1 jeffersonian democracy (1800 – 1816). 2 2 election of 1800 “revolution of 1800” adams v....
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ELECTION OF 1800“Revolution of 1800”Adams v. Jefferson (again)Challenged by Aaron Burr (DR)
Major Issues:- Expansion of Military - Foreign Affairs- Alien & Sedition Acts
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ELECTION OF 1800Jefferson wins; becomes 3rd US PresidentDR's also win majority in House & SenateAllows for easy passage of DR laws
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JEFFERSON’S PHILOSOPHYProtect basic human rightsCitizen control via
annual electionsWill of the PeopleMajority RuleGovt. should only
perform necessary dutiesTherefore, govt. should be
as small as possible
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A “NATION OF FARMERS”Govt. should support an agrarian societyBased on a model in northern Scotland: - Communal Rights - Individual Rights
Farmers had most independence; Jefferson referred to this as agrarian democracy
Cities, factories, and land speculation will corrupt people
Upper class gains more power, which will inevitably limit the power of farming classes
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EXAMPLE POLICIESWestward expansionMore farming=more
democracyReduce size of Army/NavyCut taxes and govt. spendingInternational commerce to
support farming“Household Technology”Reduce govt. debt with
surplus tax $$Strict constructionism
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LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)French Revolution endsNapoleon becomes EmperorRestore French Empire
Spain, fearing Napoleon, cedes Louisiana Territory to France
Napoleon restricts Mississippiand New Orleans to US trade
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LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)Napoleon needs $$ to finance European
campaigns (Napoleonic Wars)Loses last colony in West
(Haitian Slave Rebellion)Sell Louisiana &
New Orleans to USUS doubles in size; largest
land purchase in historyAmericans begin to push west
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LEWIS & CLARK (1803-1805)
- Created land route to Pacific Ocean- “Discovered” 300 new species- Richness of West documented; fuels expansion
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QUICK WRITE - JEFFERSONIAN??QUICK WRITE - JEFFERSONIAN??
• Jefferson, and the Republicans, believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution
• More importantly, they believed in strict constructionism of the Constitution, i.e. using only the enumerated powers of govt.
• In your opinion, was the Louisiana Purchase an example of his Republican beliefs?
• Or did Jefferson act more like a Federalist, using a loose interpretation in this acquisition?
• Please explain your answer.
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FEDERALIST STRONGHOLDS:MARSHALL COURT
John Marshall (Chief Justice) 1800-1835
Judges appointed by Washington/Adams
Serve as check to Jefferson & DRs
“Revolution of 1800” deal w/ Hamilton Strong natl. govt. Federal Supremacy Pro-Industry
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MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)
“Midnight Judges” William Marbury Marbury not granted
commission (contract) Denied by Madison Asks SC for
Writ of Mandamus
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MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)
Judiciary Act of 1789 Changed jurisdiction of Supreme Court Marshall finds law unconstitutional Established judicial review
Checks & Balances Declare acts of other branches
unconstitutional
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BARBARY PIRATES, ARRR!
- US expands trade to Mediterranean- Pirates capture ships; ransom- Demand “tribute”- US no longer protected
by France & GB- US has no Navy;
need warships?- Barbary Wars (1802)- “from the shores of Tripoli”
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MORE PROBLEMS W/ BRITAIN & FRANCE
• Napoleonic Wars (1802-1814)• Neither side respects American
neutrality• Blockades to prevent trade
w/ “enemy”• Hurts US trade• British continue impressment
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EMBARGO ACT (1807)
• Jefferson wants neutrality• Stop abuses by Britain & France
• Passes Embargo Act:– Goal: Respect US neutrality– Restricts trade w/ European countries– Britain & France need US goods for war
• Jefferson underestimates GB/French rivalry;
Napoleonic Wars continue
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US REACTIONS TO EMBARGO ACT
• Hurts US more than Europe• Public Outrage!• Political seats up for grabs (Federalists?)• DRs re-gain Presidency w/
election of James Madison
• US Exports in 1806: $108 Million• US Exports in 1808: $22 Million• Recession