1 lectr_botany_1 concepts of botany an introducton to plant biology
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Mochammad RoviqCopyright 2010
BOTANY #1an introduction to botany
Plant, Scientific study, Concepts
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Literature
Mauseth, J. D. 1998. Botany : An Introduction to
Plant Biology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
Stern, Jansky, Bidlack. 2003. Introductory Plant
Biology, Ninth Edition.The McGrawHill
Companies
Lack, A.J. and D.E. Evans. 2005. Plant Biology
instants note. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd. Campbell, N. A. 2008. Biology, Eight Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.
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BOTANY ?
Botany is the scientific study ofplants.
Concepts "plants" and "scientific
study." What is a plant ?
Plants have so many types andvariations that a simple definition
has many exceptions, and adefinition that includes all plantsand excludes all nonplants maybe too complicated to be useful.
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What is a PLANT ?
Most plants have green
leaves, stems, roots, and
flowers (Fig. 1.1).
Figure 1.1 This morning glory (Ipomoea) is
obviously a flowering plant. It is a vine
with long, slender stems and simple
leaves that occur in pairs. It has an
extensive root system, not visible here
But you can think of
exceptions immediately.
Conifers such as pine,
spruce, and fir have
cones rather than
flowers (Fig. 1.2), and
many cacti and
succulents do not appear
to have leaves.
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Is it a plant ?
But both conifers
and succulents are
obviously plants
because they
closely resemble
organisms that
unquestionablyare plants
Figure 1.2 Conifers, like this spruce (Picea),produce seeds in cones; the conifers, together
with the flowering plants and a few other
groups, are known as seed plants
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Is it a plant ?
Similarly, ferns and mosses (Figs. 1.3 and 1.4)are easily recognized as plants.
Figure 1.3 Ferns have several
features in common with flowering
plants; they have leaves, stems, and
roots. However, they never produce
seeds, and they have neither flowers
nor wood
Figure 1.4 Of all terrestrial plants,
mosses have the least in common with
flowering plants. They have structures
called "leaves" and "stems," but these
are not the same as in flowering plants.
They have no roots at all.MRQ 2010
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Is it a plant ?
Fungi, such as
mushrooms (Fig. 1.5)
and puffballs, were
included in the plant
kingdom because
they are immobile
and produce spores,which function
somewhat like seeds.
Figure 1.5 Fungi such as these
mushrooms are not considered to beplants. They are never green and
cannot obtain their energy from
sunlight. Also, their tissues and
physiology are quite different from
those of plants.
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Is it a plant ?
Algae are moreproblematical. Onegroup, the green
algae (Fig. 1.6), aresimilar to plants inbiochemistry andcell structure, but
they also havemany significantdifferences.
Figure 1.6 Algae do not look much like plants,
but many aspects of their biochemistry andcellular organization are very similar to those
of plants. Some of the green algae were the
ancestors of land plants; although not
considered to be true plants, they are
obviously closely related to plants
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What is a Scientific Method ?
The concept of a scientific study can
be understood by examining earlier
approaches to studying nature.
Until the 15th century, threeprincipal methods for analyzing and
explaining the universe and its
phenomena were used: religion,metaphysics, and speculative
philosophy
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Religious methods
The universe is assumed either to be created by or tocontain deities.
The important feature is that the actions of godscannot be studied:
Agricultural studies would be useless because someyears crops might flourish or fail because of weather ordisease, but in other years crop failure might be due toa god's intervention (a miracle) to reward or punishpeople.
A fundamental principle of all religions is faith: Peoplemust believe in the god without physical proof of itsexistence or actions
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Metaphysical system
Supernatural, hidden forces that can never beobserved or studied.
The natural processes of physics and
chemistry are believed to be controlled byunknown and unknowable forces.
Many people still believe in metaphysics
without realizing it: accurate horoscopes, andreliable methods for picking the winningnumbers in a lottery
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Speculative philosophy
Greek philosophers.
Analyze the world involved thinking about it logically.
Develop logical explanations for simple observations,
then followed the logic as far as possible. Did not involve verification; philosophical predictions
were made, but no actual experiment or observationwas performed to see if they were correct.
A problem with this method is that often severalalternative conclusions are equally plausible logically;only experimentation reveals which is actually true.
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The scientific method
Starting in the 1400s severalfundamental tenets were established:
All accepted information can bederived only from carefullydocumented and controlledobservations or experiments
Only phenomena and objects that canbe observed and studied are dealt
with; All proposed explanations of natural
phenomena must be tested andverified;
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Scientific studies
Begin with a series of
observations, followed by a period
of experimentation mixed with
further observation and analysis.
At some point, a hypothesis, or
model, is constructed to account
for the observations
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Example
A pair of simple alternativehypotheses: (1) Plants needlight to grow. (2) Plants do not
need light to grow. The experimental testing may involve the
comparison of several plants outdoors, some inlight and others heavily shaded, or it may involveseveral plants indoors, some in the normal gloomand others illuminated by a window or a skylight.
Such experiments give results consistent with
hypothesis 1; hypothesis 2 would be rejectedMRQ 2010
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Hypothesis to a theory
A hypothesis must continueto be tested in various ways.
Must be consistent with
further observations andexperiments,
Must be able to predict the
results of future experiments If a hypothesis continues to
match observations, it may
come to be called a theoryMRQ 2010
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Areas Where the Scientific Method Is
Inappropriate
Example : Science can study, measure, analyze,
and describe the factors that cause people to kill
each other or to be racist or sexist, and it can
predict the outcome of these actions. But science cannot say if such actions are right or
wrong, moral or immoral
It more important to have well-developedmoral/religius and philosophical systems for
assessing the appropriateness of various actions
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Using Concepts to
Understand Plants
These concepts will make
plant biology more easily
understoodthe numerous
facts, figures, names, and datawill be less overwhelming
when you realize that they all
fit into the patterns governedby a few fundamental
concepts
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Fundamental concepts of
Plant1. Plant metabolism is based on the principles
of chemistry and physics
2. Plants must have a means of storing andusing information
3. Plants reproduce, passing their genes andinformation on to their descendants
4. Genes, and the information they contain,change
5. Plants must survive in their own
environment6. Plants are highly integrated organisms
7. An individual plant is the temporary resultof the interaction of genes and environment
8. Plants do not have purpose or decision-making capacityMRQ 2010
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Figure 1.9 (a) The seeds of this
tomato (Lycopersicon) have
received, in the form of genes,
the information necessary to
produce a new tomato plant,
whereas the peas
(b) have received from their parents the
information for growing into pea plants.
Each type of plant differs from other
types in the information that it carries.
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Figure 1.10 (a) A plant produces numerous offspring, many of whichresemble it strongly (b). Mutations may occur that cause, for instance,leaves to be malformed and poorly shaped for photosynthesis (c); mostor all of these mutants die and do not reproduce. The normal plantscontinue to reproduce (b and d), but another mutation may occur thatcauses the leaves to be larger and more efficient at photosynthesis (e).
These may grow so well that they crowd out the original parental types,and the plant population finally contains only the type with large leaves.MRQ 2010
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DIVERSIFICATION OF
PLANT STUDY
Plant anatomy, which is concernedchiefly with the internal structure ofplants, was established through the
efforts of several scientific pioneers Plant physiology, which is concerned
with plant function . including howplants conduct materials internally;
how temperature, light, and water areinvolved in growth; why plants flower;and how plant growth regulatorysubstances are produced, to mentionjust a few.
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Plant taxonomy (also calledplantsystematics), which is the oldestbranch of plant study, began in
antiquity. Plant taxonomists oftenspecialize in certain groups ofplants.
For example,pteridologists
specialize in the study of ferns,while bryologists study mossesand plants with similar life cycles.
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Plant geography, the study of howand why plants are distributedwhere they are
Plant ecology, which is the study ofthe interaction of plants with oneanother and with theirenvironment
Plant morphology, the study of theform and structure of plants,
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Genetics, the science ofheredity, was founded by theAustrian monk Gregor Mendel
(1822
1884), who performedclassic experiments with peaplants. Today, various branchesof genetics includeplant
breeding, which has greatlyimproved yields and quality ofcrop plants, and geneticengineering
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Cell biology (previouslycalled cytology), the scienceof cell structure and
function, received a boostfrom the discovery of howcells multiply and how theirvarious components perform
and integrate a variety offunctions, including that ofsexual reproduction
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Economic Botany and ethnobotany, which involvepractical uses of plants and plant products, had theirorigin in antiquity as humans discovered, used, andeventually cultivated plants for food, fiber, medicines,
and other purposes
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Summary
1. It is difficult to define a plant. It is moreimportant to develop a familiarity withplants and understand how they differ fromanimals, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes.The differences are presented in later
chapters.2. The scientific method requires that all
information be gathered throughdocumented, repeatable observations andexperiments. It rejects any concept that can
never be examined, and it requires that allhypotheses be tested and be consistentwith all relevant observations.
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5. For any particular environment,
several types of adaptation can
be successful.
6. Our knowledge of the world is
incomplete and inaccurate; as
scientific studies continue,
incompleteness diminishes andinaccuracies are corrected.
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BAHAN UTS
Introduction to botani (1x)
Plant Cell
Plant Tissue Cell development
Plant structure 3x
Daun Batang
Akar
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BAHAN UAS
Taksonomy
Taksonometri (2x)
Chemistry of life
Genetic inheritance
Plant evolution
Habitat
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TERIMAKASIH
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