1 is criminal justice just?. 2 2 econ 160 midterm w 2010 scoregradenumber 140-a5 135-139a-11...
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Is Criminal Justice Just?Is Criminal Justice Just?
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Econ 160 Midterm W 2010Econ 160 Midterm W 2010ScoreScore GradeGrade NumberNumber
140-140- AA 55
135-139135-139 A-A- 1111
130-134130-134 B+B+ 99
124-129124-129 BB 3131
117-123117-123 B-B- 2020
109-116109-116 C+C+ 1212
100-108100-108 CC 99
91-9991-99 C-C- 77
80-9080-90 D+D+ 22
-79-79 DD 11
00 FF 33
150 possible150 possible 110/112110/112
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OutlineOutlineEquity or fairness issues in criminal justiceEquity or fairness issues in criminal justiceEquity and fairness in society: deep Equity and fairness in society: deep
backgroundbackgroundA measure of inequityA measure of inequity
The Lorenz CurveThe Lorenz CurveThe Gini CoefficientThe Gini Coefficient
Private Goods and Public GoodsPrivate Goods and Public Goods
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Criminal Justice System Equity Issues Criminal Justice System Equity Issues
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Variation of Victimization with Variation of Victimization with IncomeIncome
Variation of Victimization with Variation of Victimization with IncomeIncome
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Average Annual Rate of Violent Average Annual Rate of Violent Victimizations Per 1000 Victimizations Per 1000
FemalesFemales
Average Annual Rate of Violent Average Annual Rate of Violent Victimizations Per 1000 Victimizations Per 1000
FemalesFemalesFamily Income Total IntimateLess than $10,000 57 20$10,000 - $14,999 47 13$15,000 - $19,999 42 11$20,000 - $29,999 38 10$30,000 - $49,999 31 5$50,000 or more 25 5
Phillips’ Lecture 4
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Victimization Rates by Income Victimization Rates by Income ClassClass
Victimization Rates by Income Victimization Rates by Income ClassClass
Source: Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, Second edition
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QuestionsQuestions
Why are victimization rates higher for poor Why are victimization rates higher for poor women than for affluent women?women than for affluent women?
Why do victimization rates vary more with Why do victimization rates vary more with income for robbery than for burglary?income for robbery than for burglary?
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Issues in the Operation of the CJSIssues in the Operation of the CJSFalse Imprisonment: police officers and False Imprisonment: police officers and
district attorneys conspiring to railroad district attorneys conspiring to railroad Are there injustices by race, ethnicity, Are there injustices by race, ethnicity,
social class for victims? social class for victims?
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Los Angeles TimesLos Angeles Times
Wednesday, November 10, 1999-p. A1Wednesday, November 10, 1999-p. A1 ““Garcetti Seeks to Overturn 4 Cases Tainted Garcetti Seeks to Overturn 4 Cases Tainted
by LAPD”`by LAPD”`Thursday, November 11, 1999- p. A1Thursday, November 11, 1999- p. A1
““Inmate Freed in LAPD Probe”Inmate Freed in LAPD Probe”LAPD Ramparts stationLAPD Ramparts station
Officers Rafael Perez and Nino DurdenOfficers Rafael Perez and Nino Durden
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U.S. News and World Report: 11-U.S. News and World Report: 11-9-989-98
U.S. News and World Report: 11-U.S. News and World Report: 11-9-989-98 ““The Wrong Men on Death Row”The Wrong Men on Death Row”
3517 inmates on death row3517 inmates on death row since 1976, 486 executionssince 1976, 486 executions 75 known cases of persons wrongly 75 known cases of persons wrongly
condemned to diecondemned to dieprobability about 2 per 100probability about 2 per 100
States with mistakesStates with mistakesFlorida: 19Florida: 19 Illinois: 9Illinois: 9Texas: 7Texas: 7Georgia: 6Georgia: 6
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Are the risks of mistakes too Are the risks of mistakes too high?high?
Are the risks of mistakes too Are the risks of mistakes too high?high?
Three factors in wrongful Three factors in wrongful convictionsconvictionsperjured testimonyperjured testimonyfaulty eyewitness identificationfaulty eyewitness identificationfalse confessionsfalse confessions
# 1 reason for wrongful convictions# 1 reason for wrongful convictionsincompetent legal representationincompetent legal representation
in 1996 Congress stopped funding legal in 1996 Congress stopped funding legal aid centers in 20 statesaid centers in 20 states
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Deep Background: Equity in SocietyDeep Background: Equity in SocietyThe distribution of incomeThe distribution of incomeThe distribution of wealthThe distribution of wealthPovertyPovertyEducation trendsEducation trends
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This graphic shows the distribution of gross annual household income. The building's thirty exposed floors are easily divided into quintiles, each income quintile represented by six floors. Each floor represents the tenth of a third (3.33%) of households in the US, and each section of 10 floors represent roughly one third of American society. The floors above the top black line represent those households with incomes of or exceeding $100,000. The floors below the bottom black line, however, represent those households who fell below the poverty threshold. In order to live on the top floor of the American income strata, a household's annual gross income needs to exceed $200,000.
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Distribution of Income by QuintileDistribution of Income by Quintile
2005
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Distribution of Income, 2005Distribution of Income, 2005
- $ 10K
$10K – $20K
$20K-$30K$90K -$100K
$100K-$150K
$150K-$200K
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Median Income By EducationMedian Income By Education
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The Rich Get Richer, 2003 $, 67-03The Rich Get Richer, 2003 $, 67-03
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Real Median Household Income 67-05Real Median Household Income 67-05
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The Glass CeilingThe Glass Ceiling
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Why is Income Distributed So Why is Income Distributed So Unevenly?Unevenly?
Why is Income Distributed So Why is Income Distributed So Unevenly?Unevenly?
Labor Income is Unevenly DistributedLabor Income is Unevenly DistributedPart-time workPart-time work
less than 50 weeks per yearless than 50 weeks per year less than 36 hours per weekless than 36 hours per week
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Year Overall Median Less than 9th grade High school drop-out
High school graduate Associates degree Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree or more Master's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree
1991 $40,873 $17,414 $23,096 $37,520 $52,289 $64,150 $68,845 $72,669 $102,667 $92,614
1993 $40,324 $17,450 $22,523 $35,979 $49,622 $64,537 $70,349 $75,645 $109,900 $93,712
1995 $42,235 $18,031 $21,933 $37,609 $50,485 $63,357 $69,584 $77,865 $98,302 $95,899
1997 $43,648 $17,762 $22,688 $38,607 $51,726 $67,487 $72,338 $77,850 $105,409 $99,699
1999 $46,236 $19,008 $23,977 $39,322 $54,282 $70,925 $76,958 $82,097 $110,383 $107,217
2001 $45,300 $18,830 $24,162 $37,468 $53,166 $69,796 $75,116 $81,993 $103,918 $96,442
2003 $45,016 $18,787 $22,718 $36,835 $51,970 $68,728 $73,446 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830
Average $43,376 $18,183 $23,013 $37,620 $51,934 $66,997 $72,376 $78,094 $104,368 $94,487
Year Overall Median Less than 9th grade High school drop-out
High school graduate Associates degree Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree or more Master's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree
1991 $40,873 $17,414 $23,096 $37,520 $52,289 $64,150 $68,845 $72,669 $102,667 $92,614
1993 $40,324 $17,450 $22,523 $35,979 $49,622 $64,537 $70,349 $75,645 $109,900 $93,712
1995 $42,235 $18,031 $21,933 $37,609 $50,485 $63,357 $69,584 $77,865 $98,302 $95,899
1997 $43,648 $17,762 $22,688 $38,607 $51,726 $67,487 $72,338 $77,850 $105,409 $99,699
1999 $46,236 $19,008 $23,977 $39,322 $54,282 $70,925 $76,958 $82,097 $110,383 $107,217
2001 $45,300 $18,830 $24,162 $37,468 $53,166 $69,796 $75,116 $81,993 $103,918 $96,442
2003 $45,016 $18,787 $22,718 $36,835 $51,970 $68,728 $73,446 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830
Average $43,376 $18,183 $23,013 $37,620 $51,934 $66,997 $72,376 $78,094 $104,368 $94,487
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SB News-Press Feb 25, 2007SB News-Press Feb 25, 2007
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Out of 16 million, 1.9 million live in CA
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15 States with Lowest Median Income15 States with Lowest Median Income
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Counties with lowest per capita income,2000
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US Offenses Per Capita, Prisoners Per Capita & Fraction of People Below Poverty
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Year
Ra
te
USOFPC
USPRPC
FRbelPOV
Poverty, Crime and Imprisonment: 1959-Poverty, Crime and Imprisonment: 1959-
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FBI Index Offenses Per Capita & Annual Change in This Rate: 1952-2006
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
195219
5319
5419
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5619
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6019
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0020
0120
0220
0320
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0520
06
Year
US
OF
PC
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
An
nu
al C
han
ge
USOFPC
DUSOFPC
FBI Index Offense Rate and Annual FBI Index Offense Rate and Annual Change in Offense rateChange in Offense rate
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-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05
Residual Actual Fitted
Actual Fitted and Residual, DUSOFPC Vs..
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-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05
Residual Actual Fitted
Change in Annual FBI Index Offenses Per Capita Vs.
= 10Imprison: $30,000/year $30,000/10 = $3,000incapcitation onlyreduces the offensesthat would be committed by thatInmate. Does it pay?
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Unemployment Rates: 1962-2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
Ra
te
All Civilians
Males 16-19
The Great RecessionThe Great Recession
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Unemployment Rates: 1962-2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
Ra
te
All Civilians
Males 16-19
Linear (Males 16-19)
Linear (All Civilians)
Labor Market: Long RunLabor Market: Long Run
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Unemployment Rates and Participation Rates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
Ra
te
Males 16-19
Male&Female Participation Rate 16-19
16-19 Year olds16-19 Year olds
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16-19 Year Olds16-19 Year Olds
Participation Rates Vs. Unemployment Rates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Unemployment Rate
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
n R
ate
200920082007
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Cost to Victims in US, 1993Cost to Victims in US, 1993Cost to Victims in US, 1993Cost to Victims in US, 1993
Offense Loss Rate ReportedOffenses
Damages,Billions $
Robbery $13,000 659,757 $8.6
AutoTheft
$4,000 1,561,047 $6.2
Burglary $1,500 2,834,808 $4.3
Larceny $370 7,820,909 $2.4
Total $21.5
Source: National Institute of Justice, Victim Costs and Consequences (1996)
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State and Local Criminal Justice System Expenditures Per Capita Vs. FBI Index Offenses Per 100,000, 2005
CA
DC
South Dakota
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
$0.00 $200.00 $400.00 $600.00 $800.00 $1,000.00 $1,200.00 $1,400.00
Expenditures Per Capita
FB
I In
dex
Off
ense
s P
er 1
00,0
00
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FBI Index Offenses Per 100,000 = -563755/CJS Exp. Per Cap.+80.5*Child Poverty+ 3620
FBI Index Offenses Per 100, 000 =-563755/$531.16 +80.24*16.4% + 36203800 = 3880
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A Measure of InequityA Measure of Inequity
Tools:Tools:Lorenz CurveLorenz CurveGini CoefficientGini Coefficient
BenchmarksBenchmarksEverybody has the same incomeEverybody has the same incomeEach income between 0$ and $100,000 is Each income between 0$ and $100,000 is
equally likelyequally likely
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Benchmark: Frequency Distribution for Equal .
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Income
Fre
qu
en
cy
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% Population % Income0 0
20 2040 4060 6080 80100 100
Equal Distribution of Income
Lorenz Curve: Equal Distribution of Income .
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% Population
% In
com
e
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Benchmark: Frequency Distribution for Uniform .
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Income
Fre
qu
en
cy
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% Population % Income0 0
20 440 1660 3680 64100 100
Uniform Distribution of Income
Lorenz Curves: Equal and Uniform Distributions .
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% Population
% In
com
e
EqualUniform
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% Families % Income0 0
20 4.240 14.260 29.980 53.295 79.9100 100
US Family Income, 1994
Lorenz Curve: United States Families, 1994 .
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% Families
% In
com
e
EqualUniformFamily
Source: US Statistical Abstract
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Figure . Lorenz Curve and Gini Index=Pink Area/0.5
Equal:Gini = 0Unequal: Gini =1
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US Household Income Gini Index, 1972-2003
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Gin
i In
dex
http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h04.html
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http://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Gini_supplement.html
Households includes singles and unrelateds
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5959
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Victimization Rates by Income Victimization Rates by Income ClassClass
Victimization Rates by Income Victimization Rates by Income ClassClass
Income Class Burglary Rate* RobberyRate†
-$7500 86 97,500-9,999 60 7
10,000-14,999 67 515,000-24,999 59 525,000-29,999 54 530,000-49,999 58 4
50,000- 56 3 * Per 1000 Households † Per 1,000 Persons
Source: Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, Second edition
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Lorenz Curves For Robbery and Burglary Victims .
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% Families
% V
ictim
s
BurglaryRobberyEqual
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Public Goods and Private Public Goods and Private GoodsGoods
Public Goods and Private Public Goods and Private GoodsGoods
Private GoodsPrivate Goodsconsumption uses them upconsumption uses them up
what you eat is not available to nourish otherswhat you eat is not available to nourish others
Public GoodsPublic Goodsconsumption does not use them upconsumption does not use them up
national defensenational defensesafe streetssafe streetseducated citizenryeducated citizenry
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PublicGoods
Private Goods
Optimal Mix
Too Few Public Goods
Slope of the Production PossibilityFrontier:Marginal Cost of Public Goods÷ Marginal Cost of Private Goods
How Much Government Should There Be?What is the right mix of public goods and private goods?
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QuestionsQuestionsShould safety be provided publicly or privately?Should safety be provided publicly or privately?How about safe streets?How about safe streets?
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QuestionsQuestionsWhat happens when public order breaks What happens when public order breaks
down?down?ColombiaColombia
Colombia: Kidnap capital of the world
Rebels held Alistair Taylor for two years
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Columbia Monthly # KidnappingsColumbia Monthly # Kidnappings
0
100
200
1991 1999
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Killing plan
“Fighting the paramilitaries is like a burro going up against a tiger” --Displaced Farmer
Mother of5 led 800Displacedfamilies
LA Times Feb 8, 2007
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QuestionsQuestionsWhat happens when public order breaks What happens when public order breaks
down?down?Middle AgesMiddle Ages
Roaming bandsRoaming bandsViking raidersViking raidersPeasants owed fealty and three days of labor a week Peasants owed fealty and three days of labor a week
to the lord in return for protection within the wallsto the lord in return for protection within the walls
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Encyclopedia BritannicaEncyclopedia BritannicaThis was a necessity in the midst of the civil disorders, enfeebled governments, and barbarian invasions that wrackedEurope in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. In such conditions, small farmers and landless labourers exchanged their land or their freedom and pledged their services in return for the protection of powerful landowners who had the military strengthto defend them.
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QuestionsQuestionsWhat happens when public order breaks What happens when public order breaks
down?down?Other examplesOther examples
MafiaMafia provides protection provides protectionInsight towards Insight towards gangsgangs: sections of cities where the : sections of cities where the
community does not trust the police, gangs fill the community does not trust the police, gangs fill the vacuumvacuum
IraqIraq: weak central government, Shia militias fill the : weak central government, Shia militias fill the vacuum, and protect against rival Sunni marauders, vacuum, and protect against rival Sunni marauders, exhibit “A” – Sadr Cityexhibit “A” – Sadr City
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Questions; How About Other Public Questions; How About Other Public Goods? Goods?
College education? Should it be private or College education? Should it be private or public?public?UC or Stanford?UC or Stanford?Cal State?Cal State?
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????: Safety? Higher Ed? Health Care?????: Safety? Higher Ed? Health Care?LA Times Feb 15, 2007
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PublicGoods
Private Goods
Optimal Mix
Too Few Public Goods
Slope of the Production PossibilityFrontier:Marginal Cost of Public Goods÷ Marginal Cost of Private Goods
How Much Government Should There Be?What is the right mix of public goods and private goods?
Social Welfare Function
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QuestionQuestion In a democracy, who determines the mix of In a democracy, who determines the mix of
private and public goods, i.e. social welfare?private and public goods, i.e. social welfare?
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Gini 0.33
Gini 0.45
Gini 0.31
Gini 0.26
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7878
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PublicGoods
Private Goods
Optimal Mix
Too Few Public Goods
Slope of the Production PossibilityFrontier:Marginal Cost of Public Goods÷ Marginal Cost of Private Goods
How Much Government Should There Be?What is the right mix of public goods and private goods?
Social Welfare FunctionCanada
US
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Essay Questions – Final ExamEssay Questions – Final Exam The California Criminal Justice System could be The California Criminal Justice System could be
described as a “train wreck”.described as a “train wreck”. Briefly explain why this may be true for enforcement and Briefly explain why this may be true for enforcement and
adjudicationadjudication Expand on why this seems to be the case for CA Expand on why this seems to be the case for CA
corrections. Draw on recent current events for examples.corrections. Draw on recent current events for examples. Describe at least four policy recommendations you could Describe at least four policy recommendations you could
make that would improve the situation.make that would improve the situation.
The United States has one of the highest levels of The United States has one of the highest levels of GDP per capita in the world. Yet we may not have the GDP per capita in the world. Yet we may not have the highest level of social welfare. Explain highest level of social welfare. Explain
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RecommendationsRecommendationsJohn Kenneth Galbraith, John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent SocietyThe Affluent SocietyAlbert O . Hirschman, Albert O . Hirschman, Exit, Voice and LoyaltyExit, Voice and Loyalty