1. introduction to mv design guide
TRANSCRIPT
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Building a New Electric World
Introduction to MVequipmentsTraining for internal group
2006
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Introduction to MV equipments
Basic magnitude to define a MV Switchgear:
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Short Circuit power
The Voltage, rated current and rated frequency are
often known in the single line or specification or can
easily be defined
Short circuit power to choose various parts of a
switchgear which must withstand significant
temperature rises and electro dynamic constraint.
Voltage to define the dielectric withstand of the
components such as: CB, insulators, CTs,VTs,etc
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Electrical network can be disconnect, protect and
control by using SWITCHGEAR :
METAL enclosed switchgear divided 3 types:
Metal clad : example: MC set,NEX
Compartmented : example: SM6
Block : example Interface/joggle cubicle.
Introduction to MV equipments
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
VOLTAGE
Operating/service Voltage U (kV): Voltage across the equipment terminals.
example : 22kV, 3.3kV,
Rated Voltage Ur (kV) : (nominal Voltage)
Max rms (root mean square) value of the voltage that
equipment can withstand under normal operating
conditions.
The rated voltage (Ur) is always greater than the
operating voltage.
The rated voltage associated with an insulation level
Examples : Rated voltage 24kV, 17.5kV, 12kV and 7.2kV
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VOLTAGE
Insulation level Ud (kV rms, 1 minute) and Up (kV peak)
This defines the electric withstand of equipment to switching under operation over
voltages and lightning impulse.
Ud: Over voltage due to of internal switchgear, which accompany all changes in
the circuit: opening/closing CB or Switch, breakdown or shorting across an insulator,
etc
Simulated in laboratory by the power-frequency withstand voltage for 1 minute.
Example : Ur : 24kV Ud : 50kVrms/1 min.
Up: over voltage of external switchgear or atmospheric origin occur
when lightning falls on or near a transmission line.
Simulated in laboratory by the lightning impulse withstand voltage.
Examples : Ur : 24kV Up : 125kVp
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Standard
Merlin Gerin equipment is conformity with list 2 of the series 1 table IEC60 071 and 60 298.
Insulation level apply to MV swgr at altitudes of less than 1000 meters,20 deg.C, 11 g/m3 humidity and press of 1.013 mbar.
Above this ,derating should be considered.
Rated
Voltage
Rated power-
frequency
withstand voltage
Normal
operating
voltage
kV rms 1minute kV rms kV rms
list 1 list 2
7.2 40 60 20 3.3 to 6.6
12 60 75 28 10 to 11
17.5 75 95 38 13.8 to 15
24 95 125 50 20 to 22
36 145 170 70 25.8 to 36
Rated lightning
impulse
withstand voltage
1.2/50us 50Hz
.
kV peak
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
Standard
Each insulation level corresponds to a distance in air whichguarantees withstand without a test certificate.
lower than this distance, we need simulation/test in the laboratory tocheck lightning impulse withstand voltage.
Rated
Voltage
Rated power-
frequency
withstand
voltage
Distance live
to earth in air
.
kV rms 1minute kV rms cm
7.2 20 9
12 28 12
17.5 38 16
24 50 22
36 70 32
95
125
170
Rated lightning
impulse
withstand voltage
1.2/50us 50Hz
.
kV peak
60
75
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IEC Standard Voltage
20 7.2 60
1217.5
24
36
Ur
957528
38
UpUd
170
12550
70
1.2/50us 50Hz
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Current
The rms value of current that equipment can withstand whencurrent flow without exceeding the temperature rise allowed in
standards.
Temperature rises authorized by the IEC according to the type of
contacts.
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OPERATING Current : I (A)
Calculate from the consumption of the devices connected.
Actual current passes through the equipment.
generally customer provide its value
calculate if we know the power of the load
Exercise:
A switchboard with a 630kW motor feeder and a 1250kVA
xmer feeder at 5.5kV operating voltage, cos j = 0.9 and motor
efficiency h = 90%
How many ampere the operating current of Transformer and
motor?
81.74 A
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Short Circuit Current
Short circuit power depends on :
Network configuration (exp: single source, parallelsource,network, generators)
Impedance of each equipments or devices.(exp: lines, cables,
transformers, motors)
Maximum power that network or source can deliver to an
installation during a fault, expressed in MVA or in kA rms at operating
voltage.(Psc, for instance 500MVA)
Determination of the short-circuit power requires analysis of the
power flows feeding the short circuit in the worst possible case.
What is short circuit level for 500MVA at 20KV ?
14.5kA 13.13kA
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Short Circuit Current
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
Minimum short-circuit current: Isc (kA rms.)
Corresponds to a short circuit at one end of the fault point.
This value allows us to choose the setting of thresholds for over current
protection devices and fuses
Example: Isc: 25kA rms
source load
Ith Is
c
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
Maximum short-circuit current: Ith (kA rms. 1 s or 3 s)
Corresponds to a short circuit in upstream terminals of the switchingdevice.
This value is defined in kA for 1s or 3 s
It is used to define the thermal withstand of the equipment
Example: Isc: 31.5 kA rms. 1 s or 3 s
source load
IscIt
h
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Peak Value of the max.short circuit current (kA peak)
value of the initial peak in the transient period
I dyn = (kA peak)
I dynamic is equal to :
2.5 x Isc at 50 Hz (IEC)
2.6 x Isc at 60 Hz (IEC)
2.7 x Isc (ANSI) times the short circuit current calculated at a given
point in the network.
Example: Isc : 25kA Idyn: 2.5 x 25= 63.75kA peak (IEC 60 056)
Idyn: 2.7 x 25= 67.50kA peak (ANSI), 25kA at
a given point
This value determines the breaking capacity and closing capacity of CBs and
Switches, as well as the electro dynamic withstand of busbars and switchgear. IEC uses the following values: 8 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 kA rms
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The short circuit current depends on the type of equipment
installed on the network (transformers, generators, motors, lines,etc)
Transformer :
To determine the short circuit current across the terminals of atransformer , we need to know short circuit voltage (Usc %)
Usc % is defined by:
1. The voltage xmer is not powered: U=0
2. place the secondary in short circuit
3. gradually increase voltage U at the primary up to the
rated current Ir in the transformer secondary side The value U read across the primary is then equal to Usc
The short circuit Isc = Ir / Usc
Example : Transformer 20 MVA/10kV with Usc: 10%. Upstream
power infinite
Ir = Sr/ (V3 xU no-load) = 20.000/(V3x10) = 1150 A
Isc = Ir / Usc = 1150 / 10% = 11.500A = 11.5kA
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Synchronous Generators : (Alternator and Motor)
To determine the short circuit current across the terminals of a
synchronous generator is very complicated because the internal
impedance of the generator varies according to time
When the power gradually increases, the current reduces passing
through three characteristic periods:
Sub Transient, average duration 10 ms (enabling
determination of the making capacity of the CB and electro
dynamic constraint)
Transient , average duration 250 ms (sets the equipments
thermal constraints) Permanent (value of the short circuit current in steady state)
The short circuit Isc = Ir / Xsc
The most common values for a synchronous generator are:
Example : Generator 15 MVA/10kV with Xd: 20%.
Ir = Sr/ (V3 xU) = 15.000/(V3x10) = 867 A
Isc = Ir / Xd = 867/ 20% = 4.330A = 4.33kA
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Frequency fr (Hz)
Two frequency are usually used throughout the world:
50 Hz in Europe
60 Hz in the USA
several countries use both frequencies indiscriminately
Instrument Voltage Transformer rated 50 can operate at 60Hz
Instrument Current Transformer rated 50 can operate at 60Hz.
But CT with rated 60Hz can not be operated at 50Hz.
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SWITCHGEAR FUNCTION
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DIFFERENT ENCLOSURE TYPE
metal clad
compartment
Block type
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
DIELECTRIC WITHSTAND
depends on 3 parameters:
The Dielectric strength of the medium
The Shape of the parts The distance :
ambient air between the live parts
insulating air interface between the live parts
Dielectric Strength of air depends on ambient conditions:
Pollution reducing the insulating performance by a factor
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The Shape of the parts
It is essential to eliminate any peak effect to avoid disastrous effect
on the impulse wave withstand in particular and on the surface ageing of
insulator.
Air Ionization Generate Ozone Breakdown of insulator surface or
skin
Distance between parts
Ambient air between live parts
For installations sometime we can not test under impulse conditions,
the table below gives the minimum distance to comply with in air either
phase to earth or phase to phase .
The table based on IEC 71-2 according to the rated lightning impulse
withstand voltage
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
To provide a secondary current that is proportional tothe primary current.
Transformation ratio (Kn) :
Kn = I primary/Isecondary = N2/N1
Current transformer must be conformity with IEC 185 and BS3038 and ANSI
One CT comprises one or several primary windings or one or several secondary windings and all being
encapsulated in an insulating resin
Dont leave a CT in open circuit because dangerous voltages for people and equipment may appear
across its terminal
CT defined at 50Hz can be installed on a 60Hz network. The opposite is not correct.
Rated primary Voltage (Upr) > rated insulation voltage
Special case for CT is core balance or ring CT installed on a cable. The dielectric insulation is provided
by the cable and the air located between them. The core balance or ring CT is itself insulated.
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Ifj and h are not known, use
approx value cos j: 0.8 and h = 0.8
Capacitor Feeder :
Derating coefficient of 30% to takeinto account of temp. rise due to
capacitor harmonic
Bus section
The greatest value of current that
can flow in the bus section on a
permanent basis.
Ips = In bus
Standardized values :
10-12.5-15-20-25-30-40-50-60-75 andtheir multiples and factors
CT must be able to withstand 120% the
rated current
f
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Example:
A thermal protection device for a motor has a setting range of between 0.6 and 1.2 x Ir (CT).
In order to protect this motor, the required setting must correspond to the motors rated current.
If we assume that Ir for the motor = 45 A, the required setting is therefore: 45A
If we use a 100/5A CT, the relay will never see 45A , because: 100A x 0.6 = 60A > 45A.
If we use a 75/5A CT, the relay will see , 75 x 0.6 = 45 A
The range of setting will be: 0.6 < 45/75 < 1.2 . This CT is suitable.
RATED THERMAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (Ith)
Value of the installation max. short circuit current and the duration 1s or 3 s.
Each CT must be able to withstand short circuit current both thermally and dynamically until the fault is
effectively cut off.
Ith = Ssc / (U x V3), Ssc = power short circuit MVA
When the CT is installed in a fuse protected, the Ith = apprx. 80 Ir.
RATED SECONDARY CURRENT:
Local use or inside switchgear Isr = 5A
Remote use or long distance Isr = 1A
M t l l d f t b ilt i t
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
ACCURACY CLASS
Metering: class 0.5
Switchboard metering : class 1
Over current protection : class 10P or 5P
Differential protection : class X or 5P20
Zero sequence protection: class 5P
REAL POWER OUTPUT
The total (sum) of the consumption of the cabling, protection or metering device connected to the CTsecondary circuit.
Consumption of the cooper cable (losses in the cable):
where :
Consumption of each metering or protecting devices are given in the technical specification
0.0225
0.5625
M t l l d f t b ilt i t
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
SAFETY FACTOR (SF)
Safety Factor is protection of metering device in case of a fault
SF will chosen according to the current metering short time withstand current: 5 < SF< 10.
SF is ratio between the limit of rated primary current (Ipl) and the rated primary current (Ipr)
where : Ipl is the value of primary current for which the error in secondary current = 10%
Example: an ammeter is guaranteed to withstand a SC of 10 Ir, I.e. 50A for a 5A (secondary CT/device
input). To avoid ammeter will not be destroyed in the case of primary fault, the CT must be saturated
before 10 Ir in the secondary side. A safety factor of 5 is suitable.
Schneider CTs have a safety factor of 10, however lower SF can be requested.
ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR (ALF)
Protection application : accuracy limit factor and accuracy class
Example: Definite time OC relay
The relay will function perfectly if : ALF real CT > 2 (Irs / Isr)
where : Irs : relay threshold setting, Isr : rated secondary CT
CT 100A/5A, I relay setting : 5 times , so the ALF = 2 (5x5/5) = 10, Actual ALF CT > 15 or 20
Metal enclosed factory built equipment
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CLASS X (DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION)
The short circuit current is chosen as
a function of the application:
generator differential
motor differential
Transformer differential
busbar differential
Metal enclosed factory built equipment
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
CLASS X (DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION)
Metal enclosed factory built equipment
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
CLASS X (DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION)
Metal-enclosed factory built equipment
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CLASS X (DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION)
Metal-enclosed factory built equipment
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Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
To provide secondary voltage that is proportional to the primary voltage.
IEC Standard 60 186 defines the conditions which voltage transformer must meet.
One VT comprises a primary windings and one or several secondary windings and all
being encapsulated in an insulating resin
RATED VOLTAGE FACTOR (KT)
The rated voltage factor is the rated primary voltage has to be multiplied in order to
determine the max. voltage for which the transformer must comply with the specified
temperature rise and accuracy recommendations.
According earthing system of the network, the VT must be able to withstand this max.
voltage for the time that is required to eliminate the fault.
Generally VT manufactures comply with : VT phase to earth: 1.9 for 8 h and VT phase to
phase : 1.2 continuous.
Metal-enclosed factory built equipment
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Metal enclosed, factory built equipment
RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE (Upr)
According to the design, VT will be connected :
Phase to earth 22.000V/V3 / 110V/V3, where Upr = U/V3
Phase to phase 22.000 / 110V, where Upr = U
RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE (Usr)
Phase to phase VT, rated secondary voltage : 100V or 110 V
Phase to Ground VT, rated secondary voltage : 100/V3 or 110V/V3
RATED OUTPUT
The apparent power output that VT can supply the secondary circuit
when connected at rated primary voltage and connected to the nominal
load.
It must not introduce any error exceeding the values guaranteed by the
accuracy class . (S = V3. U. I in 3 phase circuit)
Standardized value are:
10-15-25-30-50-75-100-150-200-300-400-500 VA
Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
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Metal enclosed, factory built equipment
ACCURACY CLASS
The limits of errors guaranteed in terms of transformation ratio and phase under the specified conditions
of both power and voltage.
PROTECTION ACCORDING TO IEC 60 186
Classes 3P and 6P (but in practice only class 3P is used)
The accuracy class is guaranteed for values :
of voltage of between 5% of the primary voltage and the max. value of this voltage which is the
product of the primary voltage and the rated voltage factor (kT x Upr)
For secondary load between 25% and 100% of the rated output with a power factor of 0.8
inductive.
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Metal enclosed, factory built equipment
Transformation Ratio (Kn)
Voltage ratio error
This is the error that the transformer introduces into the voltage measurement
Phase error or phase shift error
This is the phase difference between the primary voltage Upr and the secondary voltage Usr.
the error expressed in minutes of angle
Thermal power limit or Rated continuous power
This is the apparent power that transformer can supply in steady state at its rated secondary
voltage without exceeding the temperature rise limits set by the standards.
Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
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, y q p
PROTECTION INDEX
Protection of people against direct contact and protection of equipment
against certain external influences.
Requested by international standard for electrical installations and
products (IEC 60 529)
The protection index is the level of protection provided by an enclosure
against access to hazardous parts, penetration of solid foreign bodies
and of water.
The IP code is a coding system to indicate the protection index.
Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
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, y q p
PROTECTION INDEX: first index
Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
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y q p PROTECTION INDEX: second index
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PROTECTION INDEX: third index
Definitions
The protection mentions correspond to impact energy
levels expressed in joules hammer blow applied directly to the equipment
impact transmitted by the supports, expressed in terms of
vibrations therefore in terms of frequency and acceleration
The protection indices against mechanical impact can be
checked by different types of hammer: pendulum hammer,
spring-loaded hammer or vertical free-fall hammer (diagram
below).
Metal-enclosed, factory built equipment
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PROTECTION INDEX: third index
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Sepam 1000+
Presentation
Sepam 1000+d d li i
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standard applications
For industrial and service
sector site networks
For public distribution
networks
For all voltage levels
S20 substation applicationS i 20
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Series 20
Substation incomer and feeder
applications
Protection functions:
50/51, phase overcurrent
50N/51N, earth fault
46, negative sequence /
unbalance
Logic discrimination
4-cycle recloser
Substation application(S40/S41/S42 t ) S i 40
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(S40/S41/S42types) Series 40
Parallel incomers or closed ring
networks
Isolated or compensated
neutral networks
Protection functions:
50/51,50N/51N,46,50BF 67N/67NC,
directional earth fault
67, directional phase
overcurrent
32P, reverse power
I, U, P, E metering
T20 transformer applicationS i 20
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Series 20
Protection functions:
50/51, 50N/51N and 46
49RMS, thermal overload
38/49T, temperature
monitoring (8 sensors)
Processing of faults detectedby transformer Buchholz or
thermostat
(MES module required)
Transformer application(T40/T42 t ) S i 40
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(T40/T42 types) Series 40
Parallel transformers
Isolated or compensatedneutral networks
Protection functions: 50/51,50N/51N, 46,50BF 49RMS and 38/49T
67N/67NC, directional earthfault
67, directional phaseovercurrent
I, U, P, E metering
M20 motor applicationSeries 20
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Series 20
Protection functions:
50/51, 50N/51N, 46
49RMS
38/49T
Specific functions:
37, phase undercurrent
48/51LR, excessive starting
time and locked rotor
66, starts per hour
specific motor-related function
(MES114)
Motor application(M41 type) Series 40
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(M41 type) Series 40
Isolated or compensated
neutral networks
All the M20 protectionfunctions, plus: 67N/67NC, directional earth
fault 32P, reverse power
27/59, 81L/81H,
Automatic load shedding
I, U, P, E metering
Generator application(G40 type) Series 40
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(G40 type) Series 40
Protection functions:
50/51, 50N/51N,46,50BF 49RMS and 38/49T 27/59, 81L/81H,
Specific functions: 50V/51V, voltage restraint
overcurrent 32P, 32Q/40, directional active
and reactive overpower
I, U, P, E measurements
B21 busbar applicationSeries 20
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Series 20
Voltage protection functions:
27/59, phase-to-phase
under/overvoltage 81L/81H, under/overfrequency
59N, neutral voltage
displacement
27D/47, positive sequence
undervoltage and phaserotation direction
27R, remanent undervoltage
27S, 3 phase-to-phase
undervoltages V1,V2,V3
B22 busbar applicationSeries 20
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Series 20
Voltage protection functions:
27/59, 27S, 59N 81L/81H 27D/47, 27R
Loss of mains protection 81R,rate of change of frequency(ROCOF)
fast, reliable detection of lossof mains for substations with generators
in parallel with the mainnetwork
Sepam 1000+Selection guide
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Selection criteria series 20 series 40
Measurements I U U I and U I and U I et U
Specific protection Loss of mains Directional Directional
functions (ROCOF) earth fault earth fault &phase O/C
Applications series 20 series 40
Substation S20 S40 S41 S42
Transformer T20 T40 T42
Motor M20 M41
Generator G40
Busbar B21 B22
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Basic electrical knowledge is needed to understand MV SWGR