1. Introduction

2. Fact or Fiction?

3. Emotional Development

4. Parents

5. Becoming Boys and Girls

6. Closing Thoughts

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Introduction

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[Video: Socioemotional DevelopmentIntroduction]

Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact

1. Most young children underestimate their own abilities.

2. Permissive parenting is almost always the most destructive parental style.

3. Physical aggression increases as children mature, while verbal aggression declines.

4. The idea that some gender differences are biologically based is becoming less well accepted with each passing year.

Cognitive Development

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Psychosocial Crises

What allows for emotional development during Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt?

Emotional Regulation

Initiative versus Guilt

Self concept

Motivation

Possible as limbic system connects with prefrontal cortex

Understanding who you are in relationship to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits

Preschool children mostly “intrinsically” motivated with a drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from within

initiative vs guilt: Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

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Psychopathology

What is the relationship between emotional regulation and psychopathology in children?Externalizing problems Internalizing problems

• turning emotions and distress inward• difficulty with emotional regulation• excessively feeling guilt, shame, worthlessness

• lashing out at others or breaking things• difficulty with emotional regulation• expression of powerful feelings • uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts

psychopathology: An illness or disorder of the mind.

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Empathy and Antipathy

How do children show aggression?

The Four Forms of AggressionType of Aggression Definition Comments

Instrumental aggression Hurtful behavior that is aimed at gaining something (such as a toy, a place in line, or a turn on the swing) that someone else has

Often increases from age 2 to 6; involves objects more than people; quite normal; more egocentric than antisocial

Reactive aggressionAn impulsive retaliation for a hurt (intentional or accidental) that can be verbal or physical

Indicates a lack of emotional regulation, characteristic of 2-year-olds. A 5-year-old can

usually stop and think before reacting

Relational aggression Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and others

Involves a personal attack and thus is directly antisocial; can be very hurtful; more common as children become socially aware

Bullying aggressionUnprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

In both bullies and victims, a sign of poor emotional regulation; adults should intervene before the school years

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Empathy and Antipathy

[Video: Learning Emotional Display Rules: The Disappointing Gift]

Parenting Styles

What are four basic parenting styles?

Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Neglectful/Uninvolved

• High behavior standards

• Strict punishment of misconduct

• Little communication

• Sets limits but listens

• Flexible

• High nurturance and communication

• Little discipline, guidance, or controlof misconduct

• Indifference• Unaware of what

happens in child’slife

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No interaction Active play0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35Percent of intervals

TV off

TV on

What happens when the television is on?

The Challenge of Media

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How do theorists explain sex and gender differences in young children?

Theories of Gender Differences

sex differences: Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body types.

gender differences: Differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by the culture.

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Becoming Boys and Girls Theories of Gender Differences What is your argument? What could be a

counterargument?

Statement: Girls tend to play in small groups, with one or two friends, while boys tend toplay in larger, less intimate groups.

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Gender and Destiny What gender patterns should children learn?

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Closing Thoughts

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What would you identify as the important milestones and lessons young children learn about their feelings and relationships with the people in their lives?

Describe an important socioemotional development during early childhood.