(1) human movement

Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Udayana University

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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

I NYOMAN MANGKU KARMAYA


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WHAT’S MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM (MYOLOGY)

2. SKELETAL SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)

3. ARTICULAR SYSTEM (ARTHROLOGY)


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WHY MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ?

1. NORMAL – ABNORMAL

2. DAILY – PARTICULAR ACTIVITIES

3. HEALTH - DISEASE

4. PREVENTION-CURE-REHABILITATION

5. BASIC – CLINICAL SCIENCES


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WHAT ASPECTS ?

1. ANATOMY

2. HISTOLOGY

3. PHYSIOLOGY

4. BIOCHEMISTRY

5. CLINICAL


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Clinical aspects

• Congenital

• Infection

• Trauma

• Degenerative

• Malignancy

• Metabolism


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Human musculoskeletal system

• also known as the locomotor system is an organ system that gives animals the ability to move using the muscular and skeletal systems.

• The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability, and movement to the human body.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_system


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It is made up of the

• bones (the skeleton),

• muscles,

• cartilage,

• tendons,

• ligaments,

• joints,

• and other connective tissue

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendons

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligaments

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joints

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue


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Sheldon's Somatotype

Character Shape

Endomorph [viscerotonic]

relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful

plump, buxom, developed visceral structure

Mesomorph [somatotonic]

active, assertive, vigorous, combative

muscular

Ectomorph [cerebrotonic]

quiet, fragile, restrained, non-assertive, sensitive

lean, delicate, poor muscles


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The Human Skeletal System 22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all

http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/skbonans.gif


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206 bones in the adult body and perform

five main functions

• Provide support for the body

• Store minerals and lipids

• Produce blood cells

• Protect body organs

• Provide leverage and movement


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Arteries :

1. Periosteal a.

2. Nutrient a.

3. Metaphysial and epiphysial aa

Veins:

Accompany arteries through nutrient a

Lymphatics (vessels) abundant in periosteum)

Nerves:

Periosteal nerves (pain fibers)


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In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage

During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone

Cartilage remains in isolated areas

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints


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TYPES OF BONES

a. Long Bones. Example: femur.

b. Short Bones. Example: carpal bones.

c. Flat Bones. Example: the cranial frontal bone.

d. Irregular Bones. Example: a vertebra.


40Dorsal viewVentral view

Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton


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Axial skeletonskull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles

associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeletonpectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)


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AXIAL SKELETON


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1. neurocranium:

• Calvaria

• Cranial base

2. Viscerocranium


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What is PTERION?

The skull

8 sutured bones in craniumFacial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible

Craniumencases brainattachments for musclessinuses


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Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Slide 5.25a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Figure 5.10


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SINUS

AP VIEW

FRONTAL SINUS

ETHIMOID SINUS

ORBIT

NASAL SEPTUM

GREATER WING OF SPHENOID

MAXILLARY SINUS


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SINUSCALDWELL VIEW

FRONTAL SINUS

SPHENOID BONE

MAXILLARY SINUS

INFERIORTURBINATE

MANDIBLE

HARD PALATEMASTOIDAIR CELLS

ORBIT

ETHMOID


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FRONTAL

SINUS

MASTOID AIR CELLS

ANTERIOR C

LINOID

POSTERIO

R CLIN

OID

MAXILLARY

SINUS

SPHENOID

SINUS

FLOOR OF CRANIAL FOSSA

ETHMOID SINUS

SELLA TURCIC

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LAMBDOID SUTURE

HARD PALATE

CORONAL SUTURE

LATERAL SKULL


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The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone

Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Figure 5.12


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Coccygeal


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Vertebral column

7 cervial vertebrae12 thoracic5 lumbar1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused)

Vertebrae vary in size and morphology


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Parts of avertebra

Corpus (1)

Pedicle (4)

Lamina (6)

Foramen vertebralis (5)

Facies articularis (7)

Processus transversus (3)

Processus spinosus (2)

The lesser load the smaller in size

Arcus vertebralis


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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENS BETWEEN CERVICAL, THORACAL,

LUMBAL, SACRAL AND COCCYGEUS ?


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INTERVERTEBRAL DISC


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Types of bone breaks/fracture

1.Simple- skin is not pierced2.Compound- skin is pierced3.Complete- bone is broken in half4.Partial- broken lengthwise but not

into two parts5.Greenstick- incomplete break on

outer arc6.Comminuted- broken into

severalpieces7.Spiral- twisted


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The Human Muscular System

• The muscles of your body produce movement by pulling, not pushing.

• If all your muscles pulled in one direction, your could lift almost 25 tons

• Their functions: movement, facial expression, protection (fight/flight), abdominal visceral fixation, respiration/breathing, temprature regulation, body shape/building


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• Types of muscles:

• Cardiac - involuntary muscle of the heart wall.

• Smooth - involuntary muscle of the stomach, intestine, and blood vessels.

• Skeletal - voluntary, striated muscles attached

to bones.


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Nerve and Muscle--the Motor Unit• Motor neurons review

– Ventral horn spinal cord– Ventral root to spinal nerve to

dorsal or ventral ramus– Nerve is bundle mixed

neurons– One motor neuron synapes

with several muscle cells

• Motor Unit is one motor neuron plus the muscle cells it synapses

• “Action potential”--controlled conduction of electrical messages in neurons and muscle by depolarization of cell membrane

Fig. 14.6, M&M


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Neuro-Muscular Junction

Action potential in nerves triggers chemical release at synapse which triggers action potential in muscle

Fig. 14.5, M&M


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See also photo in Fig. 10.2 from M&M to see capillaries around muscle cells


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more than 600 muscles in your body, you should know

the location of at least the following skeletal muscles

The Arms

Deltoid abducts arm

Biceps brachii flexes forearm supinates forearm from neutral

Triceps brachii extends forearm

The Legs

Sartorius flexes hip and knee

Rectus femoris extends knee

Gluteus maximus extensor of hip rotates thigh

Biceps femoris flexes knee

Gastrocnemius flexes ankle

stabilizes ankle and knee when standing

The Trunk

Pectoralis major adducts humerus

Rectus Abdominus

produces trunk motions

Trapezius elevates and rotates scapula

Latissimus dorsi rotates humerus


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Insertion

Origin

1. When muscle contracts, it shortens and causes movement

2. Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons

3. Insertion- attachment to more movable bone

4. Origin- less movable

5. Flexors and extensors act on the same joint to produce opposite actions


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• Muscle attachment:

• Origin - point of attachment on the stationary bone.Insertion - point of attachment on the moving bone.

• Directions of movement: – Flexion - brings a body part forward. – Extension - moves a body part to the rear. – Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline. – Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline. – Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around

a joint. – Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward. – Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward. – Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward. – Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.


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Muscle movement:

• Most skeletal muscles work in groups:

– Agonists (prime movers)- muscles primarily responsible for an action due to their contraction.

– Antagonists (oppose the agonist action) - muscles that relax to smooth the action of the agonists.

– Synergists : complement the action of prime movers– Fixators: steady the proximal parts of a limb while

movements occuring in distal parts


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When muscle contracts, it shortens and causesmovement

Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons

Insertion- attachment to more movable boneOrigin- less movable

Flexors and extensors act on the same joint to produce opposite actions


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Some Elementary Skeleto-Muscular Mechanics


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SIMPLE PULLEY SYSTEM


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FACIAL EXPRESSION


96IDENTIFY ALL MUSCLES THOSE INVOLVE IN RESPIRATION


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Muscle of back:

1.Superficial/extrinsic

2.Deep/intrinsic

• Superficial

• Internediate

• Deep


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TERIMAKASIHKU

(1) human movement

Documents

alldepartment of anatomy

locomotor system

organ system

pelvic girdle206 bones

human body

skeletal systems

vertebral column25

thoracic cage4