11

GRASS – Public domainGRASS – Public domain

22

MapInfo - BusinessMapInfo - Business

33

ESRI - EnvironmentalESRI - Environmental

44

Caliper - TransportationCaliper - Transportation

55

Idrisi - EducationalIdrisi - Educational

66

Autodesk - DesignAutodesk - Design

77

Intergraph - DesignIntergraph - Design

88

SAS - StatisticalSAS - Statistical

99

What’s Broken in GIS?What’s Broken in GIS?

• The GIS Environment: The GIS Environment: lack of technical infrastructurelack of technical infrastructure

• The GIS Marketplace: The GIS Marketplace: vendor specificityvendor specificity

• The GIS Expectations: The GIS Expectations: pie in the skypie in the sky

• The GIS Info Providers: The GIS Info Providers: restrictionsrestrictions

• The GIS Components: The GIS Components: brand-name channelsbrand-name channels

• GIS-to-GIS Connectivity: GIS-to-GIS Connectivity: beyond state-of-the-artbeyond state-of-the-art

• Interoperability: Interoperability: still a dreamstill a dream

• ......

1010

MunicipalServices

Transportation

Government

Cadastre

Utilities

Network computing resources with OpenGIS interfaces

Natural Resources& Agriculture

Business Logistics

Civil Engineering

SharingSharing Geodata within and between Geodata within and between Information CommunitiesInformation Communities

1111

VisionVision

The complete integration of geospatial data The complete integration of geospatial data and geoprocessing resources into and geoprocessing resources into

mainstream computingmainstream computing

1212

OpenGIS StandardOpenGIS Standard

““The ability to The ability to share heterogeneous geodata and geoprocessing share heterogeneous geodata and geoprocessing resourcesresources transparently in a networked environment.” transparently in a networked environment.”

1313

New Models for Geodata AccessNew Models for Geodata Access

Internet

Data Vendor City Agency State Agency Fed. AgencyClearinghouse

Whoville Cedar Lake

Whoville Cedar Lake

ParcelsRoadsImagesBoundaries ...

Integrated View

CatalogView

DataMetadata

DataMetadata

DataMetadata

DataMetadata

Catalog thatindexes data,

similar to WWW’s html search engines

Common interfaces enable interoperability

Queries extractdata from diversesources

1414

Transparent Access to Heterogeneous Geodata and Transparent Access to Heterogeneous Geodata and Geoprocessing ServicesGeoprocessing Services

Non-traditional

DBMS

File FormatFile FormatFile Format

File Format

Real-TimeData Feed

File FormatTraditional

DBMS

File Format File Format

NETWORKS AND CLIENT/SERVER TECHNOLOGY

File FormatFileFormat

File Format

File Format

Interfaces based on the OpenGIS Specification

1515© 1999, Open GIS Consortium, Inc. All Rights © 1999, Open GIS Consortium, Inc. All Rights ReservedReserved

SCOTSSCOTS

Standards-based Commercial Off-The-Shelf

1616

PublisherClient

BrowseClient

ServiceRegistry

CatalogService

DataServer

MapServer

Conflation

NamesPlacement

Examples of Service DevelopmentExamples of Service Development

1717

From Vendor A From

Vendor B

FromVendor C

FromLaboratory D

Service and Data Components

The Open EnvironmentThe Open Environment

Framework of OpenGIS Interfaces

Enlarges the Marketplace,Promotes Competition

1818

Some (non-interoperating) Web Mapping Systems

GeoMedia™ WebMap

MapGuide™

MapObjects IMSMapXtreme™

ELVIS

GIS Viewer

ModelServer Imager

Spatial Web Broker

CARIS Internet Server

OGDI

NetGISSTAR Next Surf TerraServer

Orthophoto Browser

Mapquest Internet

PARC Map Viewer

Internet Map ServerTIGER Map Server

GLOBE VisualizationEnviroMapper

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

GISDATA

Web Browser Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

Web Browser

GISDATA

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Web Browser

Arc Info ™

The Web Revolution and The Web Revolution and Web MappingWeb Mapping

2020

The Web environment for Geospatial has exploded into The Web environment for Geospatial has exploded into a complex neighborhood of awkward standards...a complex neighborhood of awkward standards...

Java

UML

CORBA

XMI

Internet

SQL-2

SQL-MM

IIOP

XML

COM Objects IDL

Security

e-commerce Wideband

Wireless

Legacy

“...a tough neighborhood for interoperability!”

Privacy

2121

The “institutional” environment is even more complex...The “institutional” environment is even more complex...

Geospatial

Executive Order 12906

OMB Circular A-16

Global Disaster Information Network

Federal Geographic Data Committee

National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Spatial Technologies Industry Association

Digital Earth

Aurora OpenSpaces Livable Communities

E-Government

Coral Reef Task ForceGlobal Spatial Data Infrastructure

Intelligent Transportation

Information Technology in the 21st Century

EU Fifth Framework

NACo

NSGIC

NCGIA

ISO 15046

ISO/TC204

NII

CIO Council

…but common common requirements abound !!

Critical Infrastructure

Before the Web Mapping Before the Web Mapping EraEra

2323

TerraServer - http://terraserver.microsoft.com

Before WMTBefore WMT

MapQuest - http://www.mapquest.comEPA - http://www.epa.gov/enviro/enviromapper.html

After The Web Mapping After The Web Mapping RevolutionRevolution

2525

Web Browser

Viewer Client

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

inte

rnet

Web Map Servers

After WMT - Basic ArchitectureAfter WMT - Basic Architecture

http://a-map-co.com/mapserver.cgi?WMTVER=0.9&REQUEST=map&SRS=4326&BBOX=-88.68815,30.284573,-87.48539,30.989218&WIDTH=792&HEIGHT=464&LAYERS=STUSA%3ACubeWMT,Landsat%3AMIT-lsat&STYLES=TRANSPARENT%2FBLACK,Default&FORMAT=PNG&BGCOLOR=0xFFFFFF&TRANSPARENT=FALSE&EXCEPTIONS=INIMAGE&QUALITY=MEDIUM

Web Browser

Viewer Client

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

inte

rnet

Web Map ServersWeb Browser

Viewer Client

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

inte

rnet

Web Map Servers

http://b-map-co.com/servlets/mapservlet?WMTVER=0.9&REQUEST=map&BBOX=-88.68815,30.284573,-87.48539,30.989218&WIDTH=792&HEIGHT=464&SRS=4326&LAYERS=AL+Highway,AL+Highway,AL+Highway&STYLES=casing,interior,label&FORMAT=GIF&TRANSPARENT=TRUE

Web Browser

Viewer Client

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

inte

rnet

Web Map ServersWeb Browser

Viewer Client

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

inte

rnet

Web Map ServersWeb Browser

Viewer Client

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

MapServer

inte

rnet

Web Map Servershttp://a-map-co.com/mapserver.cgi?WMTVER=0.9&REQUEST=map&SRS=4326&BBOX=-88.68815,30.284573,-87.48539,30.989218&WIDTH=792&HEIGHT=464&LAYERS=STUSA%3ACubeWMT,Landsat%3AMIT-lsat&STYLES=TRANSPARENT%2FBLACK,Default&FORMAT=PNG&BGCOLOR=0xFFFFFF&TRANSPARENT=FALSE&EXCEPTIONS=INIMAGE&QUALITY=MEDIUM

http://b-map-co.com/servlets/mapservlet?WMTVER=0.9&REQUEST=map&BBOX=-88.68815,30.284573,-87.48539,30.989218&WIDTH=792&HEIGHT=464&SRS=4326&LAYERS=AL+Highway,AL+Highway,AL+Highway&STYLES=casing,interior,label&FORMAT=GIF&TRANSPARENT=TRUE

2626

2727

2828

2929

3030

3131

3232

3333

The Web Has Created “Windows” of OpportunityThe Web Has Created “Windows” of Opportunity

GIS

BusinessSupportSystems

PersonalProductivity

Location ServicesLocation Services

Enterprise PerformanceMapping & Charting

Internet

Geospatially-Enabled Markets Are Expanding Rapidly!

Mkt. Revenue: 75%

Potential users: <1M

CAGR: <4%

Penetration: >90%

Mkt. Revenue: 20%

Potential users: 25M+

CAGR: 30%

Penetration: <10%

Mkt. Revenue: <5%

Potential users: 200M+

CAGR: ???

Penetration: ???

Source: Bruce Cahan

Location ServicesLocation Services

3535

• Services that use location based information and Services that use location based information and location models:location models:

• Maps, routes, positions, demographics, transactions, Maps, routes, positions, demographics, transactions, service points, sites, events, assets, directoriesservice points, sites, events, assets, directories

• Location Services should beLocation Services should be• Web-enabled … Web-enabled … availableavailable to anyone, anywhere, anytime, to anyone, anywhere, anytime,

on any deviceon any device• Integral to the enterprise environmentsIntegral to the enterprise environments• Efficient and easy-to-useEfficient and easy-to-use

• Location Services Applications include:Location Services Applications include:– Just-in-time & locationJust-in-time & location– Know your (business), neighbor, customer,…Know your (business), neighbor, customer,…– Find a customer, place, asset…Find a customer, place, asset…– Coordinate activitiesCoordinate activities– Plan growthPlan growth– Delivery & travel servicesDelivery & travel services– Organize by location and timeOrganize by location and time– Location sensitive alerts and transactionsLocation sensitive alerts and transactions– Privacy and Security is user invokedPrivacy and Security is user invoked

What are Location Services? Applications that enable devices to exploit their location or mobility, or the location or mobility of other devices in real time

The Pizza StoryThe Pizza Story

3737

The Pizza StoryThe Pizza Story

VoiceRecognition

“WantPizza!”

Broker

Pizza PlaceDatabase

GPS

NearestThree

MapDatabase

MappingService

Preferences

PresentationService

Other NetworkServices

3838

An Infrastructure of AgreementsAn Infrastructure of Agreements

WirelessProtocols

Limited Speech Recognition Geo-

Coding

LocationServices

"Yellow Page" Databases

Thematic Data Providers

WebMapping ServersMobile

Devices

Spatial Data Representation andManipulation

Advertisement Pathways

Spatial Query Engines

Interfaces

WebRoutingServer

3939

What’s an Interface? What’s an Interface?

Open Sesame

A magic word thatevokes a plannedbehavior

4040

Where Do “Geospatial Issues” Fit in the Location Where Do “Geospatial Issues” Fit in the Location Service (IP) Stack?Service (IP) Stack?

Data Access Protocols(WFS, WCS, etc.)

Service Delivery Platform Protocols(http, SLO, etc.)

Location Service Protocols(Getlocation, GetFeatureInfo, etc.)

Content Protocols(GML, etc.)

4141

Location Services (1)Location Services (1)

• Traffic InformationTraffic Information (e.g. "You are about to join a ten kilometer traffic (e.g. "You are about to join a ten kilometer traffic queue, turn right on the A3 ahead.")queue, turn right on the A3 ahead.")

• Emergency ServicesEmergency Services (e.g. "Help, I'm having a heart attack!") (e.g. "Help, I'm having a heart attack!") • Roadside EmergencyRoadside Emergency (e.g. "Help, my car has broken down!") (e.g. "Help, my car has broken down!") • Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement (e.g. “What is the speed limit on this road where I am (e.g. “What is the speed limit on this road where I am

at?”)at?”)• FirefightingFirefighting (e.g., “Where should I shovel snow to find the hydrant?” and (e.g., “Where should I shovel snow to find the hydrant?” and

“Are there flammables/explosives nearby?”)“Are there flammables/explosives nearby?”)• Classified AdvertisingClassified Advertising (e.g.. “Is there a job nearby?” and “Where are (e.g.. “Is there a job nearby?” and “Where are

nearby yard-sales featuring antiques?”)nearby yard-sales featuring antiques?”)• Fiat Object visualizationFiat Object visualization (e.g. “Where is my parcel boundary?”) (e.g. “Where is my parcel boundary?”)• Underground Object VisualizationUnderground Object Visualization (e.g. “Where is the water main?”) (e.g. “Where is the water main?”)• Public Safety Vehicle ManagementPublic Safety Vehicle Management (e.g. "Who is closest to that (e.g. "Who is closest to that

emergency?") emergency?") • Location-Based BillingLocation-Based Billing (e.g. Free calls on your mobile phone, while you (e.g. Free calls on your mobile phone, while you

are in a particular location) are in a particular location)

4242

Location Services (2)Location Services (2)

• Wireless PABXWireless PABX (e.g. Using mobiles as internal phones while on your (e.g. Using mobiles as internal phones while on your company campus) company campus)

• Residential CordlessResidential Cordless (e.g. Use your mobile as your home phone) (e.g. Use your mobile as your home phone) • Leisure InformationLeisure Information (e.g. "We want to go to Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club (e.g. "We want to go to Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club

tonight; how do we get there from here?") tonight; how do we get there from here?") • Mobile Service InformationMobile Service Information (e.g. "I need to upgrade my mobile (e.g. "I need to upgrade my mobile

terminal, where is the nearest phone shop?") terminal, where is the nearest phone shop?") • Road Service InformationRoad Service Information (e.g. "Where is the nearest petrol station?") (e.g. "Where is the nearest petrol station?") • DirectionsDirections (e.g. "I'm lost, where is nearest Metro station?") (e.g. "I'm lost, where is nearest Metro station?") • Fleet TrackingFleet Tracking (e.g. "Why does it always take twice as long to deliver (e.g. "Why does it always take twice as long to deliver

to that customer?") to that customer?") • Package TrackingPackage Tracking (e.g. "Where is the package with those new SIM (e.g. "Where is the package with those new SIM

cards?") cards?") • Asset TrackingAsset Tracking (e.g. "I'm sure I left my PDA on the train, but where is (e.g. "I'm sure I left my PDA on the train, but where is

it now?") it now?")

4343

Location Services (3)Location Services (3)

• Vehicle NavigationVehicle Navigation (e.g. "How do I get back to the (e.g. "How do I get back to the Interstate from here?") Interstate from here?")

• Public Transport TrackingPublic Transport Tracking (e.g. "I need to display train (e.g. "I need to display train arrival times at un-staffed stations.") arrival times at un-staffed stations.")

• Vehicle Theft Detection and RecoveryVehicle Theft Detection and Recovery (e.g. "My car has (e.g. "My car has been stolen, where is it?") been stolen, where is it?")

• Child TrackingChild Tracking (e.g. "Tell me if my child strays beyond the (e.g. "Tell me if my child strays beyond the neighborhood.") neighborhood.")

• Animal TrackingAnimal Tracking (e.g. "Where has Tibbles gone this (e.g. "Where has Tibbles gone this time?")time?")