1 international marine and offshore engineering conference use of solar energy as an application of...
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International Marine and Offshore Engineering Conference
Use of Solar Energy as an Application of Renewable Energy on board Ferries between Saudi Arabia and Egypt
BY:Eng. Faisal Mohammed Al Jarboa
B.SC. (ENG.)
Authors:
Faisal M. I. Al Jarboa1 and Mohamed M. El Gohary2,3
1 Saudi Ports Authority - General Directorate of Marine Affairs2Maritime studies collage, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia Kingdom3Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Main points
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Introduction Introduction
• Over the last 25 years, there has been increasing public concern over the nature and composition of the combustion by-products that are emitted from engine exhaust gases.
• The greatest attention was given to petrol engines because in their original form, these engines, excluding smoke or particulates, produced significantly higher emissions than diesel engines.
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Fossil fuel emissions
• Carbon dioxide [CO2]
• Carbon monoxide [Co]
• Oxides of nitrogen [NOX]
• Sulphur Oxides [SOX]
IMO Regulations• The main regulations of IMO includes reduction in sulphur oxide (SOx),
nitrogen oxide (NOx), CO, CO2 emissions from ships.
• Progressive reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from marine engines were also agreed, with the most stringent controls on so-called "Tier III" engines, i.e. those installed on ships constructed on or after 1 January 2016, operating in Emission control Areas.
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Date of limit application Sulphur limits in fuel)%(
SECA Global
by June 2010 1.5 4.5
by July 2010 1.0
2012 3.5
2015 0.1
2020 or 2025 0.5
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Renewable energy sources• Renewable energy is energy generated from natural
resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable.
• Renewable energy sources include:
1. Solar energy 2. Wind power 3. Ocean Energy ( Tidal Power , Wave Power , Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion , Hydropower ) 4. Bio fuel (Liquid bio fuel , Solid biomass , Biogas )5. Geothermal energy
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Solar energy
• The majority of renewable energy technologies are powered by the sun which can be called solar energy.
• Economics are crucial to the success of any new energy utilization system, and solar energy technologies are no exception.
• At present, development of such technologies is in the stage in which prices are still coming down rapidly.
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Solar energy applicationsSolar energy can be applied in many ways, including to:• Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells. • Generate electricity using concentrating solar power
and solar towers. • Generate hydrogen using photoelectrochemical cells. • Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space
heating needs using solar-thermal panels. • Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar
building design. • Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens. • Solar air conditioning
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Types of solar energy
• Photovoltaic energy (PV)• Crystalline silicon • Thin film • Concentrators
• Thermal Solar energy
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Photovoltaic energy (PV)
Photovoltaic cell
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Types of Photovoltaic energy (PV)Crystalline silicon
• Crystalline silicon cells are quite widely used in most solar power plants.
• These types of cells contain two layers, positive layer and negative layer just like in most semiconductors.
• Positive layer exist on the top side whereas negative layer exists on button.
• Electric field is created within these layers.
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Crystalline silicon PV
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Thin film • The percent of the photovoltaic products is the thin
film cells is 12 %, which are typically used in low power (lower than 50 W) and consumer electronics applications.
• The materials used are all strong light absorbers and only need to be about 1 micron thick.
• Thin films are potentially cheaper than crystalline silicon because of their lower materials costs and larger size.
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Thin film
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Concentrators
• In concentrator cells light is concentrated using lens to fall on solar cells to produce maximum energy as possible.
• By using concentrator cells lights intensity is increase by targeting on certain area, which in result increases electricity production.
• Most of concentrator cells produced these days are made up of crystalline silicon material.
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Concentrators
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Solar thermal electric power plants
• The second type of solar energy is solar thermal energy. Solar energy can be focused on a heat exchanger, and converted in a heat engine to produce electric power or applied to other industrial processes.
• Solar collectors are the heart of most solar energy systems. The idea of the thermal collector is that dark surface is exposed to solar radiation to absorbs the sun's radiation falling on it and transfer it into another fluid .
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Solar thermal electric power plants
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Main types of solar collector
• Flat-plate collectors• Coated collectors• Evacuated-tube collectors
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Case study specifications
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Technical specifications of Riyadh catamaran ferry ship
Length overall 88.0 meters
Length (waterline) 77.3 meters
Beam (moulded) 24.0 meters
Hull depth (moulded) 8.25 meters
Hull draft (maximum) 4.3 meters
Passengers 1,200
Crew 18
Vehicles 120 cars
Maximum deadweight 555 tonnes
Main engines 4 x MTU 20V 8000 M71R4 x 7,200 kW @ 1,150 rpm
Speed 34 knot
Generators 4 * 244 kw @ 1500 RPM
Classification Germanischer Lloyd with HSC Code
Fuel 160,000 liters
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Using solar photovoltaic on board Riyadh
catamaran ferry ship
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Sun Power crystalline silicon 300 W Solar Panel
Electrical data for 300 watt panel
Photovoltaic Panel Performance
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Current voltage characteristics for PV panels
• From the case study bridge deck the available area presented in yellow color is 1288.42 m2 as shown in the following Figure and assuming the solar radiation in red sea is 1000 W/m2. Therefore, from 300 solar panel specifications; peak power per unit area is 184 watt/unit area.
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Available ship area at Bridge deck
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Different Photo voltaic systems efficiencies at different years
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Annually generators fuel consumption
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100
200
300
400
500
600
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500Ptot[kw]
m_g
enco
nsu
m[t
on
/yea
r]Ntrip = 3 Ntrip=6 ntrip=7
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Annually fuel saving at different number of trips per week
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Ptot[kw]
m_fs
av[t
on
/year]
Ntip=3 Ntrip=6 Ntrip=7
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Reduced emissions and fuel consumption using photovoltaic energy
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Year Area available
[m2]
PV Power[kW]
PV cost [$/watt]
Annually Cost saving[$/year]
2005 1288 237.1 3 ------
2010 1288 280 2.5 90,000
2015 1288 298 1.9 102,600
PV System Summary
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ConclusionsConclusions
• For available ship area 1288 m2, the PV systems gives 237.1 kW.
• This will save 303 ton/year in diesel generators fuel consumption.
• For the same area, it will give 298 kW in 2015.
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ConclusionsConclusions
• Applying solar energy system has a lot of advantages which include reducing fuel consumption for ships , reducing the pollutant emissions which goes out into the atmosphere , and saving the running costs. The use of solar collectors reduce the SOx, NOx,and CO2 emissions by 48 % for generators emissions which is the gain of the current study.
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Thank you for attention……