 2222

HubHub HubHub

19

Addressing GuidelinesAddressing Guidelines

The Host ID Cannot Be All Zeros ( 00000.The Host ID Cannot Be All Zeros ( 00000.

The Host ID Cannot Be All 255s The Host ID Cannot Be All 255s

The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127 The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127

The Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network ID The Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network ID

20

CIDR Notation

IPAddress

Subnet Mask

Number of Subnet Mask Bits (ones)

IP Address in CIDR Notation

255 . 255 . 240 . 0 255 . 255 . 240 . 011111111 11111111 11110000 0000000011111111 11111111 11110000 00000000

10 . 217 . 123 . 7 10 . 217 . 123 . 700001010 11011001 01111011 0000011100001010 11011001 01111011 00000111

8 + 8 + 4 + 0 = 208 + 8 + 4 + 0 = 20

10.217.123.7/2010.217.123.7/20

21

The InternetThe Internet

Client

Connection UsingTCP/IP Protocol

Internet

Server

Text, Audio, Video, and Graphics Data

22

Internet ServicesInternet Services

Internet

Electronic Mail (e-mail)World Wide Web (WWW)Chat Internet NewsFile Transfer Protocol (FTP)Telnet

23

IntranetsIntranets

Intranet

Extranet

Internet

24

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

URL (http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.html)– Protocol used (http://)– DNS address (example.microsoft.com)– Path on the server

(/tutorial/default.html)

http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.htmlhttp://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.html

25

Domain NamingDomain Naming

Domain Name (example.microsoft.com)– Top-level domain (com)– Second-level domain (microsoft.com)– Subdomain (example.microsoft.com)

comcom

example.microsoft.comexample.microsoft.com

microsoft.commicrosoft.com

26

Domain OrganizationDomain Organization

DomainDomainDomainDomain

DomainDomain

Tree

Forest

nwtraders.msft

samerica.nwtraders.msftnamerica.nwtraders.msft

DomainDomainDomainDomain

DomainDomain

Tree

27

Features of a DomainFeatures of a DomainSingle User AccountSingle User AccountSingle LogonSingle Logon

Centralized ManagementCentralized Management ScalabilityScalability

28

Benefits of a DomainBenefits of a DomainOrganized Organized ObjectsObjects

ParisParis

RepairRepairSalesSales

User1User1 Computer1Computer1 Printer1Printer1User2User2

Easy Location of Easy Location of InformationInformation

Streamlined AccessStreamlined Access Delegated AuthorityDelegated Authority

29

Internet ProtocolsInternet Protocols

Internet

HTTPHTTPSFTPSMTPNNTPHTMLDHTML

Server

Data

Client

Connection Using anInternet Protocol

30

TCP/IP LayersTCP/IP Layers

Application LayerApplication Layer

Transport LayerTransport LayerTransport LayerTransport Layer

Internet LayerInternet LayerInternet LayerInternet Layer

Network Interface LayerNetwork Interface LayerNetwork Interface LayerNetwork Interface Layer

Internet LayerIPIP ICMPICMP IGMPIGMP ARPARP

Network Interface Layer

EthernetEthernetATMATM

Transport LayerUDPUDPTCPTCP

Application Layer

FTPFTPHTTPHTTP

31

Network Address Translators (NATs)Network Address Translators (NATs)

Internet

192.168.0.10192.168.0.10

w1.x1.y1.z1w1.x1.y1.z1

w2.x2.y2.z2w2.x2.y2.z2

Web Browser

NAT

Web Server

32

CAT5 wiring for networksCAT5 wiring for networks

– What is unshielded twisted pair, aka UTP, cabling? – What are the twists for?

33

Categories of UTPCategories of UTP

Category 3 – Telephone Cable or 10 Mbps data

Category 5 – 10/100 MbpsCategory 5e – 10/100 Mbps or 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) for

short distancesCategory 6 & 7 – 10/100/1000 Mbps

34

Types of cablesTypes of cables

– Straight throughUsed to connect computers to switches or routers to

switches

– Crossover/cross connectused to connect a computer to another computer or a

switch to another switch

– Roll/rollover cablesUsed to connect to a console port on managed

switches or routers

35

Tools & Materials for Making Patch Tools & Materials for Making Patch CablesCables

Crimp Tool

Cable Stripper (Cyclops)

Cat 5 or 5e UTP cable

RJ-45 – Cat-5e modular plugs

Cable tester

36

What kinds of things can go wrong What kinds of things can go wrong when making a a cable?when making a a cable?

Not all wires made a connectionWires were in the wrong orderToo much of the cabling jacket was cut offWires were untwisted too much, causing

interference between wires.

37

What kinds of things can go wrong What kinds of things can go wrong when making a a cable?when making a a cable?Construction problems

38

What kinds of things can go wrong What kinds of things can go wrong when making a a cable?when making a a cable? Wiring order is mixed up or open

Crossed Pairs – The twisted wires are still paired, but you mixed up the correct order of the wire pairs.

Reversed Pair – The reversed-pair fault occurs when a wire pair is correctly installed on one connector, but reversed on the other connector. This is also called a polarity reversal or tip-and-ring reversal.

Split Pairs – A split-pair wiring fault occurs when one wire from one pair is switched with one wire from a different pair at both ends. This mixing hampers the cross-cancellation process and makes the cable more susceptible to crosstalk and interference.

Open Pair – Lack of continuity between pins at both ends of the cable on one or more wires. There is no path to carry electrical signals.

39

Wiring Order for Cat5 Cable Wiring Order for Cat5 Cable CrimpsCrimps Pin outs - Why do we need standards?

– No matter what wiring order you use, a cable will work as long as the other end is wired in the same order. Many networking professionals, particularly those who were self taught, had their own wiring orders they used.

– However, wiring pairs may not be kept together. This is bad because twisted pair cabling use the twists in the wires to control noise. This is a simplified way of thinking of how it works. Both wires receive the same noise; what is received on the reference is subtracted from the other. This can dramatically affect performance

– Sometimes, you work on one end, but you were not the one who wired the other end. You expect it to be wired a certain way. The order means something.

– The standard was published in 1991 to create a multiproduct, multivendor, standard for connectivity. Prior to the adoption of this standard, many "proprietary" cabling systems existed. This was very bad for the consumer. Two main standards for UTP – 568A and 568B

568A is most commonly used by the telecommunications industry 568B is most commonly used in data networks

40

Patch Cable Assembly Instructions

1. Skin off the cable jacket approximately 1" or slightly more.

2. Un-twist each pair, and straighten each wire between the fingers.

3. Place the wires in the order of one of the two diagrams shown above (568A or 568B). Bring all of the wires together, until they touch.

4. At this point, recheck the wiring sequence with the diagram.

http://www.lanshack.com/make-cat5E.aspx

41

Making patch cablesMaking patch cables

Patch Cable Assembly Instructions

5. Optional: Make a mark on the wires at 1/2" from the end of the cable jacket.

6. Hold the grouped (and sorted) wires together tightly, between the thumb, and the forefinger.

7. Cut all of the wires at a perfect 90 degree angle from the cable at 1/2" from the end of the cable jacket. This is a very critical step. If the wires are not cut straight, they may not all make contact. We suggest using a pair of scissors for this purpose.

7B. Conductors should be at a straight 90 degree angle, and be 1/2" long, prior to insertion into the connector.

8. Insert the wires into the connector (pins facing up).

42

Patch Cable Assembly Instructions (cont.)

9. Push moderately hard to assure that all of the wires have reached the end of the connector. Be sure that the cable jacket goes into the back of the connector by about 3/16".

9. Place the connector into a crimp tool, and squeeze hard so that the handle reaches it's full swing.

10. Repeat the process on the other end. For a straight through cable, use the same wiring. For a "crossover" cable, wire one end 568A, and the other end 568B.

11. Use a cable tester to test for proper continuity.

43

Wire Order for Types of cablesWire Order for Types of cables

– Straight through Used to connect computers to switches

or routers to switches

568B on one end to 568B on the other

568A on one end to 568A on the other

Crossover/cross connect used to connect a computer to another

computer or a switch to another switch 568B on one end to 568A on the other

44

Making UTP connectionsMaking UTP connections

Notes Regarding Making Category 5 Patch Cable1) The RJ-45 plugs are normally made for either solid conductors or stranded

conductors. Using the wrong type can possibly cause intermittent problems. 2) Ordinarily, it would be taboo to untwist the pairs of any category 5 cable. The

one exception to this rule is when crimping on RJ-45 plugs. It would be impossible to insert the wires into the channels without first untwisting and straightening them. Be sure not to extend the un-twisting, past the skin point. If you do it properly, you will wind up with no more than 1/2" of untwisted conductors (up to 1/2" of untwist meets the cat 5 specification).

3) If the completed assembly does not pass continuity, you may have a problem in one, or both ends. A good cable tester may tell you which end is faulty.

First try giving each end another crimp. If that does not work, then carefully examine each end. Are the wires in the proper order? Do all of the wires fully extend to the end of the connector? Are all of the pins pushed down fully? Cut off the suspected bad connector, and re-terminate it. If you still have a problem, then repeat the process, this time giving more scrutiny to

the end that was not replaced.

45

Mixing Data and Telephone on cat5Mixing Data and Telephone on cat5

46

Can I run a LAN and telephones Can I run a LAN and telephones on the same LAN cable?on the same LAN cable? The technical answer is … it depends. If you are using 10BaseT or

100Base-TX, it may work. However you are taking a RISK of damaging equipment in certain types of installations.

If you do wire your network this way, you may have to re-wire later to prevent problems.

Increasingly we are seeing 'Power-over-Ethernet (PoE)' systems which can make use of both spare pairs in 1000base-TX wiring and will likely provide power for VoIP or other technologies. If you mix PoE systems with non-standard wiring you could destroy or damage equipment and have other unpleasant or harmful effects.

1000base-T (gigabit Ethernet) uses all 4 pairs (8 conductors) and cannot be used with mixed LAN and telephony wiring.

Bottom line – You are taking a chance when you mix LAN and telephone connections on the same cable.

47

Punching down UTP connections in Punching down UTP connections in Patch PanelsPatch Panels

What is a patch panel? – Below you can see a patch panel for data networks.

48

Punching down UTP Punching down UTP connections in Patch Panelsconnections in Patch Panels

What is a patch panel? – RJ-45 on one side, 110 punch down block on the other side

• What is a punching down block?

– connecting communications conductors is at a multi-terminal assembly of self-stripping, crimp connections

• 66 vs. 110 blocks

• 66 blocks are for voice conductors

• 110 blocks are for data conductors.

• We use patch panels and punch-down blocks to facilitate testing and provide for additions and modifications to the cable plant (cabling system).

• The outlet itself is almost always one or two RJ-45 jacks you mount on a single-gang plate. (The RJ-45 is the 8-pin modular phone plug. Universally, we use it for data networks.)

49

What is punching down for?What is punching down for?

It's important to leave enough extra cable at each outlet point. The recommended lengths are a minimum of 10 feet in the telecommunications closet for both twisted-pair, and 12 inches for twisted-pair cable at the outlet.

Don’t stretch the cable too tightLeave a small loop of cable for alterationsDo not nick the wire when stripping

50

Tools for Punching DownTools for Punching Down

110 Punch down tool 110 bladePatch panel or jackCable StripperCable Wire cutterCable Tester

51

Punching Down Cat5 on a 110 BlockPunching Down Cat5 on a 110 Block

52

Let’s Punch down on a 110 Let’s Punch down on a 110 block!block!Step 1. Carefully strip the jacketing from the

cable. Do not remove any insulation from the conductors.

53

Let’s Punch down on a 110 block!Let’s Punch down on a 110 block!

54


Step 3:Trim off any excess wire (if 110 tool does not cut).

55


Step 4:Complete the installation by securing cables to panel using wire ties.

56

Cat5E Installation Do's and Don’tsCat5E Installation Do's and Don’ts

– Do Keep all cable runs to a maximum of 295 feet (for each run).– Do Maintain the twists of the pairs all the way to the point of

termination, or no more than 0.5" (one half inch) untwisted– Do Not Skin off more than 1" of jacket when terminating– Do Make gradual bends of the cable, where necessary. No

sharper than a 1" radius. (about the roundness of a half-dollar)– Do Not Allow the cable to be sharply bent, or kinked, at any

time. This can cause permanent damage to the cables' interior.– Do Dress the cables neatly with cable ties. Use low to moderate

pressure.– Do Not Over tighten cable ties. We recommend Hook and Loop

(Velcro) Cable Ties for commercial installations.– Do Cross-connect cables (where necessary), using cat 5E rated

punch blocks and components. – Do Not Splice or bridge category-5E cable at any point. There

should never be multiple appearances of category 5E cable. – Do Use low to moderate force when pulling cable.

57

– Do Not Use excessive force when pulling cable.– Do Use cable pulling lubricant for cable runs that may otherwise require great

force to install. (You will be amazed at what a difference the cable lubricant will make)

– Do Not Use oil, or any other lubricant, not specifically designed for cable pulling. Oil, or other lubricants, can infiltrate the cable, causing damage to the insulation.

– Do Keep cat 5E cables as far away from potential sources of EMI (electrical cables, transformers, light fixtures, etc.) as possible.

– Do Not Tie cables to electrical conduits, or lay cables on electrical fixtures. – Do Install proper cable supports, spaced no more than 5 feet apart.– Do Not Install cable that is supported by the ceiling tiles (this is unsafe, and is

a violation of the building codes).– Do Always label every termination point. Use a unique number for each cable

segment. The idea here, is to make moves, adds, changes, and troubleshooting as simple as possible.

– Do Always test every installed segment with a cable tester. "Toning" alone, is not an acceptable test.

– Do Always install jacks in such a way as to prevent dust and other contaminants from settling on the contacts. The contacts (pins) of the jack should face up on flush mounted plates, or left, right, or down (never up) on surface mount boxes.


58

– Do Always leave extra slack on the cables, neatly coiled up in the ceiling or nearest concealed place. It is recommended that you leave at least 5 feet at the work outlet side, and 10 feet at the patch panel (wiring hub) side.

– Do Not Ever install cables "taught" in the ceiling, or elsewhere. A good installation should have the cables loose, but never sagging.

– Do Always use grommets to protect the cable where passing through metal studs or anything that can possibly cause damage to them.

– Do Choose either 568A or 568B wiring standard, before you begin your project. Wire all jacks and patch panels for the same wiring scheme (A or B).

– Do Not Mix 568A and 568B wiring on the same installation. – Do Not (1 exception) Use staples on category-5E cable that crimp the cable

tightly. The common T-18 and T-25 cable staples are not recommended for category 5E cable. The T-59 insulated staple gun is ideal for fastening cat5 & 6 and fiber optic cabling as it does not put any excess pressure on the cable.

– Do Always obey all local, and national, fire and building codes. Be sure to "firestop" all cables that penetrate a firewall. Use plenum rated cable where it is mandated.


59

Punching down Cat5 on a 110 blockPunching down Cat5 on a 110 block

Think you have it? Try this quiz to check your mastery.– http://www.jimhayes.com/VHO/utpterm/quiz.htm

60

End of Today's LectureEnd of Today's Lecture

Any Questions?

1 networking technologies topologies lesson 3 ( lo 1.2) lecturer: daniel k. tom-joe

Documents