1 intro motor control

7/29/2019 1 Intro Motor Control

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*Motor Skill – the ability to execute movement in an

optimal fashion

*Motor behavior study is trying to find out how motor

skill is produce.

MOTOR BEHAVIOR

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT MOTOR CONTROL M.LEARNING

INTRODUCTION OF MOTOR BEHAVIOR



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• Motor development is the the study of changes in

motor behavor which reflect the interaction of the

maturation & the environment

• Motor Control is the study of the neural , physical

and behavioral aspects of movement. Primary

neurological implication of movement.

• Motor Learning refer to the relatively permanent

gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience.



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Perbezaan Kawalan M. Perkembangan M. & Pembelajaran M.

Kawalan Motor Perkembangan.M Pembelajaran M

Mekanisme sistem

biologi yg

menghasilkan

lakuan motor

Perubahan

keupayaan kawalan

pergerakan dan

prestasi motor yg berlaku sepanjang

hayat.

-Perubahan = hasil

proses semulajadi spttumbesaran,

kematangan penuaan

Kajian mengenai

pergerakan manusia

yg berfokus kepada

perubahan dari segikeupayaan kawalan

dan prestasi motor

(kekal) yg berlaku

hasil praktis danlatihan



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INTRODUCTION TO MOTOR

CONTROL

• “The study of posture and movement and the

mechanisms that underlie them’ (Rose,1997)

• All movement and posture, irrespective of quality

are expression of motor control.



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Jenis – Jenis Lakuan Motor

1.Lakuan motor tanpa kemahiran (involuntari)

– Dihasilkan secara luar kawalan, pelaku tidak mampu

memilih/memodifikasikan lakuan yg terhasil (cth..)

2.Lakuan motor berkemahiran (voluntari)

– Lakuan secara sedar/dalam kawalan, pelaku memilih

dan menentukan ss pergerakan (cth..)



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THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL

1. Reflex Theories

1. (Sherrington, 1857 – 1952)

2. Behaviorists (Skinner ; 1938; Thorndike, 1927)

2. Hierarchical Theories (Hughlings Jackson ,

1850; Keele, 1968, Schmidt, 1991)

3. Dynamic System Theory (Bernstein, 1967)



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REFLEX THEORY (Sherrington)

• Sherrington considered thereflex

to be thefoundamental unit of motor control

• Sherrington (1906) “the outcome of the normal reflex

action of the organism is an orderly coadjustment and

sequence of reaction” • Basic assumption :

– physical events occurring in the environment served as

the stimulus for action, triggering a chain of individual

reflex circuits that responsible for producing amovement response



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WEAKNEES OF REFLEX THEORIES

• Cannot explain voluntary movement - require us

to anticipate changes in the environment

• inability to account for movement performed in

the absence of sensory feedback (sensoryfeedback is not essential for the execution of all

movement)



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HIERARCHICAL THEORY

( Hugling Jackson, 1950)

• Assume that all aspects of movement planning and

execution are the sole responsibility of one or more

cortical center representing the highest command

level within the hierarchy of the CNS

• ** Higher cortical centers command lower center to

carry out prescribed movement



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• Model :

– Hugglings Jackson (1850) - “Top - Down

“(Hiterarchical Model - Greene, 1972) – Keele(1968) - Motor program(a set of muscle command

that are structured before a movement sequence begins).

– Smith (1991) - Generalized Motor Program (GMP) is

more abstract in structure and can be applied to a broader range of movements and can be alter or

modified. Reduces number of programs one must store

in memory. Ability to achieve the same movement

outcome using different muscle group (motor equivalence)



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DYNAMIC SYSTEM THEORY (Bernstein, 1967)

(Action System Theory)

• Environment as an important source of imformation for action.

*Motor behavior is self organized. Its result from theinteraction of subsystem (neurological, biological,

musculosketal

*How Movement are controlled:

– Relationship between the performer and the environmentin the planning and control of action (intentions of the

performer and constraints imposed by the environment)



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DST differs from others theories:

1.Role of environment as an important source of information for action

2.Motor behavior is self organized (do not believe

that any such rigidly defined cortical mechanism is

solely responsible for controlling action)

3.Greater role played by lower control centers

provide a mechanism for automatic postural

adjustments that accompany a number of voluntary

movement



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TAJUK PERBINCANGAN

1. APAKAH ITU PEMBELAJARAN MOTOR

2. APAKAH PERBEZAAN ANTARA

PEMBELAJARAN MOTOR, KAWALAN MOTOR,

PERKEMBANGAN MOTOR DAN

TINGKAHLAKU MOTOR 3. BAGAIMANA PEMBELAJARAN MOTOR

DAPAT MEMBANTU GURU / JURULATIH

DALAM MENGAJAR SESUATU KEMAHIRAN

1 intro motor control

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