1 living layer controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell selectively permeable...
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Living layer
Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
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Nonliving layer
Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells
Cell wall
Cell WallCell Wall
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OrganellesOrganelles• Very small (microscopic)
• Perform various functions for a cell
• Found in the cytoplasm
• May or may not be membrane-bound
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
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•CytoplasmCytoplasm -Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
-Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
•CytoskeletonCytoskeleton-Cellular framework made of microtubules and microfilaments
Cellular Structure Cellular Structure cytoplasm
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• Controls the normal activities of the cell
• Contains the DNA in chromosomes
• Bounded by a double layer nuclear envelope
(membrane) with pores
• Usually the largest organelle
NucleusNucleus
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NucleolusNucleolus• Inside nucleusInside nucleus
• Cell may have Cell may have 1 to 1 to 33 nucleoli nucleoli
• DisappearsDisappears when when cell dividescell divides
• Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes that make proteinsthat make proteins
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RibosomesRibosomes
• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA• “Protein factories” for cell• Connect amino acids to make
proteins• Process called protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - Endoplasmic Reticulum - ERER
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell
membrane• Functions in Synthesis of cell products
& Transport
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Smooth & Rough Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic ReticulumSmooth ERSmooth ER lacks
ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
Rough ERRough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
OUT of the cell
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Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs
• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side & a receiving side& a receiving side
• Receive & Receive & modify modify proteinsproteins made by ER made by ER
• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends
Transport
vesicle
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LysosomesLysosomes• Contain Contain digestive digestive
enzymesenzymes
• Break down Break down food, food, bacteria,bacteria, and and worn out worn out cell partscell parts for cells for cells
• Lyse & Lyse & release enzymesrelease enzymes to break down & to break down & recycle cell parts)recycle cell parts)
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VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage
• Small or absent in animal cells
• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
• No vacuoles in bacterial cells
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MitochondriaMitochondria• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy (ATP)
• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
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MitochondriaMitochondria
Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions
Has its own DNA
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Found only in producers (organisms
containing chlorophyll)
• Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
• Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by double
membrane
• Contains its own DNA
• Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis
• Never in animal or bacterial cells
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Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella
• Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
• Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
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Cell Movement withCell Movement withCilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella