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Field: Agricultural production

Integral raspberry production

content

Authors: Mirko KULINA, Mirjana RADOVIC

2017

Boosting Adult System Education In Agriculture - AGRI BASEErasmus+ K2 Action Strategic Partnership

Course 1 – Integral raspberry production


Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................1

2. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RASPBERRY..................................................23. CONVECTIONAL RASPBERRY PRODUCTION.................................................94. SELECTION OF RASPBERRY TYPES.........................................................145. INTEGRAL PRODUCTION OF BERRY FRUIT................................................24

5.1. System of produtcion and types in integral raspberry production... .31

5.2. Conventional vs integral production..................................................32

5.3. Integral raspberry protection.............................................................34

6. CONCLUSION..................................................................................387. REFERENCES..................................................................................39

AGRIBASE. Boosting Adult System Education in Agriculture 1


1. Introduction

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is economically the most important species in the context of pomological group of berries. Its fruits ripen at a time when the market is under-stocked with fresh fruit, and they are highly valued, both for consumption in fresh condition, as well as raw materials for various kinds of processing and freezing.Raspberry is characterized with some specific features in relation to the cultivation of most of the other types of fruit trees, which is seen in the following: it has a wide areal of growing since it generally does not have high demands in terms of soil and climate conditions; it ripens its fruit fast and with a solid nurture it provides regular and high yields; provides a quick return of funds invested in production; it is a typical culture which follows the obvious economic law where greater investment means higher returns, and profits of farmers-breeders; the risk in the production is small, it is very profitable culture and provides a solid economic effects; the technology of its cultivation is simple; it is intensively prolific culture which enables engagement of physically weaker labor force (women, children, elderly) and it is a claimed product on the market, either as a table fruit or as a raw material for processing and freezing.



2. Biological properties of raspberry

The raspberry is a perennial, deciduous plant. It is a shrub or rarely semi-shrub. Its life span is 20 years, and the exploitation period varies depending on the conditions in which it is grown and ranges from 10 to 12, even 20 or more years. We distinguish red, black and purple raspberries. It gives fruit one (Floricane) or twice a year (fall-bearing, remontant varieties).The most important morphological features of raspberries are: root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit.According to the origin the root can be generative and vegetative. The generative root develops from seed, and it is more developed from vegetative, and more developed at the black compared to the red raspberries.The vegetative root is haired and mostly over-groundl developed. Since the raspberries is vegetatively propagated, when we talk about the root system of raspberries, we are talking about the vegetative one.The stem is the basic vegetative part of raspberries and is of a radial structure. The raspberry leaves are spirally arranged on the stem, and in the armpit of the leaves are buds. The stem with the leaves makes the offshoot, which consists of two parts. Above the ground in the air is the aerofil (photophilic) offshoot which lives around two years and the underground (geofil) offshoot that is perennial and is rich in spare nutrients. In the second half of the summer on the ground offshoots and the young hairs larger number of buds is formed from which the new offshoots appear. These offshoots grow during the autumn and winter until the land is not frozen. The next spring the offshoots start spurt up to the surface based on the growth of the previous year. On the underground offshoots adventitious roots develop. Offshoots which do not evolve by the middle of the growing season, die.It is very important to know the formation and growth of underground raspberry offshots so as to determine the suitable system of maintenance of land in native plantations and plantations for the production of seedlings. The over-ground offshoot lives less than two years, and reaches its full height at the



end of the first year. The young yearly offshoots bring bigger unpaired feather leaves with three or five leaflets.Within them normally one or two, or rarely three buds develop which are arranged one above the other-serial. If there are two budes, the upper ones are better developed and the next year fruit bearing offshoots develop from them. The lower buds remain undeveloped and from them a rosette is developed. In violation of the upper bud (late frost) the lower buds can develop fertile branches.The one-year raspberry offshoot can reach a length of several tens of centimeters to over three meters.The length of the offshoot depends on the variety, the physiological state of plants, and the fertility of soil, weather conditions and nutrition. One-year ofshoot matures from the base to the top. Therefore, the offshoots are the first that frozen at varieties that are sensitive to frost and temperature fluctuations. The two-year offshoots of raspberries do not form cambial ring, do not thicken secondarily and do not create the rings. During the second year, the lateral buds of the over-ground offshoots may develop fruiting branches, which bear flowers and fruits. The largest number of the biggest fruits of raspberry are formed on the fruiting branches on the middle third of the offshoot, and sometimes in the fruiting branches on the lower peak of the third of the offshoots. Therefore, the pruning of the raspberries should be adjusted so as to preserve the largest number of fruiting branches. The peak buds on the one-year offshoot of some raspberry varieties are developed in gender branches and bear fruit at the end of the first growing season.Depending on the needs, there are two types of offshoots: for replacement and for developments. The offshoots for replacement pop out from the buds on the underground multiannual offshoots. They serve for the replacement of the two-year offshoots which bear fruit and then dried. The offshoots for duplicate pop up from the adventive buds on the hair and serve for production of raspberry seedlings which are used for planting new raspberries. Apart from the root and the stem, the leaf is the basic vegetative raspberry part. Within it the synthesis of the organic material – photosynthesis is made,



also the decomposting of the organic material- breathing and evaporizing and transpiration.The leaves come out from the leaf buds which differentiate in the leaf basis, the stem and the leaf itself.The leaf of the raspberry is complex, nonpair and fether like and consists of 3 to 5 egg leaves. The leaves on the raspberry stem are positioned spirally. The non-pair type of leaves and their spiral positioning provide for the raspberry to overly use the light for the photosynthesis.The formation of the flower buds of the raspberry starts in September or October. First, the terminal flower is formed in the bud, and its development is the fastest. The rest of the flowers are formed to the basis in a form of irregular spiral, and their development is the slowest. The raspberry flower is two-pole hermaphrodite. It consists of cups, crowns, stamens and pistils. The raspberry flowers are gathered into the bllom and the blooming usually lasts for 20-25 days. The gathered fruit of the raspberry consists of many numbers of drupes gathered around the dried receptacle. The raspberry fruit is built from 20-160 separate drupes. Each drupe is formed from a single fertile leaf- carps. The fruit is usually red, yellow or black. Elongated or round shape. If the fertilization is weak, some drupes are not developed, so the result can be a fruit irregular in shape. The varieties which fruit is crumbling should not be grown. The fruit weight of precious varieties of raspberries is 1.7 to 8.4 g, and sometimes up to 12 g.The life processes at raspberries are constant during the yearly or life cycle in a higher or lower intensity. They are strictly connected and happen based on some law, formed during their formation in evolution. Basically, there are two basic types of life (physiological) processes and they are: a) exchange of material and energy (metabolism) and b) growth, development and reproduction. During the yearly cycle of the plant, the raspberry goes through many fenophases which are autonomous and specific, but inter-connected, with an aim for the subsistence of the unit and the continuation of the type. There are two periods: period of vegetation (from the start of the bud formation to the fall of the leaves), and period of repose (winter rest) from the falling of the leaves to the start of the formation of buds the next spring. The fenophase



in the life cycle are: start of the growth and appearing of leaves, blooming, pollination and fertilization, growth, development and riping of the fruit, formation of flower buds and winter repose. At the middle spring temperature of 2 to 4 degrees, the growth of the underground part of the replacement offshoot starts. With the increase in the average daily temperature the offshoot growth is intensified and they grow during April and the first half of May, especially if the ground is sufficiently provided with moisture. In the warmer areas, the process can start earier, while in the colder, later. Their highest growth takes place in May and the first half of June, somewhere by the end of June. The appearing of leaves of the two-year offshoots starts during the first days of April, while the start, the dynamics and the flow of leaves depends on the variety, temperature, moisture and other factors. The process from the start to the end of the blooming lasts from 8 to 18 days. The blooming is one of the most important fenophases in the yearly cycle of the raspberries. Depending no the features of the variety, the climate, pedology and geographic characteristics, the raspberry blloms in various times. The blooming lasts from 15 to 25 days while in dry years even longer. The difference in the start of blooming between the early and late varieties is 6 to 10 days. Depending on the blooming time, the types of red raspberry can be divided into: early-blooming, middle-blooming and late-blooming. Considering that the raspberry blooms significantly later compared to the other fruit types, it avoids the negative influences of spring frost which secures the higher production of the fruit.The pollination of raspberries do the insects, mostly bees, which are very popular because of its flower good quality grazing. Tests show that the honey from raspberry grazing is among the highest quality. Economically important varieties such as villas, forts, Moling exploit and Podgorina are inbred. However, according to numerous studies, some varieties of red raspberry are not inbred in the true sense of the word. Taking into account the fact that in our plantations mainly raise one-sort planted, it is important to use proven and stable inbred variety or cultivar grown along the main pollinators.



The fertilization is conducted very quickly due to the favorable temperature circumstances at the time of flowering. As flowering, the fertilization also happens gradually.The growth of aggregate drupe takes place through the growth of each individual drupe. This process runs through three phases (fast, slow and very fast). The first phase is formed by fertilization and lasts about 10 days. It is intensive. The second phase lasts for the next 10 days, and in during that time the fruits have slowed growth, because the drape hardens. The third phase is characterized by a very intensive growth and flows in the next 10-12 days, so that the overall growth and development of the fruit ripening to last for 30-32 days. The ripening of the fruit happens with similar dynamic and depends on the same parameters as the blooming. After the starting time of ripening fruits, raspberry cultivars are divided into: early, medium early and late.The formation of the flower buds in red, black or purple raspberries starts by the end of the summer, i.s. the first half of September in the year which preceeds the blooming. It is interesting that this process happens in the same time at all sorts of early, medium or late ripining. The flower buds of the red raspberries are formed from the pick of the offshoot to its basis, while the same is not emphasiezed at the balck and purple ones. At the bloom of the raspberry, first the top flower is formed, then the following below on the irregular spiral. The flowers in the basis of the bloom are formed the latest. The origins of calyx and flower petals, stamens and pistils, are formed in the fall (September and October), and the development continues in the spring of the next year. In floricane varieties of raspberries on top of the one-year tender plant flower buds are formed long before that period, and after they bring fruit, they dry. For the rest of the offshoot, the process of the formation of flower buds occurs according to the described dynamics and gives fruit the following year.The cultivated varieties of raspberry are especially good in continental climate and moisture land. The climate features which are mostly important for the raspberry are: light, warmth (temperature), water, humidity, wind and snow. The correct choice of the climate (the group of climate parameters during



longer time in some areas) contributes to the optimal results in the cultivation of raspberry. For the normal growth, fertility and achiving optimal yield on a land unit, it is important in the raspberry plants to have sufficient moisture in the vegetation (75-85%), and the evarage humidity to be 75%. The critical perods for moisture and humidity at raspberry are: -fenophase of the intensive growth of branches (May)-fenophase of blooming, growth, development and ripening of the fruit; and-grotwh of the offshoots for replacement (after harvest) and formation of buds.The intensive and highly productive cultivation of raspberries is possible only in the areas with over 800 mm rainfall annually, where more than 50% is regularly divided during the vegetation period, normally thorugh optimal agro-ecologicl and other conditions as well as optimal usage of agro-technical and pomotechnical measures. The light is an important segment of survival, growth, development, fruitfulness and quality of the raspberry fruit. The wild and cultivated varieties of raspberry have great demands in terms of light. This is confirmed with the fact that the wild raspberries are good at the edges of the forest and other places exposed to light. The plants of cultivated raspberries of red variety are different in the length and intensity of light and depend on their origin. Varieties which give good results on the day light from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. are recommended. The light is the main factor for the raspberry production in the mountain terrains and valleys, bays as well as near the tall woods.The raspberry is a fruit culture which high demands in terms of land. In relation to the other types of berry fruit, it requests for a better land. The most applicable is the deep, fertile soil (with some 5% humus), mealy, transmissive, middle weight and low acidity land (pH around 6%). It is necessary that the soil consist of 8-10 mg P2O5 i 18-20 mg K2O in 100 g dry soil. The cold, dry winds bring the most damage, especially during winter because they contribute to the freezing. The strong winds before and during the harvest can bring to the breaking of the offshoots and the branches from the weight of the fruits.



The snow is good during winter because it stops the freezing of the offshoots and the root system. Some raspberry varieties show resistance to breaking of the fruitful branches from the snow.The basic orographic features (latitude, slope, exposition, level of dispersion of relief and others) are of great influence over the raspberry production in general. The raspberry is best at the altitude of 400 and 800 meters, and it could be successfully cultivated from 200 to 1100 meters. In the areas of 800 meters of altitude and a rainfall of 900 mm annually, the north-west and north-east expositions are the most applicable ones for the raspberry.



3. Convectional raspberry production

The conventional production of raspberries is characterized by applying all the necessary agro-technical and pomotechnical measures (adequate soil tillage, irrigation, protection, regular pruning). It is a form of sustainable commodity production-economically viable, with a maximum yields and fruit quality in adequate biological safety to the consumer, and environmental sustainability. This implies growing raspberries in the system of vertical trellis, with summer and winter pruning, the release of annual offshoots in winter, regular tillage, fertilization, and irrigation systems.The system includes positioning of increment prepared for fruiting. The position and the number of over-ground growth and exuberance variety is determined by the planting space, and the potential level of intensity for the time being.The trellis way of growing raspberries, today is practically considered a classic and standard way of growing. Growing raspberry in the bush system is completely abandoned. As for trellis ways there is a vertical trellis system and system of open fruitful wall or "V" system of cultivation.The system of vertical trellis. The space for this way of growing raspberries ranges from 2.5 to 3.0 m for a regular room and 0.25-0.5 m in a line. Wooden poles are used for restraint which length is of 3.30 to 2.5 m or pillars of reinforced concrete, of dimensions 250 x 12 x 10 cm.Wooden poles are at a distance of 6 to 7 m, and the concrete ones 8 to 10 m. For variety Willamette and some other varieties, two rows of wire are placed, the first at the height of 0.70 to 0.90 m, and the second at a height of 1.60 to 1.70 m.



Figure 1. Usual back for trellis raspberry production (Vilamet)

Figure 2. Trellis system (hedge)-vertical trellis



Figure 3. Trellis system (hedge)-vertical trellis

Figure 4. System of vertical trellis with a two-wire T-trellis



Figure 5. System of trellis- first row- one-wire, second- two-wire

The back for the variety Miker, as varietal specificity, requires setting up of cross-carrier strip through which tightens the binder that adheres fruitful gains at a certain distance, since they are quite long and would lead to mutual overlapping and congestion.Figure 6, presents the back for the Miker variety, the number, height and arrangement of wires in the brackets that are attached to the poles.

Figure 6. Back for Miker type



The system of "V" growing of raspberries or trellis system as an open fruitful wall is increasingly used recently in the production of raspberries. The length of the columns is the same as the vertical receiving line, just in this system the two pillars are placed with an angle of 20 ° with the two rows of wires. The angle of divergence between the pillars could be higher. Figure 7 presents the restraint system "in the" growing of raspberries (number, height and arrangement of wires in the brackets that are attached to the poles).

Figure 7. Vertical trellis or „V“ system for raspberry production



4. Selection of raspberry types

The selection of varieties, the time of planting, is one of the most important measure, because it guarantees success, with the compulsory properly applied agricultural technique and pomotechniqye. The market is continuously evolving new varieties, but many of them fail to take a place among the top for many reasons (poor adaptability to different growing areas, unforeseen susceptibility to diseases and pests, fruit properties that are not acceptable to consumers). Today there is a variety with all the positive characteristics or those that can be grown in all plots, soil types, under different rearing systems thus showing show all the good characteristics.

Given the way of fruiting, the initial period of fertility, age increments who growth, and the frequency of fruiting and harvest time, all varieties which have red fruit and expressed commercial character, generally can be divided into two basic groups: fruiting (two-year) July and August, and fall-bearing (one-year) -autumn.

Two-year (fruiting) raspberry give fruit on the fruitful parts that develop from buds located in the armpit leaf shoots which are two years old. The fertility period, for most varieties, usually takes place during the four weeks of maturing fruit, in the period from mid-June to late July (for some varieties and the first half of August), depending on weather conditions and the varieties (because of this ther are referred to as summer raspberry). The varieties of raspberries from this group will become the second generation in the vegetation, while the former are characterized only by vegetative growth (that is why they are called binal). The two-year offshoots that thet gave fruit after harvest, dry and die. Since they could only bear fruit once during their life cycle, an adequate name that is often used is the fruiting raspberry cultivars. The most common varieties of raspberries in this group are:

Vilamet-is a hybrid of American raspberry (Rubus strigosus) and European raspberry (Rubus idaeus). It is selected in 1936, while since 1943 it is cultivated. So far it is the most important type of raspberry in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It starts riping at the first part of June, and ends by the middle of July. The riping period lasts for 30 days. The furit is middle sized



(average 4 g), rounded, and with particular red colour, a typical raspberry type and it’s easy to harvest. The drupes in the fruit ripe in the same time. After harvest, the fruits lose weight, become darer and cannot be kept for long that is they need to be frozen. This is the reason for the value of this type (industrial type). It is self- fertilized and very fruit bearling type. The yield of this variety in intensive production with an adequate back and irrigation system is around 10-15 t/ha.

Photo 1. Raspberry type Vilamet (https://www.google.ba/search?q=vilamet&clien

Meeker-American variety of homogenious raspberry, which is cultivated since 1967. It is a variety wth high quality fruits and other fruit offshoots applicable for machine harvesting. The fruits of Meeker begin to ripe in the third decade of June, which is why it belongs to the group of varieties of medium ripening period. It is an inbred and highly yielding variety. Offshoots are very lush and long, and must recede even twice during the growing season. The fruit is large (the average weight 4.5 g), high-quality, extremely red, truncated-cone-shaped, sweet sour taste, aromatic. The fruits are suitable for mechanical harvesting and transport, and do not change color after thawing, which is why sort Miker is suitable for industrial processing. With the proper restraint system for irrigation, the yield that this variety can achieve ranges of 20-25 t / ha.


https://www.google.ba/search?q=vilamet&clien

https://www.google.ba/search?q=vilamet&clien


In comparison with the variety Willamette it has some disadvanatges such as: increased susceptibility to viruses, has a long dormancy period, and for this reason later vegetation begins in the spring, but also ends later, and is vulnerable to severe winter frosts, has long gender twigs which is why it needs additional support on the palm and is less resistant to drought.

Photo 2. Raspberry type Miker

Tulameen-is one of the leading varieties of raspberries for fresh consumption. The fruits are very large (average weight 6.0 g), which beginning to ripen in late June (late variety) and the harvest period lasts about six weeks (which is about two weeks longer than other varieties of raspberries of this type). The shape of the fruit is conical, extremely long, glossy, dark red color, and very attractive.The taste is not very sweet but very aromatic. Besides using fresh, thefruit of this variety is suitable for processing or freezing. One of the significant features of this variety is that it is suitable for production in protected areas such as high tunnels and greenhouses. It is characterized by strong growth of over-ground system, but does not produce a large number of annual offshoots, which are powerful, hairless, green with purple spots irregularly arranged in the lower part. Pins are purple and sharp but not thick.



Photo 3. Raspberry fruit type Tulameen

Prelud-homogeneous type of raspberries, which ripes early. The fruit is medium-large, round and firm, and is of a good taste. The offshoots are upright, dense and compact. It is resistant to root rot caused by Phytophthora fragariae. It withstands low temperatures.

Photo 4. Raspberry fruit type PreludGlen Ample- a biennial variety of raspberry created in Scotland. It is one of the most promising varieties in the world that sets new standards in the production of raspberries due to the yield it makes, thorn-less offshoots, fruit



size and good taste. A variety which is intended for tabletop use. Overhead system is characterized by strong growth and consists of a long and thorn-less strips that require restraint. The cane that bear fruit are upright, long and give high yields (one plant on average gives 3.8 kg). This variety is characterized by medium-sized fruit ripening season (from late June to late July). The fruits are very large (4-6 g), slightly elongated, light red color, aromatic and tasty. Due to the strength of its drupes, this variety is suitable for mechanical harvesting and is good for transport. The yield varieties ranges from 7-10 t / ha, while the plantation which is irrigated and with a the resentiment the yield can be 25 t / ha.

Photo 5. Raspberry fruit type Glen Emple

Oktavija- a homogenuous type of very late ripening which fills the range between summer and autumn season. The offshoots are upright and abundant. The fruit is large, obtusely-rounded shape, light red color and sweet taste. The fruits areIt is mtolerant to storage. It is resistant to aphids mosaic virus vectors. Moderately resistant to gray mold and leaf spot of the offshoots, but is sensitive to drying buds. It is sensitive to RBDV and raspberry root rot. This is a relatively new variety.



Photo 6. Raspberry fruit type Oktavija

The annual types of raspberry give fruit during the first year on the second (peak or upper) half of the annual offshoot, during a few weeks in the period from August to October, or until the onset of autumn frosts, depending on the variety and length of growing season. The varieties of this group, the lower part of the shoot, which is not plodonosio this autumn (lower half), may bear fruit next year in May-June, or earlier on the lower part of the offshoot, which did not give fruit during the autumn (lower half), in comparison to standard fruiting season, which is characterized by a two-year variety. The variety of group of annual raspberries can give fruittwice in one cane in two different growing seasons. However, because of the many advantages of this variety in intensive production they are grown for only one (end of summer and autumn harvest), or offshoots are left to live only one year. The most important variety in this group are:Heritage-created in the United States, in 1969. It is grown in the United States, Italy, Poland, and sporadically in Serbia. It is a rich variety characterzied by long, vertical and solid strips. The offshoots are covered with tiny spines. The fruits are small to medium large, truncated cone-shaped, solid, deep red, pleasant sweet taste and mild flavor.They could be kept well. The fruits of the first (summer) generation start to ripe in early July, and the second (fall) generation during September, however, this variety is not recommended for areas where there is a risk of early autumn



frosts. The autumn fruits are greater than the summer. It is resistant to powdery mildew, tolerant to RBDV and RMV viruses. It is sensitive to gray mold of causal and wilting of buds and twigs gender raspberries. It withstands somewhat heavier land, or in the case of poor drainage, develops root rot. The variety is suitable for cultivation in the garden, but also in commercial plantations near major markets. It is suitable for all types of consumption.

Photo 7. Raspberry fruit type Heritage

Autumn Bliss- It is made by complex junctions in the UK. This variety is recognized in 1983. It is grown in the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, and it began to be cultivated in Serbia. It has short, tall offshoots covered with spines. There is not high number of offshoots. The fruits are medium large, cylindrical-conical, average weight 3.3 g, red to dark red, pleasant taste and good storage ability. The size of the fruit does not fall a lot during the season. The separation of fruit may be difficult at first-ripe fruits. It is one of the earliest floricane raspberry varieties. The second generation begins to ripen in August, and this variety continues to season maturation of similar varieties such as Tulameen. The season lasts until the first frosts in October. Yields are high. For ease of harvest it is necessary to set up a support (binder) on both sides of the line before harvesting. It is resistant to root rot



raspberries (Phytophthora fragariae var. Rubi). It is also resistant to all four races of louses (Amphorophora idaei) that carry of the virus RBDV. The quality of the fruit, the ability for storage and ripening season are the main recommendations of this variety for its cultivation in Serbia

Photo 8. Raspberry fruit type Autumn Bliss

Polka-is among the best varities which are introduced lately. The yield of this variety is identical to the one of the bienial varieties. The season of fruit starts at the end of July or beginning of August, while the harvest top season is during middle August. It has a relatively long harvesting season which usually lasts for three months(until the middle of November depending on the frost). The yield of the Polka variety ranges from 20-25 t/ha, which indicates the high resistance f this variety on the biotic and abiotis condtions of the environment. The fruit is medium (6,6 g), long, compacts, light-red colour, very glossy and typical taste for a raspberry. It is characterized by its hardness and consistenton, as well as the taste and aroma. The fruit is good for usage while fresh, but also for freezing. The offshoots of this variety are middle grown, relatively bushy and they do not break from the fruit. Considering that the offshoots are tall, a back is not necessarily, even thoguh due to the weight of the fruit they lean towards the ground , that is why some type of back is reccomended.



Photo 9. Raspberry fruit type Polka

Himbo Top-in Italy, Switzerland, the UK and other Western European countries. It is very vigorous variety, with longe strips and fewer spikes than the Autumn Bliss. The fruits are often very large (6-8 grams), firm, bright red color that does not darkens with ripening. It is easy to harvest and can be used for fresh consumption and for processing. The sugar content is high. The maturation starts 6-8 days after of Autumn Bliss. The harvest season lasts for 6-8 weeks. Because of its great vigor it needs to be planted at larger distances (2.5 to 3.0 meters x 0.40 to 0.50 meters), and to set up a back. It is very interesting for cultivation in greenhouses where it gives the best results. It is a very high-yield variety. It is tolerant of raspberry root rot (Phytophthora fragariae var. Rubi). It is a very interesting variety primarily due to fruit size and high yields. Only it is necessary to be examined in our conditions.



Photo 10. Raspberry fruit type Himbo Top

Polana-besides the variety Autumn Bliss, it is the other commercial sort from the group of remontant varieties. It is an early variety by the time of ripening (10.07.-15.07.). It gives fruit on the annual offshoots, which are successuively disposed, i.s. with the harvest of the offshoots the harvesting time is determined. The offshoots are solid and do not kneel, an average height of 150 cm. It is successfully grown without stools. It is gives a good yield, some 13-18 increment from the ground lugs, where the average number of fruits to blossom is about 10. The average yield per m2 is 13.4 kg. The fruit is large, with intense red color, a firm consistency and a uniform shape.

Photo 11. Raspberry fruit type Polana5. Integral production of berry fruit



The integral production is an „agricultural system which produces high-quality food and other products through the usage of natural resources and regulation mechanisms instead of inputs which polute the environment, i.e. the ones which maintain solid agriculture“. The main objective of integral production in not about eliminating the use of agricultural chemicals, but a considerable reduction or even in some cases, exclusion, of production inputs with high impact on the environment, such as a wide range of pesticides and fertilizers, as well as a preference to useful, safe alternatives.The main goal of integral production in fruit growing is to preserve environmental protection, with the production of fruits with a high level of health safety. That is, in the system of integral production a priority is given to natural resources and regulators pathogens, pests and weed species.In the integral production, the focus is on servicing the land, maintaining and increasing its fertility, strengthening resistance raspberry plants on pests and diseases, as well as the use of natural limiting factors for pathogenic organisms. In this concept, the application of plant protection products is limited to the lowest possible use, and according to this products are used which are not burden on land, water and air. Chemical growth regulators, management growth, improving colors ie. gloss fruit, should not be used.The basic notion in the integral concept in the fruit-growing is a production with a respect towards the envrionment, which is economically possible, ensures sustainable production of biological high-quality fruits with a minimal traces of pesticides inside them. The integral production promotes and maintains the biological diversity, gives advantage on the natural mechanisms for regulation in terms of disease protection, enriches and keeps the long-term fertility of the soil by minimizing the water, air and soil pollution.The integral production of berry fruit is an ecologically directed process where the application of chemicals is put on the lowest level, so that the pests are destroyed while in the same time the human environment is not polluted and the consumers health is considered. Considering that in terms of agro-technical and pomotechnical measures it achieves the same realization of the



maximum yield per unit area, and because of its comprehensiveness in terms of the application of pesticides, provides a high level of environmental protection and consumer health. It is absolute that in this approach, it is economically viable, given that unlike the conventional concept it uses much less, prognosis-planned and permitted use of all forms and types of pesticides. The characteristics of this system are optimal yields per unit area with a high level of quality and biological validity of the final product, and the minimum possible risk of pollution or threaten the environment.The integral production does not require the elimination of the use of agricultural chemicals, but rather a reduction (or even exclusion in some cases) of production inputs with high impact on the environment, as SRO is a wide range of pesticides and fertilizers, and preferred application useful, as a safe alternative.As part of the integrated production of berries, special emphasis is given to:- Complete access system that covers the entire farm as a base unit;- The central role of agro-ecosystem;- Balanced nutrition cycle and- For the welfare of all species in animal agriculture.Biological, technical and chemical methods are carefully balanced, and they are taken into the amount of protection of the environment, profitability and social requirements.In terms of agro-technical and pomotechnical measures it involves intensive production, provided that the application of chemical agents is not applied completely, but preventive and based on the forecasting service. When it comes to nutrition, or fertilization, as necessary cropping intensity in this system of organizing production of berries, it must be adapted to the particular type, with the least disturbance to the peculiarities of breeding areas. The integral fruit production involves fertilizing based on soil fertility control, selection of species and varieties of fruit (depending on whether they are tolerant or resistant to major pests and disease-causing agents), selection of quality planting material, biological and mechanical measures to combat pathogens, pesticide use with green and yellow leaves, respecting the principle of harvesting, storage and preservation of fruits.



All this results in more rational investments, which are greatly reduced in comparison to all other concepts, since nothing is being done blindly, and the maximum effect, a co-products generated in this system possess the certificate and the mark after being recognized and achives higher price in the market as this concept production is economically sound.The integral production is a system of such an organizational form in which the whole property includes an elementary unit, which is integral-inclusive. This requires loving care of the land, maintain and increase of its fertility, strengthen the resistance of trees to pests and diseases, and the use of natural limiting factors for disease and pests.The integral production in a broader sense represents a step further in the development of Integrated Plant Protection, which favores the natural sources and regulators to combat pathogens, pests and weed species.Under the integrated control of pests it represents a raspberry production with the use of such tactics in order to maintain levels of pathogens below the economic threshold. This implies that the raspberry producer would use pesticides only as one of the tools in the overall program control raspberries. The integrated pest control is based on the identification of pests, precise measurement of their population, assessing the degree of damage, and knowledge about the available management strategies or tactics that allow specialists to bring intelligent control decisions. The concept of integrated production, the manufacturer must be able to recognize and seek symptoms of certain diseases or pests so as to set the correct diagnosis. Sometimes one disease manifests different symptoms (rust raspberry on front and back sheet). The concept of integrated production requires a constant improvement as raspberry and agronomists, and the monitoring of plants.The basic objectives of the integral pest control in the raspberry production are::

1. The integral pest control helps in maintaing the balance of the eco-system –each eco-system has a balance (actions of one tye of organisms usually reflect on the other). The introduction of chemicals in the ecosystem can change this balance, by destroying certain varities and enabling the dominaiton of others. The useful insects



which feed from the pests can be killed by the pesticides, thus leaveing less natural mechanisms for pest controls;

2. The pesticides may be ineffective pests may become resistant to pesticides. In fact, until today, over 600 cases of pests are recorded that have developed resistance to pesticides, including many common weeds, insects, and fungi that cause disease. Pests can survive in situations where chemicals do not reach them, they are washed, and when they are used in improper amount or are applied under unsuitable, improper, inadequate life stage, or stage of development;

3. The integral pest control may keep money- the application of the integral pest control may avoid the loss of fruit which can be caused by the pests, but also to avoid the unnecessary costs of the usage of pests;

4. The integral pest control promotes the health environment –the usage of the strategy of the integral pest control helps in maintaining the harmful effects on a minimal level in all the segments;

5. The integral pest control of raspberry keeps to the good image in the public –the integral pest control is implemented in the production of food (fruit, vegetable and cereals),through maintaining the pastures/ valleys,decorative plants, house protection and professional objects, all in terms for health protection of the people, domestic animals and envrionment.

The program of the integral pest control consists of three components:1. Identification of the problem and monitoring of the pest that provoke it;2. Selection of the best tactics for pest management;3. Evidence and evaluation in the control program.

Before making the right decisions, the raspberry producer need to know what is happening in his orchard. The identification of pests is especially important because it determines wheter it is about insects, weeds, plant diseases or vertebrates. The misidentification and lack of information about pest can cause the manufacturer to choose the wrong methods of control or an application at the wrong time (these are the most common causes of failure of pest control). Plants raspberries can be damaged by the non-living factors, such as weather



conditions, contaminated with air, inadequate and excessive use of fertilizers. The symptoms caused by one of these ways, are often associated with the symptoms caused by live pests.After identification of pests, as well as confirmation that it is the cause of damage, the manufacturer should be familiar with its life cycle, growth and reproductive habits. Integral control does not focus only on the pests, but the causes that increase their number, account should be taken that the factors that may affect the life cycle of pests, behavior or the ability to play (the temperature, cultivation practices, soil moisture).There are 4 main groups of pests: weeds (unwanted plants); invertebrates (insects, mites, ticks, spiders and snails); pathogens or pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes and other microbes) and vertebrates (birds, reptiles, rodents and other mammals).When it comes to integrated production raspberry it is defined as' 'the economical production of high quality fruits, giving priority to ecologically safer methods, which minimize unwanted foreign influences and the application of agrochemicals, in order to increase protection živorne environment and human health'.The principles of the integral production of raspberries are:

1. Integral production is aplied only fully / fully-integrated production is not only a combination of integrated pest management, and additional elements (fertilizers and agronomic measures), but relies on the regulation of ecological systems, it is important to the well-being of animals and the preservation of natural resources;

2. Extraordinary costs and adverse impacts are minimized-contamination of drinking water by nitrates and pesticides, and sediment erosion in groundwater imposes huge costs on society. These costs are not reflected in the budget for agriculture and spending must be reduced;

3. The entire farm is a unit of implementation of integral production-integral production focuses on the entire farm as a base unit. Important strategies such as a balanced diet cycles, crop rotation and ecological infrastructures, become significant only in situations when taking into account only for the whole farm.



4. Knowledge of farmers on integral production must be regularly updated-farmer's understanding, motivation and professional ability of farmers to meet the requirements of modern sustainable agriculture are closely connected with professional skills acquired and updated regular theoretical and practical training;

5. Stable agro-ecosystems must be preserved as key components-they are based on the planning and implementation of all activities on the farm, especially those with potential environmental impact. They represent the visible expression of the complete concept and provide natural resources and control components;

6. Cycles of nutrition should be balanced and the losses should be minimized-main goal is maximum reduction of loss of nutrients (eg. By rinsing), a cautious exchange on those quantities that remain on the treated area selling products, and those that recycle the farm materials;

7. The essential / interior soil fertility must be preserved and enhanced-fertility is a function of balanced physical properties of soil, chemical performance and level of biological activity. The land fauna is an important indicator of its fertility;

8. Integrated pathogenic organisms is the basis for decision execution protection of the culture-integrated pest management is applied to the harmful plant-eating species of animals, pathogens and weeds. Pest species are the ones that cause more losses than benefits.

9. The biological diversity must be supported-it includes diversity at the genetic, species and ecosystem. It is a pillar of stability of ecosystems, natural regulation factors and soil quality. Replacement of pesticides by factors of regulation can not be sufficiently achieved without the adequate biological diversity. Stable agro-ecosystems where flora and fauna are diversified provide important ecological services for farmers.

10. The overall quality of the product is an important feature of product quality sustainable agriculture-quality must be defined by the production, treatment and social criteria invisible to consumers and not only by the conventional external and internal quality parameters



of products. The farm items produced at a high level of overall quality exhibited not only by the standards of conventional and measurable parameters, such as external and internal quality, but must meet the requirements of high-quality features that are not visible to consumers (production quality (environmental quality), quality of animal breeding , possession, transport and slaughter procedures (ethical quality), and adequate working conditions of workers farm to the Charter of the International Labour Organisation (social quality)).

The guidelines of integral production are a set of clearly defined rules that details all what is essential for the production of fruit and which the manufacturer must comply:

1. The cultivation plan in terms of the following: choice (rating) places, the choice of type and variety, seedlings, breeding system, safety belt and regular maintenance of the plantation of raspberries;

2. Treatment of land where special emphasis is put on soil preparation for planting, planting technique, processing of row prosstora, hoeing tillage, fertilization and irrigation;

3. Regulation of growth and fertility is defined as the application of pomotechnical measures including the ban on growth regulators;

4. Protection of fruit trees is the most complex part of the principles of the integral production which is the control or monitoring of plantations, the regulation of the population of insect pests, protecting and encouraging the development of natural enemies of harmful biological agents, mechanical, biotechnology and chemical protection measures, safety and technical possibilities of the apparatus for the application of protective agents and the deadline for application of chemical agents.

5. The stock in the concept of integral production means determining the moment of harvest as well as its technical rules.

6. Requests in the management of the property include a record of all activities conducted as defined by the principles of integrated production by keeping the workbook.



5.1. System of produtcion and types in integral raspberry production

The ten main principles for integral protection of the raspberries are:1. Usage of only certified, solid seedling, possible, sorts which are resistant

to the current diseases;2. Choice of the most relevant soil and planting location (low acid pH 5,5 to

6,5, medium heavy, transparent and fertile soil, referred locations with a good air circulation);

3. Planting of seed (like corn, wheat, oat, bakcwheat or callendula) in the year precedding the planting, so as to increase the soil quality, and depending on the seedlings, the controlleds pests and weeds;

4. When possible to eliminate the wild raspberries and blackberries in the range of 200 meters due to the possible source of pests and diseases;

5. Optimal fertlization based on the soil analyses and recommendations of an expert;

6. Established efficient system of irrigation and optimal irrigation based on the soil moisture/ reccomendations of the expert ( exceeded quantity of water is not good for the plant and helps spreading the patogens);

7. Regular monitoring of the plants against diseases and pests;8. Vpruning for the increase in transparency and ventilation between plants

and cut off and burn the infected parts;9. Calculate the level of economic damage before the usage of the

chemicals;10. Use less tocix chemicals according to the instructions on the label.

In the integral production of raspberry special emphasis is placed on the growing conditions that each manufacturer must comply with. Schedule and location increment prepared for fruiting is a system of cultivation, because based on the positioning, the number of over-ground growth and vigor of the variety is determined by the spacing. The training system must provide uniform illumination all over the over-ground parts of raspberry, the development of high-quality fruit, even distribution of plant protection products in all parts of the overhead system and facilitated work for pruning and harvesting. The actual production must involve crop rotation, and it is



necessary to avoid those cultures which hosts the most important diseases and pests of raspberry. The manufacturer in integrated production must choose one breeding system to use herbicides reduced to a minimum.When selecting varieties for integral production, it is necessary to pay attention to the selection of those varieties of agent that require a minimum application of plant protection. Namely, it is necessary to choose varieties which provide a good general health products and that are resistant or tolerant to the most important, today, present diseases and pests of raspberries. Selected varieties need to satisfy certain conditions in the market (quality standards, including taste, appearance, shelf life, agronomic performance, minimum dependence on agro-chemicals). The recommended varieties of integrated production are: Prelude, Tulameen, Himba Top, Autumn Bliss. However, which variety will be chosen for cultivation depends on a range of other factors such as growing conditions and market needs.

5.2. Conventional vs integral production

The difference between the conventional and the integrated production is that at the conventional the income is on the first place, it does not serve much for the environment, the pesticides which are applied often remain in the soil and in the products and agro-technical resources are maximum used to obtain a higher yield.The key to success of conventional agriculture is the specialization of production, which manages to achieve very high yields with the help of machinery, chemicals, concentrates, newly created, and huge amounts of energy, which means high investment costs.The negative consequences of the conventional agriculture refer on the: human activity over the soil ( change in the pH value, less humus quantity, retain of the rest of pesticides and heavy metals in the soil, with which the number and relation of the micro-organisms in the soil is disturbed, and the increased concentration of the mineral elements in the surface waters). The main advntage of the conventional agriculture lies in its profitability, that is the production possibilities of huge quantities of organic mass per hectare,



which today represents the need of food for large number of people on the Earth. Due to the above given negative consequences it is ecologically unaccepted, because it leads to long-term and hardly corrected disturbances in the biological processes, destorys the flora and fauna of the water surface, the soil and air, and includes exaggerated and irational waste of the nonrenewable natural resources.Contrary to the conventional production, the integral production carefully dises all the agents like mineral fertlizers and pesticides. In this production the quanityt of pesticised does not exceed the allowed, weher at many it is only in traces, much less then the allowed. Integral concept in the fruit-growing is a production that respects the environment, and it is economically feasible to ensure sustainable production of biologically fully justified high quality fruits with minimal pesticide residues within them (residue), to promote and maintains the biological diversity, favoring the use of natural mechanisms of regulation when the protection against diseases and pests counts, to enrich and protect the long-term soil fertility and to minimize the pollution of water, air and soil.



5.3. Integral raspberry protection

The integral raspberry production forbids the very persistent herbicides (dikvat) , while the insecticides from the gruop of syntetic piretorids (cipermetrin) are allowed with limitations (mostly once per year), for damaging the aphides and trypsin.

a) Reccomended agro-technical measures for raspberry protection from pests :

Planting resilient types Botrytis cinerea, Elsinoë veneta, Didymella applanata, Phragmidium rubi-idea, Chrysomyxa albida

Solid sowing material Phytophora fragariae var. rubi, Phragmidium violaceum, Chrysomyxa albida, Septocyta ruborum

Planting on drained lots Phytophora fragariae var. rubi

Balanced nitrogen fertilizing Botrytis cinerea, Elsinoë veneta

Maintaining the transparency of the over-ground system

Botrytis cinerea, Elsinoë veneta, Didymella applanata

Pruning of the old offshoots after harvest and pruning of the infected offshoots

Elsinoë veneta, Didymella applanata

Avoiding planting near woods Anthonomus rubi

Digging of the raspberry Byturus tomentosus, Rosseliella theobaldi

Pruning and combusting the infected offshoots

Lasioptera rubi, Septocyta ruborum

a) Reccomended biological measures for raspberry protection from pests:

For the biological control of the Tetranychus urticae the Phytoseiulus persimilis should be added.

b) Reccomended biological measures for raspberry protection from pests,i.e. lists with allowed chemical agents in integral protection of the raspberries are given in the tables 1,2 and 3.



Table 1. Allowed fungicides in the integral raspberry productionName of the agent

Active substance Pest MBT* Note

Blauvit fluidi

Bakarhidroksid Didymella applanata

2 /

Cuprozin 35-WP

Bakarhidroksid Didymella applanata

2 /

Dional 500 SC

Iprodion Botrytis cinerea 1 /

Flint Trifloksistrobin Rhabdospora ramealis, Phragmidium rubi-idea, Phragmidium violaceum

3 /

Folicur Tebukonazol Rhabdospora ramealis, Phragmidium rubi-idea, Phragmidium violaceum

2 /

Malwin WG Kaptan Didymella applanata, Rhabdospora ramealis

2 /

Quadris Azoksistrobin Didymella applanata

3 /

Score Difenkonazol Didymella applanata, Rhabdospora ramealis, Phragmidium rubi-idea, Phragmidium violaceum

3 /

Signum Boskalid+piraklostrobin

Didymella applanata, Rhabdospora ramealis, Botrytis cinerea, Phragmidium rubi-idea, Phragmidium violaceum

3 /

Switch Ciprodinil+fludioksanil

Didymella applanata,

3 /



Rhabdospora ramealis, Botrytis cinerea

Teldor SC 500

Fenheksamid Botrytis cinerea 4 /*MBT-maximum number of concotion tretments during the year on the same loti

Table 2. Allowe insecticides and acaricides in the integral raspberry productionName of the agent

Active substance

Pest MBT* Note

Calypso 480 SC

Tiakloprid Byturus urbanus 2 /

Kumulus WG

Sumpor Tetranychus urticae, Neotetranychus rubi, Eriophyes gracilis

3:6 MBT before start of vegetation vegetacije-6;MBT treatment after vegetation-3

Kiron Fenpiroksimat Tetranychus urticae, Neotetranychus rubi, Eriophyes gracilis

1 /

MASAI Tebufenpirad Tetranychus urticae, Neotetranychus rubi, Eriophyes gracilis

1 /

MICULA Oil seed rape Resseliella theobaldi, Lasioptera rubi

1 /

Mospilan SG

Acetamipirid Resseliella theobaldi, Lasioptera rubi

2 /

Promanal Neu

Mineral oil Tetranychus urticae, Neotetranychus rubi, Eriophyes gracilis

1 /

PIRIMAX (sin. Pirimor)

Pirimikarb Scale insects 2 /

STEWARD Indoksakarb Notocelia uddmannian

1 /

Vertimec Abamektin Tetranychus 2 /



Pro urticae, Neotetranychus rubi, Eriophyes gracilis

*MBT-maximum number of concoction treatment during the year on the same plot

Table 3. Allowed herbicides for usage at the raspberry plotName of the gent

Active substance

Type of weeds MBT* Note

Basta Glufosinat Wide leaf weeds 1 /Devrinol Napropamid Wide leaf weeds 1 /Flexidor Izoksaben Wide leaf weeds 1 /Fusilade MAX

Fluazifop-P-butil

Narrow leaf weed 1 /

Kerb FLO,Setanta FLO

Propizamid Narrow leaf weed 1 /

Quickdown Piraflufen Narrow leaf weed 1 /Stomp Aqua

Pendimatalin Wide leaf weeds 1 /

Spectrum (sin. Frontier super)

Dimetenmaid-P

Wide leaf weeds 1 /

*MBT- maximum number of concoction treatment during the year on the same plot



6. Conclusion

The production of beryr fruit, in particular raspberries is one of the most important branches of agriculture, due to the quick return on investment. The manufacturer with a very small investment in a relatively short time period can expect a refund, but also the first profit.Until recently, the conventional raspberry production was mostly dominant, with the use of agro-technical measures and pomotechnical measure and the application of protective agents. However, in recent times the application of integrated production of berries is more emphasiezed, as well as the production of raspberries.The main goal of integrated production is to promote production systems that respect the environment, which are economically viable and supported by multiple functions of agriculture, namely its social, cultural and recreational aspects; to ensure the sustainable production of healthy berry fruits of high quality with minimal pesticide residues; to protect the health of agricultural producers during handling agricultural chemicals; to promote and maintain a high biological diversity in the field of production and the environment; it also favors the use of natural regulating mechanisms to preserve and promote long-term soil fertility and to minimize pollution of water, soil and air.These are the reasons why in recent times the cultivation of raspberries is very emphasized in the integrated production system, because in this way higher yield is achieved, which is of higher quality ('' healthy food '') with minimal disruption of the ecosystem.



7. References

Adnan Maličević, Asad Jelešković (2016): Modern technology of growing raspberries in accordance with the principles of integral production. Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Office Balkans; Project: Building trust through rural development.

Guidelines for Integrated Production of berry fruit, Bulletin IOBC/wprs, Book48, 2009. year

Kulina, М., Popović, R., Radović, Mirjana, Popović, G., Kojović, R. (2012): Pomological and chemical characteristics of the fruits of some cultivars raspberries grown in terms of Bratunac. Third International Scientific Symposium "Agrosym 2012". Proceedings, pp. 178-182. Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Mirsad Kurtović, Adnan Maličević, Muhamed Palačkić (2012): Guide for the production of berry fruits. Reproduction center of berry fruit, Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Mišić. P., Nikolić M. (2003): Berry fruit, Institute for Agricultural Research Serbia, Belgrade.

Producers' Alliance of berries in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2015): Guidelines for integrall production of fruits.

http://berryfruit.ba/portal/images/aktuelnosti/2015/smjernice%20za%20IP_final_latinica.pdf

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