1-industry overview (tdp-101).pdf
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IndustryOverview
INTRODUCTION
TO
HVAC
Technical Development Program
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Technical Development Programs (TDP) are modules of technical training on HVAC theory,
system design, equipment selection and application topics. They are targeted at engineers and
designers who wish to develop their knowledge in this field to effectively design, specify, sell or
apply HVAC equipment in commercial applications.
Although TDP topics have been developed as stand-alone modules, there are logical group-
ings of topics. The modules within each group begin at an introductory level and progress toadvanced levels. The breadth of this offering allows for customization into a complete HVAC
curriculum from a complete HVAC design course at an introductory-level or to an advanced-
level design course. Advanced-level modules assume prerequisite knowledge and do not review
basic concepts.
This TDP provides a general overview of the commercial HVAC industry, providing an
awareness of: the design process; participants in the design and construction process; documents
involved in construction; a typical timeline of activities in the design and construction process;
and how these activities are influenced by the different participants in the process. This industry
is also influenced by regulatory agencies and legal concerns that are important to designers of
HVAC systems.
2005 Carrier Corporation. All rights reserved.
The information in this manual is offered as a general guide for the use of industry and consulting engineers in designing systems.Judgment is required for application of this information to specific installations and design applications. Carrier is not responsiblefor any uses made of this information and assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any resulting systemdesign.
The information in this publication is subject to change without notice. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmit-ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of CarrierCorporation.
Printed in Syracuse, NY
CARRIER CORPORATION
Carrier ParkwaySyracuse, NY 13221, U.S.A.
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Table of ContentsIntroduction......................................................................................................................................1 Participants.......................................................................................................................................3 Equipment Supplier Organizations ..................................................................................................5 Industry Associations.......................................................................................................................6 Legal Concerns ................................................................................................................................7
Delivery Methods ..........................................................................................................................10Plans and Specifications (Plan and Spec) .................................................................................. 11Design-Build (D-B) ................................................................................................................... 12Construction Management (CM) ............................................................................................... 13Performance Contracting ........................................................................................................... 13
Typical Projects .............................................................................................................................13HVAC Systems..............................................................................................................................15 HVAC Products .............................................................................................................................17 Summary........................................................................................................................................18 Work Session .................................................................................................................................19 Work Session Answers ..................................................................................................................25
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 27References.................................................................................................................................. 30
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Introduction to HVAC
1
Introduction
The HVAC (Heating,
Ventilating, Air Condition-ing) industry is a large and
mature industry that serves
many markets. In fact, based
on the Commercial Buildings
Energy Consumption Survey
(CBECS) it is estimated that
there were 4,859,000 com-
mercial buildings with 71.6
billion square feet of floor
space in the United States in
2003. Table 1 summarizes
the number of buildings andfloorspace based on market
segment.
Table 2 further describes
these 4.9 million buildings by
size. Looking at the table, we
can see that over 50 percent
of the buildings are between
1,000 and 5,000 square feet
and only 1.5 percent are
above 100,000 square feet.
Table 1
Number of Buildings and Floorspace byPrincipal Building Activity, 2003
Number of
Buildings
(thousands)
% ofTotal
Total
Floorspace
(million ft2)
% ofTotal
All Bui ld ings 4,859 - 71,658 -
Education 386 8.0 9,874 13.7
Food Sales 226 4.7 1,255 1.8
Food Service 297 6.0 1,654 2.3
Health Care 129 2.7 3,163 4.4
Lodging 142 2.9 5,096 7.1
Mercantile 657 13.5 11,192 15.6
Office 824 17.0 12,208 17Public Assembly 277 5.7 3,939 5.5
Public Order and Safety 71 1.5 1,090 1.5
Religious Worship 370 7.6 3,754 5.2
Service 622 12.8 4,050 5.7
Warehouse and Storage 597 12.3 10,078 14.0
Other 79 1.6 1,738 2.40
Vacant 182 3.7 2567 3.8
Table 2
Number of Buildings and Floorspaceby Size of Building, 2003 (Preliminary)
Number ofBuildings
(thousands)
% ofTotal
TotalFloorspace(million ft
2)
% ofTotal
All Bui ld ings 4,859 - 71,658 -
1,001 to 5,000 2,585 53.2 6,922 9.7
5,001 to 10,000 948 19.5 7,033 9.8
10,001 to 25,000 810 16.7 12,659 17.7
25,001 to 50,000 261 5.4 9,382 13.1
50,001 to 100,000 147 3.0 10,291 14.4
100,001 to 200,000 74 1.5 10,217 14.3
200,001 to 500,000 26 0.5 7,494 10.5
Over 500,000 8 0.1 7,660 10.7
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Introduction to HVAC
2
The HVAC market can be looked
at or segmented in different ways.This review can be based on the age
of the building, the use of the build-
ing, the type of equipment or system,
or the contracting arrangement. Theexisting building market is typicallytwo to three times the size of the new
construction market.
The new construction market consists of projects in which the HVAC system is installedwhen the building is originally constructed. This market includes projects in which the shell of
the building is constructed separately, with the HVAC system and other finish work installed later
under separate contracts after the tenants and their specific needs are identified.
The existing construction market
is usually identified as therenovation
or replacement market. It includes
system replacement projects, in
which the air conditioning system re-
places a previously installed system,
and equipment replacement projects
in which some or all of the majorequipment is replaced. This market
also includes projects in which the air
conditioning system is installed many
years after the building is constructed
and no specific provisions were made
for its installation.
Figure 1
By Building Age
Figure 2
B Sco e o Work
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Where market segment is based
upon building usage, the customary
commercial market segments include
offices, schools, manufacturing, retail,
healthcare, lodging, and other, which
includes entertainment, correctional
facilities, religious buildings, airports,
warehouses, etc.
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
y
uilding
Usage
of arket
Other30
Public Order
and
Safety 1
Public Assembly 6
Figure
By Building Usage
Office 17
Mercantile 13
Education 8
ood Sales and
Service 11
Where market segment is based upon contracting arrangement, the segments can be design
build, plan and specification plan and spec), or construction management. In design-build work,
the design and the construction are provided by the same organization. In plan-and-specification
work, a design organization performs the design and creates design documents called plans and
specifications) that are then used by a separate contractor organization to construct the building.
In construction management work, a third party oversees the design and construction activi
ties to reduce risk and insure project completion, schedule, and cost.
articipants
Many different entitles are m
volved in a typical construction
project. Their usual relationships are
shown in Figure 4
n owner
provides the money to
construct a project, and assumes most
of
the financial risk.
eveloper
pro
vides the concept and the business
plan, and usually manages the overall
project. The owner and developer
functions are frequently provided by
the same organization and referred to
as the Owner/Developer.
Introduction to HVAC
Figure 4
Typical Construction Project Organization
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
The prime contractor
s
usually responsible for coordinating all construction activity and
other contractual items relating to project cost and timing. Large or critical projects are frequently
constructed on a
fast track schedule
when the major equipment is purchased and the construction
work is begun before the overall project design is completed. These projects may have a project
manager
or a
construction manager.
A project manager coordinates the entire project including
both design and construction work. A construction manager coordinates the construction activi
ties that must begin before the prime contract is awarded and continues until the project is
complete. Large developers and general contractors usually have project or construction man
agement departments that operate independently
of
their normal business.
n architect provides the building design services for the project. The design of the HVAC
structural electrical plumbing and other trades is provided by
engineers
in each specialty by
contract with the architect. f hese engineers are employed by the architect the architect becomes
an Architect/Engineer.
Contractors provide the construction work. The contract for a prime contractor is a purchase
commitment from the owner or developer. A
subcontractor
has a contract with the prime con
tractor
or
a higher-level subcontractor. The prime contractor usually assumes responsibility for all
work at the job site performs some
of
the work with his own employees and provides the rest
of
the work through use of subcontractors.
A
general contractor
is usually the prime contractor on a project.
f
he majority of the work
is of a special nature such as replacement of air conditioning the mechanical contractor may
serve as the prime contractor with the general contractor becoming a subcontractor to the me
chanical contractor.
The general contractor usually performs the work of constructing the building shell such as
foundations masonry and concrete work. The mechanical contractor electrical contractor and
automatic controls contractors are typical subcontractors. Subcontractors also perform some
work and arrange for other items through additional subcontractors . The test and balance subcon
tractor may work for the HVAC subcontractor who works for the mechanical subcontractor who
works for the prime contractor etc.
The construction contract usually includes the commissioning
or
startup phase
of
a project. A
commissioning agent or contractor is sometimes employed directly by the owner to provide a
more objective effort to identify and correct errors
mad
e during construction.
Test nd balance
contractors are specialists in measuring air and water flows and checking the performance
of
equipment after it is placed in service. The startup
of
some equipment especially chillers and
boilers is performed by or supervised by a representative of the manufacturer who is expected to
be
most familiar with the proper procedures.
The building operations manager is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the
HVAC system. This is usually done by contract with a building management service on small
buildings. Large buildings usually have a full-time HVAC operation and maintenance staff on
site.
Service contractors provide either preventative maintenance or emergency repairs after the
system is in operation. Most construction contracts provide a 12-month warranty period. The
construction contractor must correct all failures or deficiencies which are identified during the
warranty period without charge.
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Equipment Supplier Organizations
Every HVAC product is produced by a manufacturer and sold to an end user. The end user
is the person or entity that finally pays for and uses the product, such as a homeowner or a shop-
ping center operator. Some end users
have enough purchase volume to jus-
tify a direct purchase relationship
between the manufacturer and the end
user, but most users are better served
by purchasing the equipment through
a supply chain which can furnish the
marketing, warehousing, installation
and service functions which are re-
lated to the purchase. Some of the
common supply chain organizations
are shown in Figure
5
Manufacturers provide design,
production and marketing (product
concept, advertising, sales literature,
etc.) for their products. Sometimes
they maintain warehouses for finished
products or provide their own sales
staff, but an equipment supplier
usually provides these functions in the
local sales area.
Manufacturer
Design, Production, Marketing
Warehouse
Sales
Representative
Figure 5
Direct Sales
HV C Equipment Suppliers
Distributor
Sales Marketing
Equipment suppliers handle the sale
of
equipment for a project. The supplier may
be
a direct
sales office of the manufacturer, or a manufacturer
s
representative, who is an independently
owned company that typically sells several different types
of
equipment made by several different
manufacturers. A typical manufacturer' s representative may sell pumps from one manufacturer,
fans from another, etc.
A
distributor
buys equipment in large quantities from a manufacturer, and resells them to
dealers or independent contractors. Distributors tend to emphasize the products
of
one manufac-
turer and provide warehousing
of
products, marketing and training for their dealers. Some
distributors are independently owned, while some are owned by manufacturers.
Dealers
are independently owned contractors who are franchised
by
distributors to install
equipment purchased from the distributor. The franchise arrangement may require the dealer to be
exclusive, in which case they buy all their equipment from one distributor in return for marketing,
training and financial assistance from that distributor.
Introduction
to HVAC
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Industry Associations
Industry associations are formed to provide cooperative solutions to industry wide problems
that are best solved by collective effort. The following associations are typical of those involving
the VAC industry.
SHR E (American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration and Air Condi
tioning Engineers) is primarily
concerned with creating information
for the design of projects. They pub
lish the ASHRAE Handbook and
create many of the recommended
minimum standards, which influence
project design.
@
RI (Air Conditioning and Re
frigeration
In
stitute) is primarily
concerned with creating standards for
testing and rating the various types
of
equipment. Equipment ratings, which Figure
6
American Society
of
Heating,
Refrigerating and ir
Conditioning
l l ~ Air Conditioning
~
U
Refrigeration Institute
f : M
National Fire
l JProtection Association
NFPA
Iii:\
Underwriters'
\: :J Laboratories
International
Code Council
L\
ff l l \lll IX
U.
cout:w
t:xue
are ARI certified, are
mor
e likely to
Industry ssoci ions
be correct and less likely -to be mis-
leading. ARI also provides marketing statistics for air conditioning equipment manufacturers.
NFP
(National Fire Protection Association) addresses building fire and smoke concerns, in
cluding fire and smoke dampers, duct and equipment construction materials and range hood
exhaust systems.
U (Underwriters Laboratories) is a non-profit organization divided into two parts. The first
section develops standards for the design and testing of product safety. These standards are
widely accepted as the benchmarks to be used in product safety testing. The second section ofUL
s responsible for certification
of
products to the safety standards. Products may be tested by
UL
for certification
ar
e listed in the
UL
directory and bear the
UL
label. Products tested to
UL
stan
dards by an organization other than UL, such as CSA (Canadian Standards Association) , AGA
(American Gas Association), and Intertech (ETL) are called
UL
accepted and are listed in that
organization s directory and bear the label
of
the listing organization.
UL
may also test products
for specific applications that are not listed in its directory. These products are known as
UL recognized products. Local code officials generally accept the testing of these agencies to UL
standards as meeting the requirements for safety testing.
The International Code Council (ICC) is a non-profit association
of
building code officials
who develop building safety, energy efficiency, and fire prevention codes used for residential and
commercial construction. ICC has replaced other model code writing agencies such as Building
Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA), Southern Building Codes Congress (SBCC), and the
International Conference of Building Code Officials (ICBCO). The ICC model code is now used
as the basis
of
most all state and local building energy codes.
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
egal oncerns
The importance of legal issues to an equipment supplier depends upon the amount
of
money
involved and the organizational relationship of the HYAC supplier on the particular project. The
responsibilities
of
the supplier must be clearly identified.
The construction and operation
of
a building must be in accordance with the applicable local
and state building codes. These codes are usually based upon one
of
the model codes such as
ICC, which are written and sponsored by various associations of building code officials. The Na
tional Electric Code NEC) is an example
of
a model code, which
is
written by an industry
association. Codes also include reference
standards
which are written by industry associations
such as
ASHRAE and ARI. ASHRAE Standard 15 , for example, is the refrigeration safety stan
dard that governs the design and installation of refrigeration systems. A model code or a reference
standard becomes part
of
the state or local building code when it is legally adopted by the appro
priate governing body The designer is responsible for meeting the elements of the design codes,
the contractor for meeting the construction elements
of
the codes, etc. The equipment supplier
is
generally responsible for meeting
HY
AC equipment safety codes. This responsibility is absolute
when the construction documents identify the codes that must be met and when the purchase or
der for the equipment requires that the equipment be furnished in compliance with the
construction documents.
The official having jurisdiction is the government official who is responsible for enforcement
of
the code item being considered. This official may be the fire marshal, the building inspector,
etc. Their interpretation of a code item is final, and they have the authority to enforce their deci
sion by refusing to issue a certificate of occupancy for the building, which is necessary before the
building can be placed in use.
The HVAC systems are addressed
in a number
of
building construction
codes, mainly relating
to
life safety,
layout, design features, and perform
ance energy conservation). Across the
United States, the International Code
Council s family of publications has
been adopted almost universally. t is
safe to say that familiarity with the
International Building Code IBC),
International Mechanical Code IMC),
International Energy Conservation
Code IECC), and International Fire
Code IFC) will cover most
of
the
code-related requirements for HYAC
systems. See Figure
7
Always verify
your general understanding of the code
requirements with the specific project
program before finalizing system se
lection or closing out a design phase.
Introduction to HVAC
Figure
Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
R
eproduced with p
er
mission of I
CC.
ll rights reserve
d.
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Figure 8 shows the relationships
involved in building codes.
Licenses and pem1its for work at
the
job
site are usually obtained by the
contractors. The equipment supplier
is
generally not responsible unless job
site labor is included and a special
license is required for this labor.
The construction documents for a
project are prepared by the designers
of the project, and include the plans
(drawings) and specifications. Archi
tects and engineers who are properly
registered by the local authorities to
perform such work must sign the con- Figure
struction documents for large projects.
Legal Issues
-
Codes
Equipment specifications and equip-
Equipment
Manufacturer
ment selection criteria are included in the construction documents for plan and specification
projects, but may be issued separately for design-build projects.
Rather than copying the entire codes and reference standards that apply to a project, a typical
specification will simply state that all equipment must comply with the requirements related to
th
at item. The codes and reference standards for a project are usually listed at the beginning
of
each major section
of
the specifications.
An
addendum is
a change or addition to the construction documents for a project. Adden
dum
1
might change the capacity
of
a chiller, for example, and Addendum 2 might add an
electronic variable speed drive to the air-handling unit. Failure to identify addendums and include
the changes in a quotation for the project may result in the delivery
of
the wrong equipment to the
job. The resulting expense and construction delay will create a very difficult situation for every
one involved.
A
contract
is the legal agreement between the participants on a project. A contract can be
created by the purchaser writing a purchase order that identifies the conditions
of
the sale. Accep
tance
of
this purchase order
by
a vendor constitutes an agreement by the seller to all
of
these
conditions. A contract can also be created by the supplier making a proposal (an offer to sell),
which identifies the conditions
of
the sale. Acceptance
of
this proposal
by
a buyer constitutes an
agreement by the buyer to all
of
these conditions. The terms and conditions
of
proposals and pur
chase orders include the fine print, which is usually on the back
of
the first page. Contractors
and equipment suppliers who do a lot
of
business together usually agree upon a standard proposal
and purchase order format.
change notice
is a revision to the contract between the owner and the prime contractor. A
change notice may include the changes resulting from several addenda that have been issued by
the designers
of
the project. For example, Change Notice 1 may include Addenda
1
3, 4, and 9,
while Change Notice 2 may include Addenda 2 and 5 through 8. Some addenda are issued, but
never incorporated into the project because the cost
is
excessive or for some other reason.
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HVAC
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IN USTRY OVERVIEW
Submittals and approvals are required for large projects, in order t confirm that the equip
ment being furnished is in accordance with the plans and specifications. The submittal and
approval requirements are described in the project specifications. The equipment being submitted
may have been the basis of design, which is the exact equipment that the designer used to de
termine the size of the mechanical room, the arrangement of the piping and wiring, and the
features described in the specifica-
tions.
Equipment, which was not the ba
sis of design, will almost always be
different in some respect. These items
should be resolved during the bidding
and submittal processes. Considerable
experience is necessary in order to
identify what constitutes a significant
deviation, and how to either obtain
approval of the deviation
or
modify
the equipment to meet the specified
requirements.
f
incorrect equipment
is installed, it may have to be removed
and replaced without charge by the
contractor, probably t the expense of
the supplier.
Construction Documents
Plans and Specifications)
Proposal or
Quotation
Figure
Legal Issues - Purchase ontract
Addendums to
Construction Documents
Figure 9 shows the relationship of the various documents that are most frequently encoun
tered
by
equipment suppliers.
ntroduction
to HVAC
.. .
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
elivery Methods
There are many different methods of taking a project from the needs identification phase to
the completed uilding. The various design elements are not always completed in the same se-
quence or by the same members of the design team. Design is a shared ongoing process that is
not always done by the HVAC designer. System selection needs to be responsive to this fact
along with the many other criteria placed upon the process. Four common methods are shown
below. Features are shown in Figure
10
Typical Projects
All
types of Complex or schedule Complex or budget Energy conservation
buildings constrained
constrained or
system
retrofits
When
are Design
Before bidding for Completed after Before or after Completed after
Details Worked
constr
uct
on bidding
bidding bidding
Who Works on
HVAC Desig
ner
and
Either
HVAC
HVAC
Designer
Des
igner or
Cont
ractor
Them?
Contractor
Contractor
Who is
Responsible
Either HVAC
HVAC Designer
D B Contractor Des
igner
or
Contractor
for HVAC
Design?
Contractor
Level
of Design
Complete through
Can
become
May
change duri
ng
Depends
on
Team Continuity
process
fragmented process Cont
ractor
control
Who
Controls
Controlled by Often
forced
to
adjust
Often forced to
adjust
to compet
i
ng Contractor
Integrity of
Design?
HVAC Designer
to competing needs
needs
Degree of Process
Gr
eatest
Less than Normal Moderate to High
Least
Burden
Level of Owner
Highest Moderate Moderate
to
Limited Very Limited
Involvement
Length
of Schedule
1
o
4 years
typical
15
to 25
ess than
Like Plan and
Spec 3 o12
Months
Plan and
Spec
Relative Cost to
Average to High
-
Greatest
- caused
by
Average to
High -
Least - paid out
of
depends on bidding
CM
fees
and
biddi
ng
Owner
climate
shortened
schedu
le
climate
savings
Figure 1
omparison of the Features of Delivery Methods
Introduction to HVAC
s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Plans and Specifications Plan and Spec)
A typical Plan
and
Spec pro
jec
t organization is shown in Figure 11. This delivery method
has dominated the public money segments of the industry for quite some time. A detailed set of
contract drawings and specifications
are prepared y the HVAC designer,
then bid by mechanical contractors,
either publicly or y invitation. Once
a contract is awarded, the construction
team executes the design and turns
over the building
t
the client for use.
Other
Desi ners
HV C Design
Engineer
Figure
Other
Subcontractors
HV C
Subcontractors
therVendor
HV C
quipment
Supplier
Typical onstruction
r
oject Organiz
at
ion
HV C
Service
Plan and Spec project delivery offers system selection as an up -front activity led by the
HVAC system designer Figure 12). The designer completes drawings and specifications that
document what will eventually be
provided by the construction contrac
tor, often with minimal input by the
architect and client, and seldom
if
at
all from the eventual occupants.
Introduction to HVAC
Plan
and Spec
Project Structure
Fig 11
Figure 12
lan
and
Spec Project Structure
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
A negative feature
of
Plan and
Spec is that only during bidding does
the potential construction contractor
have a chance to review the design
and communicate concerns
to
the de
signer. Changes to the design are
difficult to bring about.
Design-Build D-B)
Q,)
C
c:
I)
s::
0
0
i
i5
O
c:
I)
t l
0
0
During System Design Process
Criteria System
Concept
Design Calculations
and Equipment
Selection
Figure 3
Cost
nd
Difficulty ofMaking Changes
Plans
and
Specs
Design Build differs from Plan and Spec in that the construction bidding phase is moved up
to
the front
of
the design process (Figure 14). Properly done, the client prepares building systems
performance plans and specifications
that are bid by contractor teams with
design capability that carry forward
with the design process, meshing it
with the construction activities
to
shorten the overall project delivery
schedule.
The HVAC system selection oc
curs right up front, along with the
other building systems, as the per
formance documents are prepared.
I f
good communication and documenta
tion occurs during the performance
phase, the initial system selection will
Owner-Prepared Performance
Bid Package
Review
of
Contractor
Bid
Packages
and
Contract Award
J
~ ~ i n e e r j
Single-Line
Layouts
Equipment
Selections
Completion Dates
Update
Layout,
Coordinate
Contractor
Drawings
Confirm Equip.
Selections
---- . . i Owner Approval
I ossible 3rd Party Reviews - Arch/Engr V
carry forward in the remaining phases
Figure 4
of the design process and be properly Design Build Project Structure
implemented during construction. Of-
Warranty Period
Owner
Takes
Beneficial Occupancy
Equipment
Installation
ten, the original architect and engineer who worked on the performance specifications, if not on
the winning bid team, will be retained s consultants to ensure that the client s needs are met as
the building design takes shape and construction is completed.
Introduction to HVAC
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to the
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Construction Management CM)
In the
construction m n gement
delivery method, an additional person is added to the team -
the construction manager (also called the CM). Traditionally hired by the client, the CM oversees
the design and construction process, streamlining both efforts. The construction manager relieves
the client
of
watching over the complexities of the project and ensures that the design process and
construction results will be responsive to the client s program. Many times the CM will operate at
risk, having guaranteed an overall project maximum cost or a construction schedule, or both.
When a client hires a construction manager, the final selection
of
the architect and engineers
may be the decision of the CM.
Performance Contracting
The
perform nce contr cting
method of project delivery
pu
ts the greatest amount of deci
sion-making in the contractor s hands. Usually a client
is
interested in lowering their energy costs
by replacing or upgrading a building system (like lighting, HVAC, or high-use motors), but is not
willing or able to provide the capital financing. Performance contracting transfers the financing
responsibility from the client to the contractor, who is then paid a percentage of the future savings
in energy costs.
Potential savings in energy costs are discovered during an energy audit of
the facility and
proposed to the client by the contractor. V C systems are often a source of the energy savings,
both because of how much energy they use, and the savings that occur through improvements in
maintenance and operations. When significant upgrades in HVAC systems or a retrofit to another
system are suggested, the client needs to carefully review the impact on their employee comfort
and productivity to make sure it is a net gain. Many clients will bring in an HVAC systems con
sultant to review the recommended changes before authorizing the performance contractor to
proceed with the work.
Typical Projects
Residential projects are usually design-build projects handled by air conditioning dealers and
contractors. The purchaser is usually a developer in new construction, or a homeowner for exist
ing buildings.
New small commercial systems are also design-build projects by air conditioning dealers and
contractors. The purchaser is usually a developer in new construction, and a business owner or
tenant for existing buildings. New large systems, above 100 tons, are usually plan and specifica
tion projects. The equipment sale is usually to a contractor, but the owner and the designer can be
very influential in determining the equipment supplier. n some cases, the equipment is purchased
directly by the owner.
Introduction
t
HV C
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jNDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Equipment replacement projects are usually negotiated between the owner and a service con
tractor.
Regardless of the type of project, the sequence of events is as shown in Figure 15, which is
sometimes referred to as the time line of a project. The initial phase is an organizational phase,
in which the owner or developer
identify the major participants and
decide how the project will be
organized (negotiated, plan and
specification with competitive
bids, etc.).
The conceptual phase begins
with the identification
of
the pur
pose and general criteria for the
project by the owner. Each
of
the
design professionals then deter
mines which general concepts are
most appropriate to meet the es-
ORGANIZATION
PHASE
Organization Typo:
Design Build
Plan andSpec
Construction
Management
Purchase Method:
Competitive Bid
Negotiation
Create Project
Team
tablished criteria. The Figure 5
CONCEPT
PHASE
Project Criteria:
Comfort Level
Costs
Appearance
System Choice
Coordination:
Spa
ce
Budgets
requirements for each trade are Typ ical V
C
Proj ect m
el
ine
coordinated. Using the HVAC
DESIGN
PHASE
Load
Calculations
Equipment
Selection
Air
Distribution
Water
Distribution
utomatic
Controls
Co
nstructi
on
Documents
Co
ordinate
Details
CONSTRUCTION WARRANTY AND
PHASE SERV E PHASE
Pr
ici
ng
w
ard of
Contracts
Equipment
Purchase
Submittal
and pproval
Installation
Commissioning
Resolve Equipment
Failure and System
Operational Problems
system as an example, the equipment and duct space is allocated by the architect, the preliminary
electrical power requirements are provided to the electrical engineer, the equipment weights to
the structural engineer, etc. The budgets for each trade and for the entire project are established.
The
V
AC system design phase is dominated by the
V
AC designer, either an independent
consulting engineer or an employee
of
the design-build contractor. The designer confirms the cri
teria for the
V
AC system, calculates the cooling and heating loads, selects the equipment,
designs the air, water and refrigerant distribution systems a
nd
the
V
AC control system. Each
item must meet the space, cost and service requirements that were agreed upon during the concept
phase, or the designer must coordinate the new requirements with all
of
the affected parties. De
sign changes become increasingly difficult during this phase.
The constmction phase is dominated by the contractor.
It includes the purchase of equipment,
installation of equipment, air and water distribution and control systems and the commissioning
of the HV AC system. To the contractor, timing is extremely important. Delays in equipment
submittals or deliveries can result in substantial increased cost to the contractor that may lead to
legal damage claims.
The warranty and service phase involves the owner and, for commercial projects, the building
management and service contractors as well. Everyon
e
including owner, tenants, contractor, ar
chitect and engineer, becomes aware
of
problems that affect or prevent operation
of
the
V
AC
system. Prompt and fair resolution
of
any problems is extremely important.
a
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
HV C Systems
Many types
of
HVAC systems have been developed to serve a wide range of different mar
kets and performance requirements. The choice of a suitable type of system is a logical first step
toward providing a satisfied client. The choice should
be
based on the priorities that have been
established for that individual project. These priorities include functional performance, costs and
many other considerations.
HVAC systems differ widely in their ability to provide the normal air conditioning functions,
which include the control
of
temperature, humidity, air motion, air quality ventilation and air
purity) and sound level. Costs include the initial construction cost
of
the system; the cost
of
en
ergy, makeup water, water treatment and disposal; the cost of operation labor, maintenance,
repair and equipment replacement; the cost of system modification to serve future tenants; and the
construction cost
of
building space for ductwork, piping and mechanical rooms. Other considera
tions include the architectural appearance of visible system elements, the probability and impact
.
of
HVAC system failures and the disruption
of
tenant activities related to maintenance
of
items in
tenant areas.
From the above, it should
be obvious that the lowest construction cost system is inappropriate
for most applications. Most owners and system designers are very interested in providing appro
priate systems, and are relatively open to discussion of these items. To be successful, these
discussions must occur before or during the concept phase of the project.
HVAC systems are generally classified by the type
of
refrigeration and by the type
of
air
system.
Refrigeration systems are either direct called
X
for direct-expansion ) or indirect. The
cooling coil in a DX system is cooled directly by the expansion
of
refrigerant inside the tubes
of
the coil. The cooling coil in an indirect system is cooled by chilled water or brine that is circu
lated through a piping system between a water chiller and the cooling coil.
Packaged X systems with a single refrigeration compressor, cooling coil and condenser in
close proximity to each other generally have low initial cost, and can be very efficient
if
the com
ponents are selected for high efficiency. They are usually simple and trouble-free. Split system
DX systems become more complex and prone to refrigerant leakage with increasing numher
of
components and the length
of
piping. A single leak can result in loss
of
the entire refrigerant
charge of a system.
Chilled-water systems are generally preferred if one or two central water chillers can replace
a large number of separate DX systems, or
if
the refrigeration equipment must be remote from the
cooling coils. Water piping between the chiller and the cooling coils is simpler than refrigerant
piping. The refrigerant piping system can be factory-installed and tested
on
practically any size
chiller, and the possibility
of
refrigerant leakage
is
minimized.
Air systems are generally classified as either single or multiple zone systems. Single-zone
systems can serve any size building area as long as a single temperature control zone can provide
reasonable temperatures throughout the area served by that system. A window air conditioner and
a 50,000 cfm central system serving an exhibition hall are examples of single-zone systems. Mul
tiple single-zone systems can be installed to provide separate zones within the building area, with
a separate temperature control for each single-zone unit.
Introduction t HV C
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Multiple zone systems provide several or many temperature control zones from the same cen
tral equipment. One central air handler can serve over a thousand separate temperature control
zones. Many of these systems use room terminal units to serve each zone. Multiple-zone systems
are sub-classified in several ways, as shown below.
,------------
---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
System
T
pe
:
L l l l . . . . . . . a l o l ~ ; ; . . , l i l ~ , , . _ , , , i i i i l l i i l ~ ~ .................. ~ _ . . . . . . . . j . . ; J
i Water
Cool
ed Pa
ckaged l Commercial :
1 1 I
3 2 , 4 5
1
1
1
2
w ~ t ~ r ~ ~ . ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
= : ~ : . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ; ~ ~ -
q
. J 3_. f . = ~ - : : = - - i = - ~ ~ _;
1
Water Source Heat
Pum
pw/ 1 Office '
2
I
2
i
3
I
2 2
I
4
I
3
i
2
I
I
Precond1t1oned
Vent1lat1on
I
___
-
---+---------+----
1
_
f-------
_
Duct
Fre
e Spilt ,
Commercial
' 1
1
1 I 4
1
2 2 5 1 2
_________ ______
_
___________________________________
-
_ _ J _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - -
------ ----------- - -------
..
----- -
:
l
---------- r . r
- ........-- - -
2
Pipe
C h a n g e o ____________ ___________________ J_
___
____; ____ _____ ________
J
___ s _
__J
- - - L - - - - - I
__
__2 ______ ----
- - - - -
j 2 Pipe
Electric
Heater
I Hotel, Apt. 1 ' 1
I
4
I
3
1
5 ' 5 i 3 2
4 Pipe t Hote1
, Apt-
:
1
---r-
sT
-
Multizone :
Mtg
. Rooms ____ - - - - - - - - - L - - - - - - ____ ____
L_
__ - - - -
L
' 3 Deck
Multizone
; Mtg Rooms : 1 , 3 ' 5 : 5 ' 3 , 4 , 2
~ ~ i - O ~ c t
-- --------------
:
Mg. Rooms
~ - - - - - -
--
1-
j-
..
-1-
.....
___ 5-----t -- -
5
.
--
h
-:--
-4-
:-
---1
,
__
__ _________ ------- --------------- ----------- r - r------ --r t - ----,- - -
I
Constant
Volume
Reheat
Labora
tory
3 3 I 3 I 5 5 5 2
Figure 16
Multiple Zone System Characteristics
'
- -
'
2
1
1
All air systems are systems in which a central air system provides all
of
the cooling effect to
the individual zones. All water systems do not have a central cold air system, but provide a sepa
rate chilled-water fan-and-coil unit to serve each zone. Combination air water systems provide a
central conditioned air system to do a portion of the zone cooling and also provide a chilled-water
coil in each zone to supply the remaining zone cooling load. The performance and costs of the
multiple-zone systems vary widely and are beyond the scope of this discussion.
+
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HVAC
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
HV C Products
Products are also classified in many ways, beginning with the type
of
HVAC system for
which it is intended. A room type chilled-water fan-coil unit is obviously intended for use as
the room terminal
of
that type
of
system.
Products are classified by the degree of factory design, either factory-engineered or custom
designed; and by the degree of factory assembly, such as single-piece, split-system, or field
assembled component. The design of a factory-engineered system has the advantages of being
tested before it is produced for sale and of continual improvement in response to product failures
of units previously manufactured. The fabrication of a factory-fabricated system has the advan
tage
of
production using properly trained labor with the optimum tooling and materials, plus
quality testing of the finished product.
A single-piece, factory-engineered assembled unit is inherently the most reliable and least
expensive. Split-systems provide the ability to locate the elements in more appropriate locations,
but with the possibility
of
poor refrigerant piping connections. Factory-engineered package
equipment is usually designed for the mass market, with commensurate lower equipment price.
Field-assembled components provide the ultimate in design flexibility for projects with unusual
needs such
as
extremely low energy consumption or extremely high fabrication quality.
Products are classified by the type of condenser, either air-cooled, water-cooled, or evapora
tive. Air-cooled units have greater electricity demand and consumption, but require much less
maintenance and
do
not require any makeup water, treatment, or disposal. The type of compres
sor is usually part of the classification, such as reciprocating, scroll, rotary screw, or centrifugal.
Finally, products are classified by
the components in the product. A
condensing unit includes a condenser
and a compressor, in order to con
dense the refrigerant that evaporates
in a remote X
cooling coil. A pack
age water chiller is a complete
assembly
of
compressor, chiller, con
denser, controls and wiring.
The CSI (Construction Specifica
tions Institute) format is used by most
specification writers. The above dis
cussion generally follows the CSI
classifications
of
HVAC equipment.
Introduction to HVAC
Indoor
Unit
AHU Fan
Coil)
Figure 7
Typical Components
of
irCooled Split System
Indoor
Unit
Furnace
nd Coil
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
ummary
The HVAC industry is a challenging and diverse marketplace. The size o the market is huge
considering the 4.9 million building base that might require some type
o
new HVAC system or
upgrade. Selection systems for this varied base can be complicated further by the multiple types
o systems that are available and the potential unique requirements o each building. Each partici-
pant in the design process is critical in assuring properly functioning systems are delivered to
building owners. Compliance with building codes and specifications are also the responsibility o
all members o the design and construction team.
The HVAC industry is an exciting business to be a part of. Customer requirements continu-
ally evolve and drive industry standards. Designers, manufacturers, and contractors must
constantly upgrade their knowledge
t
meet their customers needs. The Technical Development
Program series is presented t help all players in the industry to develop, maintain, and upgrade
their skills in meeting customer needs.
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Work Session
M RKETS
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1. For the HVAC industry identify the two market segments that are based upon the age
of
the
buildings involved.
2. Identify the market segments that are based upon the usage of the building.
3.
Identify the market segments that are based upon the type
of
design and contracting method.
P RTICIP NTS
4. Match the following participants in the
HV
AC industry:
Engineer
Contractor
Architect
Owner
Developer
Commissioning Agent
Dealer
Service Contractor
Equipment Sales Distributor
Equipment Sales
- - Representative
Bui lding
Op
erations
Manager
Introduction to HV C
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F
G.
H.
I
J
K
provides the money
and
assumes the primary finan-
cial risk of the project.
provides the concept and business
plan
for the pro-
ject.
May
also provide the project management.
provides the architectural design of the building and
coordinates the design services of the engineers
and
other design specialists for the project.
provides the design services for technical portions
of
the project such as HVAC electrical structural.
provide the constructi
on
work ofpurchasing and in-
stalling the items
ne
e
ded
for the project.
places the equipment and systems in operation after
they have been installed by others. A Test and Bal-
ance Contractor is a commissioning agent.
operates and maintains the
HV C
and other building
systems.
provides maintenance and repair service for
th
e
HV C and
other bui lding systems.
handles the sale of equipment to the contractor. Usu
ally sells products manufactured
by
several different
manufacturers.
an equipment sales representative who provides local
warehousing
of
products. Often provides training and
marketing services for a dealer network.
a contractor with a formal ongoing re
la
tionship with
an equipment distributor.
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
INDUSTRY SSOCI TIONS
5 What is ASHRAE's primary mission?
6. What is
NFPA's
primary mission?
7 What is UL's primary mission?
LEG L CONCERNS
8 Which entity (contractor, engineer, equipment supplier, etc .) has the primary responsible for
meeting the following requirements?
A Building design codes
B Building construction work codes
C
Equipment construction codes
D. Building licenses and pennits
9
What is a national building code or standard?
10
What is a local building code?
11 What are Construction Documents ?
12
What is an Addendum to the construction documents?
13
Describe two ways of creating a contract to purchase HVAC equipment.
14. In question
13
above, why does it make any difference?
15
. What is a Change Notice?
16 What is the purpose of an equipment submittal?
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
TYPIC L PROJECTS
17. What are the 5 phases
of
a typical project?
8
. Identify some reasons to become involved early
in
a project.
V
C SYSTEMS
19. There are many different types
of
HVAC systems - direct expansion or chilled-water, central
or
unitary, etc.; and many different applications - offices, hotels, residences, shopping cen
ters, etc. Is any one
of
these types
of
systems better than all
of
the others for all
of
the
different applications?
20. What is a
DX
system?
2
. What is a chilled-water system?
22. What is likely to be different
if
one type
of
HY C system is chosen instead of another type?
23. What is a single-zone system?
24. What is a multiple-zone system?
HV C PRODUCTS
25. Name some typical benefits
of
a factory-engineered product compared to a custom
design using standard components.
26. Name some typical benefits
of
a factory-assembled product compared to a field assembly
of
components.
i
Commercial HV C Systems
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
27. Name an advantage of aircooled equipment.
28. Name n advantage ofwater cooled equipment.
HV C
DESIGN PRO ESS
29. Why might a system designer be reluctant to change the concept
of
a system after it has been
agreed upon?
30. Why might a system designer be reluctant to change the selection ofHVAC equipment after
it has been done?
31. Why might a system designer be reluctant to change the construction documents for a system
after they have been issued?
< 4
Introduction to HV C
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Notes
C o ~ m ~ m ~ e ~ r c ~ i ~ a ~ I ~ V ~ A ~ C ~ S ~ y ~ s = t e m = s
T u r n
t e Experts
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IN USTRY OVERVIEW
Notes
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Work Session nswers
M RKETS
1 A. New Construction
B. Existing Buildings
2. A. Residential
B. Commercial
C. Office
D. Industrial
E. Institutional (schools, hospitals, prisons)
3. A. Design/build
B. P lan and specification
P RTICIP NTS
4. Describe the following participants in the
HV
C industry:
D Engineer K
Dealer
E Contractor H Service Contractor
C Architect J Equipment Sales Distributor
A Owner I Equipment Sales Representative
B Developer G Building Operations
Manager
C Commissioning
gent
INDUSTRY SSOCI TIONS
5. create
HV C
design information
6. create fire and smoke safety standards
7. test products for safety
LEG L CONCERNS
8. A. Building design codes the designer
of
the item
or
system involved, usually the architect
and engineer
B. Building construction
work
codes contractor
C. Equipment construction codes equipment supplier
D. Building licenses
and
permits
con
tractor
9. A design or construction code prepared by a national code authority, such as ICC, UL ,
ASHRAE, NFPA,
NEC
, etc. .
10. A legal document enacted
by
the local governing body, such as a city, county or state, that
describes the
minimum
requirements for building construction. A local code usually refers
to the various national codes and standards, instead of copying the items into the local
document.
11. Drawings and specifications prepared
by
the designer
of
a project to describe the construction
work. They are used to obtain building permits and as the basis for construction contracts.
12. a document issued
by
the designer
to
describe a change in the drawings or specifications
13.
A
The buyer accepts a proposal from a seller
B.
The
seller accepts a purchase order from a
buyer
14. The terms and conditions
of
a purchase order usually favor the
buyer
, while those
of
a
proposal usually favor the seller.
15. A revision to the contract in which the contractor agrees to make the changes described in
an
ddendum
in return for
an
agreed
upon
change in the contract price.
16. t is to confirm that the equipment to be furnished is in conformance with the construction
documents.
The
objective is to avoid the project delay and expense that will result
if
the
fMQi
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Commercial HV C Systems
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
wrong equipment is shipped to the job site and must be removed and replaced at the
supplier's expense.
TYPIC L PROJECTS
17. A. Organize: decide who does what
B. Concept: decide what is to be built and the appropriate budget
C. Design: determine capacity, arrangement and construction detail
D. Construction: Build and commission the project
E. Warranty and Service: Prevent or correct problems
18. A.
f
you have done good work with one of the organizers (owner, engineer, contractor) on a
previous project, they can influence the others to favor you when close decisions must be
made.
B. You may be able to identify situations, which would place you at a competitive disadvan
tage, and suggest changes to improve your position without hurting the overall cost or
performance of the project.
HV C SYSTEMS
19.
O
20. A system in which refrigerant circulates directly through the cooling coil.
21. A system in which a water chiller
is
used to cool water. The chilled-water is circulated
through the cooling coils in the air-handling units.
22.
A.
functional performance: temperature, humidity, air quality and sound level
B. costs: design and construction, energy consumption, water and water treatment, operation
and maintenance
C. space: for duct, piping, equipment rooms
D architectural appearance
23. A system that serves an area with one thermostat.
24. A system that serves several different areas and provides a separate temperature control zone
for each area.
HV C PRODUCTS
25. less design cost, less chance of design errors
26. lower cost because of tooling and production quantity; better quality because of better
supervision and testing.
27. no water consumption or chemical water treatment is necessary
28. lower electricity consumption
HV C DESIGN PROCESS
29. The other designers, such as the architect or electrical engineer, may have to change work
they have already done in order to accommodate the new concept.
30. The designer will not be paid for the time required to make the change, and there is risk that
this change will require changes to other items that have already been completed.
31. Addendums are time consuming and expensive. They also raise the issue ofwho is to blame
for the change.
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Glossary
addendum
air water system
all air system
all water system
architect
RI
SHR E
building operations
manager
change notice
commissioning agent
construction
management
construction
manager
contract
contractor
dealers
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
change or addition to the construction documents for a project
an air conditioning system that controls space conditions by supplying a
combination cooled and dehumidified, heated, or neutral, and
conditioned air and chilled or heated water from a conditioning unit and
central plant equipment located outside the conditioned zone.
an air conditioning system that controls space cooling .conditions by
supplying cooled, dehumidified, and conditioned air
to
the zone from a
conditioning unit normally located outside the conditioned zone; heated
air may also be provided for heating control.
an air conditioning system that controls space cooling conditions by
supplying chilled-water to the zone from a chiller outside the
conditioned zone; heated water may also be provided for heating control.
participant in a typical construction project who provides the building
design services; when employing the engineers is called Architect/
Engineer
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute; concerned with creating
standards for testing and rating equipment; provides marketing statistics
for air conditioning equipment manufacturers
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning
engineers; organization concerned with creating information for the
design
of
projects; publishes the ASHRAE handbook and establishes
minimum standards that influence project design
responsible for the operation and maintenance of the HVAC system
revision to the contract between the owner and the prime contractor
employed by the owner
to
provide an objective perspective to correct
errors made during construction
delivery method where an oversight contractor controls the design,
bidding, and construction activities, most often paralleling the sequence
used in plan and spec
participant in a typical construction project who
is
responsible for
coordinating the construction activities that must begin before the prime
contract
is
awarded and continues until the project
is
complete; common
in a fast-track schedule
legal agreement between the participants
of
a project; can be created by a
purchase order, or proposal
participant in a typical construction project who provides the
construction work
independently owned contractors who are franchised by distributors
to
install equipment purchased from the distributor; this arrangement may
require the deal to be exclusive
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
design build
developer
direct expansion
DX)
distributor
engineer
equipment
replacement project
equipment supplier
fast track schedule
ICC
Multiple wne system
new construction
market
NFP
owner
Performance
Contracting
Plan
and
Specification
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prime contractor
project manager
reference standards
replacement
m rket
service contractors
subcontractor
test nd balance
contractors
U
IN USTRY OVERVIEW
participant in a typical construction project responsible for coordinating
all construction activity and other contractual items relating to project
cost and timing; often the general contractor but may be a subcontractor
if most of the work is in their specialty- -
participant in a typical construction project responsible for coordinating
the entire project, including design and construction work
standards created by organizations such s ARI arid ASHRAE that
govern the design, manufacture, and installation of HVAC equipment
and systems
market consisting of projects in which a previously installed system or
equipment is replaced
provide either preventative maintenance or
emergency repairs after the
system is operational
participant in a typical construction project who has a contract with the
prime contractor or a higher-level subcontractor
specialists in measuring air and water flows and checking the
performance of equipment after it is placed in service
Underwriters Laboratories; concerned with product safety requirements;
a UL label denotes that equipment has been tested to comply with safety
standards
flip
ommercial HV C Systems
Turnto
the x
perti.
29
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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
eferences
2003 International Building Code. Copyright 2002. Falls Church Virginia: International Code
Council Inc.
2003 International Energy Conservation Code. Copyright 2003. Falls Church Virginia: Interna
tional Code Council Inc.
2003 International Mechanical Code. Copyright 2003 Falls Church Virginia: International Code
Council Inc.
fi
Introduction to HV C
urnt
o th
e
xpert
- - - - -
30
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Prerequisites:
None
Learning Objectives:
After reading this module participants will
be
able
to
Describe the commercial and how its market is served.
Describe the participants
in
the construction process and total HVAC life cycle influencers
in
the various market categories.
Understand the steps in the construction process of typical commercial projects .
Describe the commercial new construction process and influencers plan and specification
and design build.
Describe the commercial retrofit replacement and renovation market and how they are in
fluenced by the construction process and decision makers.
Understand how codes and regulatory influences impact building decision.
Be able to identify how different industry organizations influence HVAC design.
Understand how influencers and regulatory influences affect system selection.
Understand how various players
in
the process can work together.
Appreciate who does what design in each method o going to market and know when it is
their turn to perform.
Supplemental Material:
Book
T P
Cat No
TDP-701 796-067
Instructor Information
Instructor CD
Cat No
797-067
Title
System Selection
Each TDP topic is supported with a number of different items to meet the specific needs o the
user. Instructor materials consist o a CD-ROM disk that includes a PowerPointpresentation
with convenient links to all required support materials required for the topic. This always includes:
slides presenter notes text file including work sessions and work session solutions quiz and
quiz answers. Depending upon the topic the instructor
CD
may also include sound video
spreadsheets forms or other material required to present a complete class. Self-study or
student material consists o a text including work sessions and work session answers and may
also include forms worksheets calculators etc.
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Turn
to
the
ExpertS.
Carrier Corporation
Technical Training
800 6 5544
www.training.carrier.com