1. major philosophies
TRANSCRIPT
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Lost time is never found again.
~ Benjamin Franklin
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MAJOR VIEWS/PHILOSOPHIES IN THE STUDY OF HISTORY
CYCLICAL VIEW
PROVIDENTIAL VIEW
PROGRESSIVE VIEW OR LINEAR
VIEW
RELATIVIST VIEW
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CYCLICAL VIEW
History repeats itself.
All human events occur in cycles.
Famous exponents were
Herodotus and Spengler.
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HERODOTUS Father of History
First historian - to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.
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OSWALD SPENGLER
German historian and philosopher
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PROVIDENTIAL VIEW
History is determined by God.
It consists of recording the death
struggle between good and evil.
It is widespread during the Middle
Ages.
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ST. AUGUSTINE
Man relegated to the role of the pawn in a game of high stakes.
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PROGRESSIVE OR LINEAR VIEW
Mankind as responsible for the advancement of civilization. It places complete faith in human abilities rather than in divine intervention.
Mankind is getting better and better.
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PROGRESSIVE OR LINEAR VIEW
This view holds that each new generation should build upon the achievements of the preceding; it must be better because it has more with which to start.
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PROGRESSIVE OR LINEAR VIEW
Vico, Leibnitz, and Marx were leading exponents.
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RELATIVIST VIEW
History classifies and groups together facts about the past in terms of current needs or contemporary concerns.
“History creates its own subject”.
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RELATIVIST VIEW
“Each new situation implies a reinterpretation of the past. – thus, relationship o the past is in a constant state of change(Dumont).
This implies the subjective nature of the historical knowledge.
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RELATIVIST VIEW
History doesn’t deal with causal analysis. – “cause-and-effect relationship” – but on discourse.
This view states that one does not have a fixed theory or fixed position against which historical data could be measured.
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"We study the past to understand the present;we understand the present to guide the future."
- William Lund
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