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CE 244

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

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TypesProduction methodsUses in constructionProperties and related tests of the followingmaterials of construction:

Course Content

Building Stones Metals Clay Products Gypsum Lime

Cements Mineral Aggregates Concrete

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These materials are used in all civil engineeringstructures such as;

- buildings- bridges- highways- railways- tunnels- dams- harbor structures- towers

etc.

Course Content

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CLASSIFICATION OF CIVILENGINEERING MATERIALS

1. According to their phases

2. According to their internal structure & chemical composition

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Phase Classification

1. Gases : Air, oxygen, CO 2

2. Liquids : Water, chemical admixtures

3. Semi-solids : Fresh pastes, mortars, asphalt

4. Solids : Metals, hardened concrete

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Internal Structure & ChemicalComposition Classification

1. Metals : (formed by metallic bonds) A. Ferrous (iron, cast iron, steel)B. Non-ferrous (aluminum, copper, zinc, lead)

2. Polymers : (long chains having molecules of C, H, O,N which are formed by covalent bonding. The chains are

bound to each other either by covalent bonds or Van derWaals forces.)

A. Natural (rubber, asphalt, resins, wood)B. Artificial (plastics)

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3. Ceramics : (mainly aluminosilicates formed by mixedbonding, covalent and ionic)

A. Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes)B. Porcelains

4. Composite Materials : A. Natural (agglomerates)B. Artificial (Portland cement, concrete)

Internal Structure & ChemicalComposition Classification

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5. Reinforced Composite Materials : (reinforcedconcrete, reinforced plastics)

One of the most important tasks of anengineer is to select the most suitablematerial for a given civil engineering

structure.

Internal Structure & ChemicalComposition Classification

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Factors Determining the Choiceof Proper Material for a Structure

Strength, rigidity & durability Requirements Permanent loading Creep Strength Repeated loading Fatique Strength Impact loading Toughness & Resilience Surface loading Hardness & Resistance to abrasion

Environmental Requirements

Temperature change coefficient of thermal expansion Moisture movement permeability Chemical effects chemical composition

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Economy. Choose the cheaper & availablematerials considering Initial cost Useful life Frequency of maintenance

Cost of maintenance Salvage value

etc.

Factors Determining the Choiceof Proper Material for a Structure

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Concrete Asphalt

Initial Cost +

Useful Life +

Frequency of Repair +

Cost of Repair +

Salvage Value + +

Example: Comparison of concretepavement vs. asphalt pavement for

economy.

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General Properties of CivilEngineering Materials

Physical **Mechanical **

ChemicalOther Thermal, Acoustical, Optical, Electrical

** Most CE Applications focus on physical& mechanical properties

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Physical Properties

Properties of physical structure

density specific gravity porosity permeability

surface energy texture (micro, macro) other (color, thermal

expansion, shape)

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Mechanical Properties

Resistance to applied loads (stress)initially & over time

stiffness strength fracture / yielding

(brittle / ductile)

tension compression flexure (bending) torsion direct shear multiaxial

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Properties of materials are determined by Laboratory testing Field testing

To avoid inconsistencies in test results

STANDARDS are devised which describethe test apparatus and the procedure.

Determining the Propertiesof Civil Engineering Materials

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Items that are usuallystandardized in a test are:

Obtaining test specimens and number of specimensSize and shape of the specimen

Preparation of specimens for testingTemperature & moisture during preparation & testingType of machineryRate of loadingInterpretation of test resultsWriting a report

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Turkey - Turkish Standards Institute (TSE)England - British Standards Institute (BSI)Germany - Deutsche Institute Norm (DIN)U.S. - American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM)Europe - European Committee forStandardization (CEN)

Standardization Institutes

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CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

Although there are several differentmaterials which have adhesive properties,three types are of particular interest to civilengineers.Glues : materials of gelatinous naturederived from vegetable or animal sources.Bituminous Materials : complex hydrocarbon

Various Compounds of Calcium : gypsum,lime, cements

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SPECIAL PROPERTIES OFCEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

Fineness : Particle size.Normal Consistency : A standard amount of waterwhich gives a certain fluidity to the paste.

Time of Setting : Beginning of complete loss of plasticity.Sand Carrying Capacity : Amount of sand that canbe added without harming plasticityHardening : Formation of solid phase; completeloss of plasticity.

Yield : Volume of final product obtained incomparison with volumes of constituent materials