1 modal doubling in hong kong hokkien yin ling cheung ph.d. candidate in linguistics purdue...

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Modal Doubling Modal Doubling in in

Hong Kong Hong Kong HokkienHokkien

Yin Ling Cheung Yin Ling Cheung Ph.D. Candidate in LinguisticsPh.D. Candidate in Linguistics

Purdue University Purdue University August 31, 2007August 31, 2007

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The GoalThe Goal

• To find out how modal doubling To find out how modal doubling in Hong Kong Hokkien is in Hong Kong Hokkien is represented.represented.

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OutlineOutline

1.1. Introduction: location and language Introduction: location and language familyfamily

2.2. Basic word orderBasic word order

3.3. Properties of Modal Doubling in HokkienProperties of Modal Doubling in Hokkien

4.4. Potential Analyses for Serial Verb Potential Analyses for Serial Verb Constructions in Hong Kong HokkienConstructions in Hong Kong Hokkien

5.5. Larsonian Structure to Account for Larsonian Structure to Account for Resultative Serial Verb ConstructionResultative Serial Verb Construction

6.6. ConclusionConclusion

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3.3. Properties of Modal Doubling in HokkienProperties of Modal Doubling in Hokkien




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LocationLocation

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Language FamilyLanguage Family

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3.3. Properties of Modal Doubling in Properties of Modal Doubling in HokkienHokkien




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2. Basic Word Order:2. Basic Word Order:Head-initial LanguageHead-initial Language

(1)(1) i1 mia5-chia4 i1 mia5-chia4 tsui5tsui5 dan5- dan5-go1 go1

3s tomorrow 3s tomorrow make make cake cake

““S/he will make cakes tomorrow.”S/he will make cakes tomorrow.”

i1 i1 mia5-chia4 mia5-chia4 tsui5tsui5 dan5-go1 dan5-go1 3s 3s tomorrow tomorrow make make cake cake ““S/he will make cakes tomorrow.”S/he will make cakes tomorrow.”

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3.3. Properties of Modal Properties of Modal Doubling Doubling

in Hokkienin Hokkieni. Do two modal elements involve in Modal i. Do two modal elements involve in Modal

Doubling? How many modality readings are Doubling? How many modality readings are allowed?allowed?

ii. Does the doubled element have to be the same? ii. Does the doubled element have to be the same?

iii. Is iii. Is e7 e7 the only modal element that allows the only modal element that allows doubling? doubling?

iv. Does Modal Doubling only appear with serial iv. Does Modal Doubling only appear with serial verb constructions? verb constructions?

v. If yes, which type of serial verb constructions v. If yes, which type of serial verb constructions co-exists with Modal Doubling? co-exists with Modal Doubling?

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In (2), the sentence is ungrammatical In (2), the sentence is ungrammatical when the two modal elements are when the two modal elements are different: different:

(2) * i1 (2) * i1 e7-tang3e7-tang3 dao5 dao5 e7e7 ki8 ji8- ki8 ji8-ΛΛ4-zi44-zi4

Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-booksCL-books

Intended: ‘S/he will lift this box of Intended: ‘S/he will lift this box of books.’ books.’

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Modal elements conveying the Modal elements conveying the meanings of possibility or necessity meanings of possibility or necessity are are e7-hiau3e7-hiau3, , e7-tang3,e7-tang3, e7-yang8e7-yang8, , e7-e7-jit8jit8, , ko2-leng5ko2-leng5, , i-teng7-e7i-teng7-e7, and , and eng1-eng1-kai1kai1. .

However, these cannot be doubled However, these cannot be doubled and the sentences are all considered and the sentences are all considered as ungrammatical with modal as ungrammatical with modal doubling, as in the examples (3) – (9):doubling, as in the examples (3) – (9):

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(3) *(3) * i1 i1 e7-hiau3e7-hiau3 dao5 dao5 e7-hiaue7-hiau ki8 ji8- ki8 ji8-ΛΛ4-zi4 4-zi4 Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ (learnt skill)(learnt skill)

(4) *(4) * i1 i1 e7-tang3e7-tang3 dao5 dao5 e7-tang3e7-tang3 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4 Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books

Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ (capability)(capability)(5) *(5) * i1 i1 e7-yang8e7-yang8 dao5 dao5 e7-yang8e7-yang8 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4

Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ (permission)(permission)

(6) *(6) * i1 i1 e7-jit8e7-jit8 dao5 dao5 e7-jit8e7-jit8 ki8 ji8- ki8 ji8-ΛΛ4-zi4 4-zi4 Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ Intended: ‘S/he can lift this box of books.’ (permission)(permission)

(7) *(7) * i1 i1 ko2-leng5ko2-leng5 dao5 dao5 ko2-leng5ko2-leng5 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4

Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Intended: ‘S/he may lift this box of books.’ Intended: ‘S/he may lift this box of books.’ (possibility)(possibility)

(8) *(8) * i1 i1 i-teng7-e7i-teng7-e7 dao5 dao5 i-teng-e7i-teng-e7 ki8 ji8- ki8 ji8-ΛΛ4-zi4 4-zi4 Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Intended: ‘S/he must lift this box of books.’ Intended: ‘S/he must lift this box of books.’ (necessity)(necessity)

(9) *(9) * i1 i1 eng1-kai1eng1-kai1 dao5 dao5 eng1-kai1eng1-kai1 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 ji8-Λ4-zi4

Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Intended: ‘S/he should lift this box of books.’ Intended: ‘S/he should lift this box of books.’ (obligation)(obligation)

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Example (10) shows that Modal Example (10) shows that Modal Doubling is dependent on a two-verb Doubling is dependent on a two-verb serial verb construction: when a simple, serial verb construction: when a simple, single-verb sentence is used, Modal single-verb sentence is used, Modal Doubling becomes ungrammatical:Doubling becomes ungrammatical:

(10) *(10) * i1 i1 e7e7 tui5 tui5 e7e7 he1- he1-e1 min4 e1 min4

Prn.3s MOD push MOD DEM Prn.3s MOD push MOD DEM door door

[No reading available][No reading available]

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Modal Doubling is only compatible with the resultative Modal Doubling is only compatible with the resultative type of serial verb construction, as in (11).type of serial verb construction, as in (11).

(11) (11) i1 i1 e7e7 dao5 dao5 e7e7 ki8 ji8- ki8 ji8-ΛΛ4-zi4 4-zi4 Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books Prn.3s MOD1 take MOD2 rise DET-CL-books ‘‘S/he will lift this box of books.’ S/he will lift this box of books.’ ((resultative; t the he speaker is 100% speaker is 100% certain that the subject can do the certain that the subject can do the action.)action.)

(12) *(12) * i1i1 e7e7 zi5 zi5 e7e7 mʌ8 tsia8 mʌ8 tsia8Prn.3sPrn.3s MOD1 cookMOD1 cook MOD2 meat eatMOD2 meat eatIntended: ‘S/he will cook and eat meat.’ (Intended: ‘S/he will cook and eat meat.’ (direct direct

object object sharingsharing))

(13)*(13)* i1i1 e7e7 mui5 mui5 hə2 hə2 e7e7 lai2lai2Prn.3sPrn.3s MOD1 buyMOD1 buy fish MOD2fish MOD2 comecomeIntended: ‘S/he will buy a fish and bring it.’ Intended: ‘S/he will buy a fish and bring it.’

((directionaldirectional))

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(14)*(14)* i1i1 e7e7 te1 do1 te1 do1 e7 e7 tai1 tai1 he2he2Prn.3s MOD1 take knife MOD2 cut-up fishPrn.3s MOD1 take knife MOD2 cut-up fishIntended: ‘S/he will cut up a fish with a knife.’ Intended: ‘S/he will cut up a fish with a knife.’

((instrumentalinstrumental))

(15)*(15)* i1i1 e7e7 kia1 ji8 bun4 kia1 ji8 bun4 e7e7 tse2 tse2 hi2 hi2 gua3 gua3

Prn.3sPrn.3sMOD1send ONE CL MOD2 book give MOD1send ONE CL MOD2 book give prn.1sprn.1s

Intended: ‘S/he will send a book to me.’ (Intended: ‘S/he will send a book to me.’ (double objectdouble object))

(16)*(16)* i1i1 e7 e7 hi8 ngaan7-ah1 hi8 ngaan7-ah1 e7 e7 kia5kia5 tsau6tsau6Prn.3sPrn.3sMOD1 make children MOD2 fearMOD1 make children MOD2 fear birdbirdIntended: ‘S/he will make the children afraid of the bird.’ Intended: ‘S/he will make the children afraid of the bird.’

((causativecausative))

(17)*(17)* i1i1 e7e7 lip8 lip8 he8-yi4he8-yi4 e7e7 kua1 kua1he8he8

Prn.3sPrn.3sMOD1 enterMOD1 enter cinemacinema MOD2 seeMOD2 see moviemovieIntended: ‘S/he will go into the cinema to see a movie.’ Intended: ‘S/he will go into the cinema to see a movie.’

((sequentialsequential))

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The Types of Serial Verb The Types of Serial Verb Constructions in Hong Kong Constructions in Hong Kong

HokkienHokkien(18) (18) i1 dao5 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 i1 dao5 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 (resultative)(resultative)

Prn.3s take DET-CL-books risePrn.3s take DET-CL-books rise ‘ ‘S/he lifts this box of books.’ S/he lifts this box of books.’

(19) (19) i1i1 zi5 zi5 mʌ8 tsia8 mʌ8 tsia8 (direct (direct object sharing)object sharing)Prn.3sPrn.3s cook cook meat eat meat eat‘‘S/he cooks and eats meat.’ S/he cooks and eats meat.’

(20)(20) i1i1 mui5mui5 hə2 hə2 lai2 lai2 (directional)(directional)Prn.3sPrn.3s buybuy fish fish comecome‘‘S/he buys a fish and brings it.’ S/he buys a fish and brings it.’

(21)(21) i1 te1 do1i1 te1 do1 tai1 tai1 he2 he2 (instrumental)(instrumental)Prn.3s take knife cut fishPrn.3s take knife cut fish‘‘S/he cuts up a fish with a knife.’ S/he cuts up a fish with a knife.’

(22)(22) i1i1 kia1kia1 ji8ji8 bun4 tse2 hi2bun4 tse2 hi2 gua3 gua3 (double object)(double object)Prn.3sPrn.3s sendsend NUM.ONENUM.ONE CL book giveCL book give prn.1sprn.1s‘‘S/he sends a book to me.’ S/he sends a book to me.’

(23)(23) i1i1 hi8 ngaan7-ah1 kia5 tsau6 hi8 ngaan7-ah1 kia5 tsau6 (causative)(causative)Prn.3sPrn.3s make children fear bird make children fear bird‘‘S/he makes the children afraid of the bird.’ S/he makes the children afraid of the bird.’

(24)(24) i1i1 lip8 lip8 he8-yi4he8-yi4 kua1 kua1 he8 he8 (sequential)(sequential)Prn.3sPrn.3s enter enter cinema seecinema see moviemovie‘‘S/he goes into the cinema to see a movie.’ S/he goes into the cinema to see a movie.’

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A-not-A question formation testA-not-A question formation test

To find out the head of the clause, that is, To find out the head of the clause, that is, the main verb in a sentence, as examples the main verb in a sentence, as examples (25) and (26) show:(25) and (26) show:

(25)(25) i1i1 zi5zi5 mʌ8 mʌ8 Prn.3sPrn.3s cookcook meat meat ‘‘S/he cooks the meat.’S/he cooks the meat.’

(26)(26) i1i1 zi5-m7-zi5zi5-m7-zi5 mʌ8 mʌ8 Prn.3sPrn.3s cook-NEG-cookcook-NEG-cook meat meat

‘‘Will s/he cook the meat?’Will s/he cook the meat?’

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A-not-A question formation A-not-A question formation

test tells us:test tells us: SVCs in Hokkien fall into two groups: SVCs in Hokkien fall into two groups:

group Agroup A – resultative, direct object – resultative, direct object sharing, sharing, and directional SVCs – that does and directional SVCs – that does NOT allow NOT allow A-not-A question formation A-not-A question formation on V2 and; on V2 and;

group Bgroup B – instrumental, double object, – instrumental, double object, causative, and sequential SVCs – that causative, and sequential SVCs – that

allows allows A-not-A question formation on V2.A-not-A question formation on V2.

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1.1. Introduction: location and Introduction: location and language familylanguage family






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4. Potential Analyses for Hong 4. Potential Analyses for Hong Kong HokkienKong Hokkien

Law (1996) Law (1996) Larson (1991) Larson (1991)

Law (1996:200-1), when analysizing Law (1996:200-1), when analysizing Mandarin, presents two types of serial Mandarin, presents two types of serial verb constructions, as in (27) and (128).verb constructions, as in (27) and (128).

(27) (27) NP1 [VP V1 NP2 [VP V2 ]]NP1 [VP V1 NP2 [VP V2 ]]

(28) (28) NP1 [VP [VP V1 NP2 [VP V2 NP1 [VP [VP V1 NP2 [VP V2 NP3]]NP3]]

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(29) a. Ta song-le yi- ge xiangzi lai (29) a. Ta song-le yi- ge xiangzi lai (Law, 1996:200)(Law, 1996:200) Prn.3s send-PERF NUM.ONE CL suitcase comePrn.3s send-PERF NUM.ONE CL suitcase come ‘ ‘He sent over a suitcase.’He sent over a suitcase.’

b. Ta na-le nei-ben shu zoub. Ta na-le nei-ben shu zou (Law, 1996:200)(Law, 1996:200)

Prn.3s hold-PERF DEM-CL book goPrn.3s hold-PERF DEM-CL book go ‘ ‘He took away that book.’He took away that book.’

(30) a. Ta na dao qie-le rou (30) a. Ta na dao qie-le rou (Law, 1996:200)(Law, 1996:200)

Prn.3s hold knife cut-PERF meatPrn.3s hold knife cut-PERF meat ‘ ‘He cut the meat with a knife.’He cut the meat with a knife.’

b. Ta na yaoshi kai-le menb. Ta na yaoshi kai-le men (Law, 1996:200)(Law, 1996:200)

Prn.3s hold key open-PERF doorPrn.3s hold key open-PERF door ‘ ‘He opened the door with a key.’He opened the door with a key.’

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In (27) the first verb takes as In (27) the first verb takes as complement the VP headed by the complement the VP headed by the second verb such as second verb such as lai lai ‘come’ ‘come’ and and zou zou ‘go’. ‘go’.

In (28), the VP headed by the second In (28), the VP headed by the second verb such asverb such as qie qie ‘cut’ and ‘cut’ and kaikai ‘open’ ‘open’ in (30) is an adjunct to the VP in (30) is an adjunct to the VP headed by the first verb. headed by the first verb.

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Larson (1991:201-2) suggests that secondary predicates are Larson (1991:201-2) suggests that secondary predicates are daughters of V’, appearing in the configuration shown in (31) daughters of V’, appearing in the configuration shown in (31) which is a resultative structure.which is a resultative structure.

(31) VP (Larson (31) VP (Larson 1991:202)1991:202)

NP V’NP V’

Carol V VPCarol V VP

e NP V’e NP V’

her finger V APher finger V AP

rub rub raw raw

Under Larson’s proposal, in (31), Under Larson’s proposal, in (31), her fingerher finger receives a theta- receives a theta-role from role from rub rub and a theta-role from and a theta-role from rawraw. .

RubRub and and rawraw therefore appear as sisters under a V’ which is therefore appear as sisters under a V’ which is

predicated of her predicated of her finger.finger.

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In terms of syntactic properties, In terms of syntactic properties, resultative SVC resultative SVC direct object sharing & direct object sharing &

directional SVCsdirectional SVCs1. Aspectual marking test1. Aspectual marking test

(32) *(32) * John pa8 (V1) John pa8 (V1) le8le8 ga5-chua5 si1 (V2) ga5-chua5 si1 (V2) [resultative] [resultative]

John hit ASP cockroach dieJohn hit ASP cockroach die Intended: John has killed cockcroach.Intended: John has killed cockcroach.

(33)(33) i1 zi5 (V1) i1 zi5 (V1) le8le8 mʌ8 tsia8 (V2) mʌ8 tsia8 (V2) [direct object sharing][direct object sharing] Prn.3s cook ASP meat eatPrn.3s cook ASP meat eat

‘‘S/he eats meat she cooked.’S/he eats meat she cooked.’

(34)(34) il mui5 (V1) il mui5 (V1) le8 le8 hə2 lai2 (V2) hə2 lai2 (V2) [directional][directional]

Prn.3s buy ASP fish comePrn.3s buy ASP fish come‘‘S/he bought a fish and brought it.’S/he bought a fish and brought it.’

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2. Bare noun test2. Bare noun test

(35) *(35) * John (NP1) pa8 (V1) John (NP1) pa8 (V1) ga4-chua5 (NP2)ga4-chua5 (NP2) si1 (V2) si1 (V2) [resultative][resultative]

John hit cockroach dieJohn hit cockroach die

Intended: John hits and kills cockcroach.Intended: John hits and kills cockcroach.

(36)(36) John (NP1) zi5 (V1) John (NP1) zi5 (V1) mʌ8 (NP2)mʌ8 (NP2) tsia8 (V2) [direct tsia8 (V2) [direct object sharing] object sharing]

John cook meat eatJohn cook meat eat

John cooks and eats meat.John cooks and eats meat.

(37)(37) John (NP1) mui5 (V1) John (NP1) mui5 (V1) hə2 (NP2)hə2 (NP2) lai2 (V2) lai2 (V2) [directional][directional]

John buy fish comeJohn buy fish come

John buys and brings fish.John buys and brings fish.

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5. Using Larsonian Structure to 5. Using Larsonian Structure to Account for Resultative SVCAccount for Resultative SVC

We have VP as the sister to V0, the first verb We have VP as the sister to V0, the first verb dao5dao5 ‘take’ takes the VP with the second verb ‘take’ takes the VP with the second verb ki8ki8 ‘rise’ as the complement.‘rise’ as the complement.

(38)(38) VP VP

NPNP1 1 V’ V’ JohnJohn V V0 0 VP VP NPNP22 V V

dao5 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 dao5 ji8-Λ4-zi4 ki8 John take this-box-of-book John take this-box-of-book riserise ‘ ‘John lifts this box of books.’John lifts this box of books.’

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(39) IP (39) IP

D ID I II00 MOD MOD11PP MODMOD11

00 VP VP VV0 0 MOD MOD22P P MODMOD22

0 0 VP VP

i1 i1 e7e7 dao5 dao5 e7e7 ki8ki8 ji8- ji8-ΛΛ4-zi4 4-zi4

3s 3s MODMOD1 1 take take MODMOD22 rise rise DET-CL-books DET-CL-books ‘ ‘S/he will lift this box of books.’ (The speaker is 100% certain that the S/he will lift this box of books.’ (The speaker is 100% certain that the subject can do the subject can do the

action.)action.)

• MD is a relation between heads: MOD1 and MOD2.

• Given VP is a complement to VV00 and MD is a result of head to head movement → → the two modal elements the two modal elements have to be the same.have to be the same.

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(40) John e7 dao5 e7 ki8 ji8-(40) John e7 dao5 e7 ki8 ji8-ΛΛ4-zi44-zi4

John MOD take MOD rise this-box-of-John MOD take MOD rise this-box-of-bookbook

‘ ‘John will lift this box of books.’ John will lift this box of books.’ ((The The speaker is speaker is 100% certain that the subject will 100% certain that the subject will do the action.)do the action.)

(41) John e7 dao5 e7 ki8 ji8-(41) John e7 dao5 e7 ki8 ji8-ΛΛ4-zi44-zi4

John MOD take MOD rise this-box-of-John MOD take MOD rise this-box-of-book book

‘ ‘John will lift this box of books.’ John will lift this box of books.’ ((The The speaker is speaker is 100% certain that the subject will 100% certain that the subject will do the action.)do the action.)

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6. Conclusion6. Conclusion

I have identified Modal Doubling in I have identified Modal Doubling in Hong Kong Hokkien → only Hong Kong Hokkien → only restricted to resultative SVC. restricted to resultative SVC.

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The main properties in The main properties in e7e7 modal modal doubling include: doubling include:

- there are two modal elements in Modal - there are two modal elements in Modal Doubling with only single modality Doubling with only single modality reading allowed; reading allowed;

- the doubled modal element must be the - the doubled modal element must be the same; same;

- e7- e7 is the only modal that allows is the only modal that allows doubling; doubling;

- Modal Doubling can only appear with - Modal Doubling can only appear with resultative type of SVC.resultative type of SVC.

6. Conclusion (cont’d)6. Conclusion (cont’d)

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The A-not-A question formation tells us The A-not-A question formation tells us that these seven types of serial verb that these seven types of serial verb constructions fall into two group: constructions fall into two group:

- resultative, direct object sharing, - resultative, direct object sharing, directional (group A); instrumental, directional (group A); instrumental, double object, causative, and double object, causative, and sequential (group B). sequential (group B).

Group A does not allow A-not-A Group A does not allow A-not-A question formation to target V2 question formation to target V2 whereas Group B allows. whereas Group B allows.

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Law’s (1996) structures can account Law’s (1996) structures can account for group A type of constructions for group A type of constructions and also to explain the constructions and also to explain the constructions in group B. in group B.

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I have proposed a Larsonian I have proposed a Larsonian structure to explain resultative SVC, structure to explain resultative SVC, but not direct object sharing and but not direct object sharing and directional SVCs because resultative directional SVCs because resultative fits into Larson’s proposal with VP as fits into Larson’s proposal with VP as a sister to V0. a sister to V0.

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In direct object sharing and In direct object sharing and directional SVCs, instead of having directional SVCs, instead of having VP as a sister to V0, NP2 as a sister VP as a sister to V0, NP2 as a sister to V0. This means that direct object to V0. This means that direct object sharing and directional SVCs fail to sharing and directional SVCs fail to fit into the Larsonian structure. fit into the Larsonian structure.

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The Larsonian structure for The Larsonian structure for resultative SVC allows for a resultative SVC allows for a structural position for both modal structural position for both modal heads, in that way accounting for heads, in that way accounting for modal doubling with resultative SVC modal doubling with resultative SVC in Hokkien. in Hokkien.

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Modal Doubling Modal Doubling in in

Hong Kong Hong Kong HokkienHokkien

Yin Ling Cheung Yin Ling Cheung Ph.D. Candidate in LinguisticsPh.D. Candidate in Linguistics

Purdue University Purdue University August 31, 2007August 31, 2007

1 modal doubling in hong kong hokkien yin ling cheung ph.d. candidate in linguistics purdue...

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