1 introduction to microbiology bio 6 denise lim. 2 parscore scantrons for lecture tests orange,...
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Introduction to Microbiology
BIO 6
Denise Lim
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ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests
Orange, 8.5" X 11"Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them
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Use Your Textbook WiselyGlossary and IndexAppendices"Check Your Understanding"Study Outlines
At end of chaptersReview and Study Questions at end of
chaptersAnswers in the back of the book
Online websitewww.microbiologyplace.com
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Some other words of advice
Manage your time wellPay attention to detailLearn to be a good communicatorBe professional
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What is Microbiology?
The study of organisms usually too small to see with the naked eyeRequires a microscope
Microorganisms include:Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa,
algae, viruses, and animal parasites
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How small is small?
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Why do we care about microbes?
Some can make us sick (germs)Most are beneficial
Important part of food chain: photosynthesis to decomposition (rot)
Found in our bodies (probiotics)Fermentation: cheese, yogurt, wine, beer,
vinegar, breadPharmaceuticals and medicine
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Binomial nomenclature(naming microorganisms)
Two names: Genus and speciesAlways italicized or underlined
Genus name: Always capitalizedUsually a noun
Species name:Always lower caseUsually an adjective, sometimes a
proper noun
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All living organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Refers to arrangement of genetic material (DNA) in cellsPro - karyote means “before” nucleusEu - karyote means “true” nucleus
Prokaryotes have DNA spread throughout cytoplasm
Eukaryotes have DNA within a membrane bounded nucleus
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Prokaryotes are either bacteria or archaeaAll are single-celled organismsMost are much smaller (100 - 1000X
smaller) than eukaryotic cellsEukaryotes are everything else:
Fungi, protistans, plants and animalsCan be either single- or multi-celled
organisms
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Bacterial cell on left is 1000X smallerthan eukaryotic cell on right
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Size Comparison of two prokaryotes & a eukaryoteProkaryotes
Epulopiscium: 700 µm
Escherichia coli: 0.5 - 2 µm
EukaryoteParamecium:
50 µm
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What features define life?Complex organization composed of cellsAbility to grow and developAbility to convert energy for own useAbility to reproduce genetically similar offspring
Presence of genetic material: DNA & RNA
Ability to regulate internal environment (homeostasis)
Ability to respond to environmental stimulus
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Bacterial Virus (T4) Animal Virus (Ebola)
Are viruses living?
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Why are viruses nonliving?
NoncellularComposed of genetic material (either
DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
No metabolic capabilitiesCannot reproduce independentlyNo ability to regulate or respond
to environment
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Important Historical Events: 1600's & 1700's
Development of the MicroscopeAnimicules visualized
Discovery of immunization & vaccines
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1800's
Development of Cell TheoryFermentation and PasteurizationGerm Theory of DiseaseAntisepsis and Disease
Importance of hand washingAntiseptics: chemical compounds that
could kill germs
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Robert Koch 1843 - 1910
Developed pure culture techniques
Proved that Bacillus anthracis caused the disease anthrax in cattleDeveloped Koch’s
Postulates: rules for proving a specific microbe caused a specific disease
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Application of Koch’s Postulates
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1900's
Discovery of penicillin and other antimicrobial agents
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Staphylococcus aureus inhibition by fungus Penicillium antibiotic
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1900'sDNA is the genetic moleculeGenetic Code - 1960’sCentral DogmaRecombinant DNA technology -
1970's & 1980'sHuman Genome ProjectPersonal “-omics”