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Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Chapter 9Chapter 9

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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

pump and delivery systempump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and supply trillions of cells with oxygen and

other nutrients vital for survivalother nutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate transport cellular waste to appropriate

organs for removalorgans for removal

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StructuresStructures

heart - pumpheart - pump vessels - containervessels - container blood - liquidblood - liquid

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The HeartThe Heart

hollow muscular organhollow muscular organ(cardiac muscle)(cardiac muscle)

pump to circulate bloodpump to circulate blood blood to oxygenate cells blood to oxygenate cells

and remove waste and remove waste productsproducts

Cardi/o - heartCardi/o - heart

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Location and ProtectionLocation and Protection

located between the located between the lungs and above the lungs and above the diaphragmdiaphragm

PericardiumPericardium Pericardial FluidPericardial Fluid EpicardiumEpicardium MyocardiumMyocardium EndocardiumEndocardium

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Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesBlood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesangi/o angi/o and and vas/ovas/o

arteries - carry blood away from heart, arteries - carry blood away from heart, usually oxygenated bloodusually oxygenated blood

veins - carry blood to the heart, usually veins - carry blood to the heart, usually deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood

Blood Vessels

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ArteriesArteries arteriarteri/o/o blood propelled by heartblood propelled by heart arteries are thick with three layersarteries are thick with three layers pulse-surge of bloodpulse-surge of blood oxygenated blood - bright redoxygenated blood - bright red arteries to arterioles to capillaries arteries to arterioles to capillaries endarterial - pertaining to the interior wall of an endarterial - pertaining to the interior wall of an

arteryartery

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CapillariesCapillaries system of microscopic system of microscopic

vesselsvessels one epithelial cell thickone epithelial cell thick anatomic units connect anatomic units connect

arterial/venous systemsarterial/venous systems blood flow much slower blood flow much slower

through capillaries to allow through capillaries to allow for exchangefor exchange

blood cells travel in single blood cells travel in single filefile

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VeinsVeins low-pressure collecting low-pressure collecting

systemsystem ven/ven/o and o and phlebphleb/o/o venules - small veins venules - small veins veins have valvesveins have valves deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood venae cavae - venous venae cavae - venous

blood to Right Atriumblood to Right Atrium

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HeartHeart

Endocardium - serous membrane liningEndocardium - serous membrane lining myocardium - muscle layermyocardium - muscle layer epicardium - outermost layerepicardium - outermost layer pericardium - sac containing the heartpericardium - sac containing the heart

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Heart Chambers

RightAtrium

LeftAtrium

RightVentricle

LeftVentricle

Apex

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Internal Heart ChambersInternal Heart Chambers

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Heart Valves

Apex

Left

Right

Tricuspid

Mitral

Pulmonary

Arte

ry

Aor

ta

Vena C

ava

Pulmonary Veins

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Blood Supply to HeartBlood Supply to Heart

Coronary Artery SystemCoronary Artery System– right coronaryright coronary– left coronaryleft coronary

» left anterior descendingleft anterior descending

» circumflexcircumflex

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Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation– All parts of body except lungsAll parts of body except lungs

Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation– pulmonary arterial systempulmonary arterial system

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Conduction System

1-SA Node (Pacemaker)2-AV Node3-Bundle of His4-Perkinje fibers

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Normal Sinus RhythmNormal Sinus Rhythm

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Arrhythmias or DysrhythmiasArrhythmias or Dysrhythmias

palpitationpalpitation fibrillationfibrillation atrial fibrillationatrial fibrillation ventricular fibrillationventricular fibrillation bradycardiabradycardia tachycardiatachycardia

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PulsePulse

pulse-rhythmic pulse-rhythmic expansion and expansion and contraction of an contraction of an artery produced by artery produced by pressure of blood pressure of blood moving though the moving though the arteryartery

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Blood PressureBlood Pressure Measurement of amount Measurement of amount

of pressure exerted of pressure exerted against the walls of the against the walls of the vessels.vessels.

SystolicSystolic - highest - highest pressure result of pressure result of ventricular contractionventricular contraction

DiastolicDiastolic - lowest - lowest pressure when ventricles pressure when ventricles relaxedrelaxed

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TermsTerms

Combining FormsCombining Forms SuffixesSuffixes PrefixesPrefixes

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Pathology of the Cardiovascular Pathology of the Cardiovascular systemsystem

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AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis Atheromas accumulate in the tunica intimaAtheromas accumulate in the tunica intima sclerosesscleroses hypercholesterolemiahypercholesterolemia lumenlumen ischemiaischemia thrombosis, embolusthrombosis, embolus occlusionocclusion aneurysmaneurysm

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AneurysmAneurysm

A localized balloon-A localized balloon-like enlargement of like enlargement of an artery.an artery.

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Diseases of coronary circulationDiseases of coronary circulation atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and

sudden deathsudden death myocardial ischemiamyocardial ischemia

– angina, dyspneaangina, dyspnea myocardial infarctionmyocardial infarction

– diaphoresis, pallor, dyspneadiaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea

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ProceduresProceduresOpening Blocked ArteriesOpening Blocked Arteries

Percutaneous transluminal coronary Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)angioplasty (PTCA)

Carotid endarterectomyCarotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass surgeryCoronary artery bypass surgery

– revascularizationrevascularization

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Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHDIschemic Heart Disease OR IHD

cardiac disability due to cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart oxygenated blood to heart

caused by constriction or caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary arteryobstruction of coronary artery

Ischemia - deficiency of Ischemia - deficiency of blood supplyblood supply

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Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumpingImpaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial , caused by myocardial

infarction, ischemic heart disease, or infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.cardiomyopathy.

Failure of the ventricle Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently to eject blood efficiently results in volume overload, chamber dilatation, results in volume overload, chamber dilatation, and elevated intracardial pressure.and elevated intracardial pressure.

Retrograde transmission Retrograde transmission of increased hydrostatic of increased hydrostatic pressure from the left heart pressure from the left heart causes pulmonary causes pulmonary congestioncongestion; elevated right heart pressure causes; elevated right heart pressure causes systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

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Forms of CarditisForms of Carditis

Carditis - inflammation of the Carditis - inflammation of the heartheart

Pericarditis - inflammation of Pericarditis - inflammation of pericardiumpericardium

Myocarditis - inflammation of Myocarditis - inflammation of myocardiummyocardium

Endocarditis - inflammation of Endocarditis - inflammation of inner layer of the heartinner layer of the heart

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Infective EndocarditisInfective Endocarditis

ThrombiThrombi vegetationsvegetations regurgitation of bloodregurgitation of blood stenosisstenosis insufficiencyinsufficiency valvotomy, commissurotomyvalvotomy, commissurotomy prophylactic antibiotic treatmentprophylactic antibiotic treatment

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Varicose VeinsVaricose Veins Incompetent valvesIncompetent valves

– esophageal varicesesophageal varices– anal hemorrhoidsanal hemorrhoids– legslegs

Edema (localized, generalized)Edema (localized, generalized) phlebitis, thrombophlebitisphlebitis, thrombophlebitis emboli, embolus, embolectomyemboli, embolus, embolectomy thrombolysisthrombolysis ligation and strippingligation and stripping

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OncologyOncology

Myxoma Myxoma – tumor of mucous connective tissuetumor of mucous connective tissue

Metastasized from malignant melanomaMetastasized from malignant melanoma

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TermsTerms

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, TherapeuticDiagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Diagnostic ProceduresDiagnostic Procedures

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AngiographyAngiography-x-ray of blood -x-ray of blood vessels after injection of vessels after injection of contrast medium-contrast medium-angiogramangiogram

AngiocardiographyAngiocardiography--radiopaque dye and chest x-radiopaque dye and chest x-rays to show dimensions of rays to show dimensions of heart and large blood vessels - heart and large blood vessels - angiocardiogramangiocardiogram

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Cardiac CatheterizationCardiac Catheterization

radiopaque dye injected radiopaque dye injected through a vein or artery to heartthrough a vein or artery to heart

Right: catheter inserted into Right: catheter inserted into vein: R arm/groin to heart to vein: R arm/groin to heart to measure pressures & take blood measure pressures & take blood samplessamples

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PharmacologyPharmacology AntianginalsAntianginals antihypertensivesantihypertensives beta blockersbeta blockers calcium channel blockerscalcium channel blockers diureticsdiuretics heparinheparin inotropics, cardiotonicsinotropics, cardiotonics tissue plasminogen activators (TPA)tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) vasodilatorsvasodilators

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End of Chapter 9End of Chapter 9