1. general information 1.1. country overview...1 republic of korea (updated 2012) 1. general...

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Republic of Korea

(Updated 2012)

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1. Country overview

1.1.1. Governmental System

Korea has nurtured professional competence in technology, manpower, and

operational and manufacturing capability through its nuclear development program.

For the peaceful use of nuclear energy, Korea encourages partnership

between research institutes, academia and industry.

The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) takes

responsibility for nuclear policy, R&D, radiation utilization promotion,

human resource development and international cooperation, and the

Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) for nuclear industry and

radioactive waste management. Korea established the Nuclear Safety and

Security Commission (NSSC) under the Office of the President in October

2011, after the Fukushima accident, to strengthen administration of nuclear

safety regulation.

The Atomic Energy Promotion Committee (AEPC), chaired by the Prime

Minister along with other concerned Ministers and dignitaries from

various sectors, reviews and approves national policy, development plans

and other important matters relating to the use of nuclear energy.

FIGURE 1. GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM

2

Source : Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

1.1.2. Geography and Climate

South Korea faces Japan across the East Sea and China across the Yellow Sea. To the

north, across the DMZ, is North Korea.

The Taebaek Range, referred to as the backbone of the Korean Peninsula, stretches

along the east coast and slopes steeply into the East Sea. Along the western and

southern coasts, the mountains descend gradually to the coastal plains, and large

rivers wind through the area. The relatively wide plains stretch far from the mid-and

downstream sections of the rivers.

Many of Korea's highest mountains are part of the Taebaek Range. The most famous

and picturesque of these is Mt. Seoraksan. The Taebaek Range has a branch trending

southwest and culminating at the Mt. Jirisan massif. This is the Sobaek Range. The

highest mountain in the Republic of Korea is Mt. Hallasan, a dormant volcano at the

center of Jejudo Island.

The largest rivers in South Korea are the Hangang River, Geumgang River,

Yeongsangang River, Seomjingang River, and Nakdonggang River. The annual

precipitation of Korea is 1,245mm, which is 1.4 times the global average, but the per

capita precipitation is only one-eighth of the world average. Water management in

Korea is difficult, especially because more than 60% of annual precipitation is lost as

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runoff during floods and torrential rains, while rivers dry up in the dry season.

Exacerbating matters, water consumption has been increasing sharply due to

population growth, economic development, and changes in lifestyle.

Korea is a peninsula. The Yellow Sea is to the west, the East Sea to the east and the

South Sea to the south. To the south of Korea's largest island is the East China Sea.

The west and south coasts have heavily indented ria coastlines where the tidal range is

enormous, and the relative flatness of land means that the tideland is very wide.

Dotted with so many islands, it is called Dadohae, meaning 'sea of many islands.' The

east coast, in contrast, is very straight, with the water deep and the tidal range narrow.

Along the coast are sand dunes and lagoons, and the volcanic islands of Ulleungdo

and Dokdo are far to the east in the East Sea.

The Republic of Korea lies between 38ºN and 33ºN latitude and 126ºE to 132ºE

longitude. The country has a continental climate of very cold, dry winters and very

hot, humid summers. Winters are influenced by westerly winds from Siberia and the

Mongolian plateau, while summers are generally characterized by an oceanic climate,

due to moist, warm winds from the Pacific Ocean. Korea has four distinct seasons,

though spring and autumn tend to be short. Spring comes in early April and lasts

throughout May. The hot and humid summer begins in June and lasts about four

months. The summer rainy season lasts from the end of June to mid-July. Summer

ends in late September, giving way to crisp, clear autumn days that last until the end

of October. It becomes colder in November, and a very cold, bleak winter sets in

during December and lasts until the end of February.

1.1.3. Population

The population in Korea as of the end of 2010, estimated in November 2006, was

nearly 49 million people (Table 1). Population density was nearly 490 persons per

square kilometre, with 82.1% living in urban areas.

TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION

Average annual growth

rate (%)*

Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2000 to 2010

Population (millions) 32.2 38.1 42.9 47.0 48.1 48.9 0.40

Population density (inhabitants/km²) 328 385 432 473 483 490 0.35

Urban Population as % of total 41.2 57.3 74.4 79.7 81.5 82.1 0.30

Area (1000 km²) 99.720

* [(Yn/Yo)^ (1/n)-1] * 100

Source: Korean Statistical Information Service (http://kosis.kr/eng)

1.1.4. Economic Data

Economic statistics for Korea are regularly published by the Bank of Korea. Table 2

shows the historical Gross Domestic Product (GPD) statistics.

TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Average annual growth rate (%)

http://kosis.kr/eng

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1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2000 to 2009

GDP (millions of current US$) 8,100 64,300 270,300 533,500 844,700 832,900 5.1

GDP (millions of constant 2005 US$) 180,532 239,879 521,138 614,327 844,700 768,147 2.5

GDP per capita (PPP* US$/capita) 822 2,746 8,535 17,219 22,783 27,658** 6.1

GDP per capita (current US$/capita) 255 1,688 6,306 11,350 17,548 17,085 4.6

* PPP: Purchasing Power Parity

** 2008 data

Source: The Bank of Korea Economic Statistics System (http://ecos.bok.or.kr/EIndex_en.jsp)

and OECD (http://www.oecd.org/)

1.2. Energy Information

1.2.1. Estimated available energy

Table 3 shows the energy reserves of Korea as of the end of 2011.

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED AVAILABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Estimated available energy sources

Fossil Fuels Nuclear Renewables

Solid Liquid Gas Uranium Hydro Other

Renewables

Total amount in specific units*

1,352 - 50 - 0.00157 0.00192

Total amount in Exajoule (EJ)

28.42 - 16.92 - 0.01 0.02

* Solid, Liquid: Million tons; Gas: Billion m3; Uranium: Metric tons;

Hydro(supply capacity), Renewables(generating capacity): TW

Source: Korea Resources Corporation(http://www.kores.or.kr/),

Korea National Oil Corporation (http://www.knoc.co.kr/ENG),

Korea Electric Power Corporation (http://www.kepco.co.kr/eng)

1.2.2. Energy Statistics

TABLE 4. ENERGY STATISTICS

Average annual growth

rate (%)

1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2011 2000 to 2011

Energy consumption* (EJ)

- Total 0.82 1.84 3.90 8.08 9.57 10.19 11.36 3.15

- Solids*** 0.24 0.55 1.02 1.80 2.29 2.87 3.14 5.19

- Liquids 0.39 1.12 2.10 4.20 4.25 4.28 4.5 0.63

- Gases - - 0.13 0.79 1.27 1.42 1.91 8.36

- Nuclear - 0.04 0.55 1.14 1.54 1.33 1.36 1.62

- Hydro 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.07 1.41

- Other

0.18 0.11 0.03 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.27 10.5

http://ecos.bok.or.kr/EIndex_en.jsp

http://www.oecd.org/

http://www.kores.or.kr/

http://www.knoc.co.kr/ENG

http://www.kepco.co.kr/eng

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Renewables

Energy production(EJ)

- Total 0.43 0.52 0.98 1.37 1.83 1.68 1.75 2.25

- Solids** 0.22 0.36 0.32 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 -6.11

- Liquids - - - - - - - -

- Gases - - - - 0.02 0.02 0.02 -

- Nuclear - 0.04 0.55 1.14 1.54 1.33 1.36 1.62

- Hydro 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.07 1.41

- Other

Renewables 0.20 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.27 10.5

Net import(Import - Export) (EJ)

- Total 0.39 1.32 3.02 7.13 7.97 8.81 10.21 3.32

* Energy consumption = Primary energy consumption + Net import (Import - Export) of secondary energy.

** Solid fuels include coal, lignite, etc.

Source: Korea Energy Statistics Information System (http://www.kesis.net/)

1.2.3. Energy policy

The government has announced a long-term strategy, in August 2008, which will

determine the direction of its national energy policy until 2030. The National Energy

Committee mapped out the plan on the basis of the 3Es: Energy Security, Economic

Efficiency and Environmental Protection. The National Energy Committee is chaired

by the President and comprises senior government officials and leading members of

the business community, academia and civic groups. Korea will reach its long-term

energy goals by taking the following steps:

- Improving energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. By 2030, Korea

will reduce its energy intensity level to 0.185 TOE/US$1,000 from the current

level of 0.341 TOE/US$1,000, a difference of 46%. It will also cut energy

consumption by 42 million TOE.

- Increasing the supply of clean energy and reducing the use of fossil fuels. By

2030, fossil fuels will account for only 61% of total energy consumption, while

the use of renewable energy will increase to 11%.

- Boosting the green energy industry. By 2030, Korea’s green energy technologies

will be comparable to the levels of most advanced countries.

Since the national energy policy is required to be reviewed and revised every 5 years,

the government will establish and announce the second national energy plan to reflect

changes in energy conditions in 2013.

1.3. Electricity system

1.3.1. Electricity policy and decision making process

The principle ministry responsible for the development of electricity policy in Korea

is the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE). MKE works in consultation and close

http://www.kesis.net/

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co-operation with the Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF), six generation

companies (GenCos) and the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). With

energy being regarded as a key component of Korea’s rapid economic development,

the government has maintained a strong presence in the sector.

MKE, either through direct or indirect government ownership of energy companies,

utilities and several energy research institutes, has maintained a high degree of control

in all aspects of energy policy development and implementation.

The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) has the overall

responsibility for ensuring nuclear safety through regulatory activities and related

R&D. The MEST is also a policy maker for the nuclear sector.

MKE continues to establish the biannual Basic Plan of Long-term Electricity Supply

and Demand (BPE for short), which provides long-term energy policy directions and

information on electricity supply and demand, such as the electricity facility plan to

secure stable electricity supply. Generation companies can apply for government

approval of their generation business and power plant construction plans based on the

BPE.

The 5th

BPE was established in 2010, and covers a planning period from 2010 to 2024.

The BPE was made based on the construction intentions of GenCos and the demand

forecast provided by Korea Power Exchange (KPX). For establishing the plan, the

government reviewed and prepared the working drafts of four subcommittees

(Generating capacity expansion, Demanding forecast, Demand-side management and

Transmission system expansion), and collected opinions on every aspect from various

economic organizations, through a public hearing.

The main objectives of the 5th

BPE are as follows:

- Gradually expanding base-load generating facilities in order to establish an

economical electricity supply system

- Composing the environmentally friendly power supply with consideration of the

reduction in national greenhouse gases

- Minimizing uncertainties of the supply and demand outlook

1.3.2. Structure of electric power sector

[Generation]

Six generation companies (GenCos), i.e. five thermal power GenCos and one hydro-

nuclear power GenCo, generated 88.4% of electricity in Korea in June 2011. The

remainder mostly came from independent generators and industry self-generators,

producing for their own use and selling back to the grid.

[Transmission]

Korea’s transmission grid consists of over 31,249 c-km of transmission lines, as of

December 2011. KEPCO owns and operates these transmission systems.

Transmission voltages in Korea are 765kV and 345kV for trunk routes, and 154kV or

66kV for local networks. The 66kV lines are being replaced, and KEPCO is now

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carrying out the second stage of a 765kV power transmission project that will serve as

the backbone of transmission in the 21st century. The power network of Jeju Island is

connected to the mainland transmission system by submarine high-voltage direct

current (HVDC) cables (231 c-km). The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA) system is used to remotely monitor and control substation operations. In

addition to equipment and facility upgrading, more substations are being automated

and built indoors to secure power supply reliability.

[Distribution]

Korea’s distribution grid utilizes over 435,549 c-km of transmission lines, as of

December 2011. There is only one distribution network operator in Korea, which is

KEPCO. KEPCO maintains a highly credible power distribution system which

ensures a stable power supply. In December 2011, the rate of power loss in

transmission and distribution was 3.69%.

1.3.3. Main indicators

TABLE 5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND CAPACITY

Average annual growth rate (%)

1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2011 2000 to 2011

Capacity of electrical plants (GW)

- Thermal 2.18 7.65 11.07 31.59 40.50 49.10 52.35 4.70

- Hydro 0.33 1.16 2.34 3.15 3.88 5.52 6.42 6.69

- Nuclear - 0.59 7.62 13.72 17.72 17.72 18.72 2.87

- Wind - - - - 0.09 0.35 0.41 -

- Geothermal - - - - - - - -

- other renewable - - - - 0.07 0.78 1.45 -

- Total 2.51 9.39 21.02 48.45 62.26 73.47 79.34 4.59

Electricity production (TW.h)

- Thermal 7.95 31.7 48.42 151.83 209.51 278.40 326.75 7.22

- Hydro 1.22 1.98 6.36 5.61 5.19 5.64 7.83 3.08

- Nuclear - 3.48 52.89 108.96 146.78 147.78 154.72 3.24

- Wind - - - - 0.13 0.69 0.86 -

- Geothermal - - - - - - - -

- other renewable - - - - 3.87 1.09 6.73 -

- Total (1) 9.17 37.24 107.67 266.40 364.64 433.60 496.89 5.83

Total Electricity consumption (TW.h)

7.74 32.73 94.38 239.54 332.41 394.49 434.16 5.56

(1) Electricity transmission losses are not deducted.

Source: Korea Electric Power Corporation (http://www.kepco.co.kr/eng)

TABLE 6. ENERGY RELATED RATIOS

1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2010

Energy consumption per capita (GJ/capita) 25.24 48.15 90.85 170.82 198.87 208.92 224.95

Electricity consumption per capita (kW.h/capita) 240 859 2,206 5,067 6,883 8,092 8,883

Electricity production/Energy production (%) 7.68 27.36 99.11 175.47 179.21 232.29 249.44

Nuclear/Total electricity (%) 0.00 9.34 49.12 40.90 40.25 34.08 31.3

http://www.kepco.co.kr/eng

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Ratio of external dependency (%) (1) 47.56 73.37 87.95 97.15 96.66 96.50 96.50

(1) Net import / Total energy consumption.

Source: Energy Info. Korea 2010 by Korea Energy Economics Institute (http://www.kesis.net/)

The government has maintained a strong presence in the sector.

MKE, either through direct or indirect government ownership of energy companies,

utilities and several energy research institutes, has maintained a high degree of control

in all aspects of energy policy development and implementation.

The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) has the overall

responsibility for ensuring nuclear safety through regulatory activities and related

R&D. The MEST is also a policy maker for the nuclear sector.

MKE continues to establish the biannual Basic Plan of Long-term Electricity Supply

and Demand (BPE), which provides the long-term energy policy directions and

information on electricity supply and demand, such as the electricity facility plan to

secure stable electricity supply. Generation companies can apply for government

approval of their generation business and power plant construction plans based on the

BPE.

The 5th

BPE was established in 2010, and covers a planning period from 2010 to 2024.

The BPE was made based on the construction intentions of GenCos and the demand

forecast provided by Korea Power Exchange (KPX). For establishing the plan, the

government reviewed and prepared the working drafts of four subcommittees

(Generating capacity expansion, Demanding forecast, Demand side management and

Transmission system expansion), and collected opinions on every aspect from various

economic organizations through a public hearing.

The main objectives of the 5th

BPE is as follows :

- Gradually expanding base-load generating facilities for establishing the

economical electricity supply system

- Composing the environmentally-friendly power supply, considering the reduction

in national greenhouse gases

- Minimizing uncertainties of the supply and demand outlook

2. NUCLEAR POWER SITUATION

2.1. Historical development and current organizational structure

2.1.1. Overview

Nuclear activities in Korea were initiated in 1957, when Korea became a member of

the IAEA. The following year, Korea passed its Atomic Energy Law. In 1959, the

Office of Atomic Energy was established, in conformity with the global trend toward

development of peaceful uses of atomic energy.


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Korea has carried out a very ambitious nuclear power program since the 1970s, in

parallel with the nation’s industrialization policy. Korea has maintained a strong

commitment to nuclear power development as an integral part of its national energy

policy, aiming to reduce external vulnerability and insure against global fossil fuel

shortages. Currently, Korea has one of the most dynamic nuclear power programs.

During the early years of nuclear power development, power plants were constructed

mostly through “Turn-Key” contracts, providing little opportunity for domestic

industries to participate in their construction. Since then, however, domestic

participation in overall construction management, design, equipment supply and civil

construction has continuously increased through the adoption of “Non Turn-Key”

approaches. As part of this trend, a high degree of technological self-reliance in

various fields of the nuclear industry was achieved through the construction of

Yonggwang-3 & 4. At present, nuclear power plant technology and related fuel cycle

technologies are maturing.

The first domestic reactors were Ulchin-3 & 4, 1,000 MW(e) PWRs, initially called

the Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plant (KSNP) but now referred to as the

OPR1000, which entered into commercial operation in 1998. The Ulchin-3 & 4

became the reference plant for all OPR1000 plants thereafter. Six more OPR1000

plants are being built at Ulchin, Shin-Kori and Shin-Wolsong, as shown in Table 7.

The newly advanced reactors being built at Shin Kori-3 & 4 are 1,400MW(e) PWRs,

called APR1400. These third-generation reactors have been under construction since

September 2007. The plants are evolutionally advanced in the fields of technology,

safety and economics. Two more APR1400 plants are being built at Shin-Ulchin site

as shown in Table 8.

In April 2009, the government authorised construction of Shin Ulchin 1 & 2 and

contracts for major components were expected to be signed soon after. The two units

will be the first to be virtually free of Westinghouse IP content, and are expected to

cost US$ 4.7 billion and be completed in 2016. Site works commenced in May 2012.

A further plant at either Samcheok or Yeongdeok, 190 km east of Seoul, is envisaged,

with the site to be decided at the end of 2012.

KEPCO is actively marketing OPR-1000 and APR-1400 units in Middle East and

North African countries. In December 2009, the APR-1400 was selected as the basis

of the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) nuclear power program, with the first four

reactors to be operating by 2020 under a $20.4 billion contact, and another ten to

follow. The choice was on the basis of cost and reliability of building schedule. An

application for US Design Certification is likely by about 2012.

Korean government data is reported to put the overnight cost of APR-1400, at the end

of 2009, as $2,300/kW, compared with $2,900/kW for EPR and $3,580/kW for the

GE Hitachi ABWR. The same data puts the generation cost for Areva's APR at US$

3.03 cents per kilowatt-hour, compared with an estimated 3.93 cents/kWh for EPR,

and 6.86 cents/kWh for ABWR.

South Korea is constrained in its fuel cycle policy by the 1970s’ Korea-US Atomic

Energy Agreement. This constrains raw material supply and disallows uranium

enrichment and the reprocessing of used fuel. Following the UAE agreement, the

government has described these US constraints as "excessive", and will continue to

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push for them to be eased, preferably before the Agreement is due for renewal in

2014.

2.1.2. Current organizational chart(s)

In Korea, basic energy-related activities are planned and carried out by the National

Energy Committee (NEC) every five years, in accordance with the National Energy

Fundamental Act. The chairman of the NEC is the President. The NEC’s principle

work is to establish long-term energy strategy and to determine the direction of

national energy policy.

Nuclear-related activities are planned and carried out by various other organizations,

such as the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Nuclear Safety Commission

(NSC), the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and the Ministry

of Knowledge Economy (MKE).

Under the Atomic Energy Act, the AEC is the highest-ranking decision-making body

on policy issues and utilization of nuclear energy. The AEC is composed of between

nine and eleven members, representing various sectors of the government, academia

and industry. The chairman of the AEC is the Prime Minister.

The MEST has overall responsibility for the nation’s nuclear research and

development, and for regulatory and licensing work. In order to deal with important

nuclear safety issue, the NSC was established as part of the MEST in December 1996.

The NSC consists of seven to nine members, including the Minister of Education,

Science and Technology, who serves as chairman.

The government launched the new Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC)

in October 2011. It is the new independent regulator, reporting to the president, and

its chairman has ministerial rank. The Korean Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS),

formerly the expert safety regulator under MEST, became a technical support

organisation under it, while MEST simply promotes nuclear power. The NSSC's

scope covers licensing, inspection, enforcement, incident response and emergency

response, non-proliferation and safeguards, export/import control and physical

protection.The MKE is responsible for the construction and operation of nuclear

power plants, the nuclear fuel supply, and the management of low- and intermediate-

level radioactive waste. KEPCO, KHNP, KNFC, NETEC and heavy engineering

operations come under MKE, and KEPCO seems to have a controlling role re the

others. The Korea Nuclear Energy Foundation (KNEF) is a public information body

also under MKE.

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FIGURE 2. MAIN NUCLEAR-RELATED ORGANIZATIONS IN KOREA

2.2. Nuclear power plants: Overview

2.2.1. Status and performance of nuclear power plants

Currently, a total gross capacity of 20.7GWe is installed in the 23 operating Korean

NPPs, comprising of 19 pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and 4 CANDU

pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs). There are 4 further units under

construction. Table 7 shows the status of NPPs and Figure 3 shows the geographical

location.

TABLE 7. STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Station Type Net

Capacity Operator Status

Reactor Supplier

Construc-tion Date+

Grid Date ++

Commercial Date

Shutdown Date

UCF for year **

KORI-1 PWR 576 KHNP Operati

onal Westing-

house 1971

August 1977 June

1978 April

- 95.66


onal Westing-

house 1977

December 1983 April

1983 July

- 92.19


onal Westing-

house 1979

October 1985

January 1985

September - 88.92


onal Westing-

house 1980 April

1985 December

1986 April

- 88.82

SHIN KORI-1

PWR 960 KHNP Operati

onal DHIC

2006 June

2010 August

2011 February

- -

SHIN KORI-2

PWR 960 KHNP under cons.

DHIC 2007 June

(2011 August)

(2011 December)

- -

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SHIN KORI-3


DHIC 2008

October -

(2013 September)

- -

SHIN KORI-4


DHIC 2009

August -

(2014 September)

-

YONG GWANG-1


onal Westing-

house 1981 June

1986 March

1986 August

- 88.94

YONG GWANG-2


onal Westing -

house 1981

December 1986

November 1987 June

- 99.99

YONG GWANG-3


onal KHI/

KAERI 1989

December 1994

October 1995 March

- 99.97

YONG GWANG-4


onal KHI/

KAERI 1990 June

1995 July 1996

January - 87.98

YONG GWANG-5


onal DHIC

1997 June

2001 December

2002 May

- 90.59

YONG GWANG-6


onal DHIC

1997 November

2002 September

2002 December

- 97.89

WOL SONG-1

PHWR

597 KHNP Operati

onal AECL

1977 October

1982 December

1983 April

- 23.03

WOL SONG-2

PHWR

710 KHNP Operati

onal AECL/

KHI 1992

September 1997 April

1997 July

- 94.21

WOL SONG-3

PHWR

707 KHNP Operati

onal KHI/AEC

L 1994

March 1998

March 1998 July

- 94.56

WOL SONG-4

PHWR

708 KHNP Operati

onal KHI/

AECL 1994 July

1999 May 1999

October - 92.63

SHIN WOL SONG-1


DHIC 2007

November -

(2012 March)

- -

SHIN WOL SONG-2


DHIC 2008

September -

(2013 January)

- -

ULCHIN-1 PWR 945 KHNP Operati

onal Frama-

tom 1983

January 1988 April

1988 September

- 90.94


onal Frama-

tom 1983 July

1989 April

1989 September

- 100.00


onal KHI/

KAERI 1993 July

1998 January

1998 August

- 92.96


onal KHI/

KAERI 1993

November 1998

December 1999

December - 90.56


onal DHIC

1999 October

2003 December

2004 July - 90.69


onal DHIC

2000 September

2005 January

2005 April - 99.47

SHIN ULCHIN-1


DHIC (2011

November) -

2016 June

- -

SHIN ULCHIN-2


DHIC (2012

November) -

2017 June

- -

* UCF (Unit Capability Factor) for the latest available year (only applicable to reactors in operation).

** Latest available data

+ Date, when first major placing of concrete, usually for the base mat of the reactor building completion.

++ Date of first connection to the grid

Source: PRIS database (www.iaea.org/pris).

http://www.iaea.org/pris

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FIGURE 3. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF NPPs IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

2.2.2. Plant upgrading, plant life management and license renewals

[Plant upgrading and plant life management]

Beginning in September 2002, KHNP conducted Power Uprating Projects for Kori-3

& 4 to uprate their reactor thermal power and to eventually increase their electrical

output. Kori-3 & 4 reached their new-rated thermal power(2,900MWth, 4.5%

uprating) on December 2009 and February 2009, respectively, and increased their

electrical output by 34.1MWe, from 999MWe (original output) to 1,033.1MWe

(uprated output).

In addition, KHNP is conducting further Power Uprating Projects for Kori-3 & 4 and

Ulchin-1 & 2, to uprate their reactor thermal power and eventually to increase their

electrical output. Kori-3 & 4 will reach their new rated thermal power (2,944MWth,

1.5% MUR uprating) in February 2014 and February 2013 respectively, and their

electrical output will be increased by 10MWe from 1,033.1MWe (original output) to

1,043.1MWe (uprated output). Ulchin-1 & 2 will reach their new-rated thermal

power (2,900MWth, 4.5% SPU uprating) in September and March 2013, respectively,

and their electrical output will be increased by 54MWe from 1,003MWe (original

output) to 1,057MWe (uprated output).

To effectively manage major Systems, Structures and Components (SSCs) and to

reduce the maintenance cost of the operating nuclear power plants, Long Term Asset

Management (LTAM) strategies, based on equipment reliability processes (INPO AP-

913), were developed in KHNP as a part of plant-life management. The LTAM

14

project for operating plants (20 units) has been ongoing since March 2010, and will

conclude in August 2012.

[License renewals (Continued operation)]

The license renewal period of nuclear power plants (NPPs) is ten years, according to

the current legal framework of the Republic of Korea. It is mandatory for the utility to

conduct a Periodic Safety Review (PSR) for its operating NPPs every ten years, and

to submit PSR reports for regulatory review and approval. The definition of

Continued Operation (CO) is stated in the nuclear law enforcement ordinance and,

under this legal statement, it is possible to extend a plant’s operation beyond its

design lifetime. A enhanced PSR report, including a Lifetime Evaluation

Report(LER) and Radiological Environment Report(RER), should be submitted by

the utility to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology(MEST) in the CO

application, two to five years before the end of the original license period. The LER

of the CO includes identification of the Systems, Structures, and Components (SSCs)

within the scope of the CO, Aging Management Programs (AMPs) and Time Limited

Aging Analyses (TLAAs).

In June 2006, KHNP submitted the safety evaluation report for continued operation of

Kori-1 to the NSSC, and continued operation was officially permitted on December

11, 2006. The safety evaluation report for Wolsong-1 was submitted in December

2009, and is currently under review by the regulatory body.

2.3. Future development of Nuclear Power

2.3.1. Nuclear power development strategy

According to the 5th Basic Plan of Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand, which

was finalized by MKE in December 2010, 13 new nuclear power units will be

constructed by 2024. The share of nuclear power capacity and nuclear power

generation will increase from 31.4% in 2010, to 48.5% by 2024.

TABLE 8. PLANNED NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Station/Project Name Type Capacity Expected

Construction Start Year

Expected Commercial Year

SHIN KORI-5 PWR 1400 2014 2018

SHIN KORI-6 PWR 1400 2015 2019

SHIN ULCHIN-3 PWR 1400 2016 2020

SHIN ULCHIN-4 PWR 1400 2017 2021

SHIN KORI-7 PWR 1500 - 2022

SHIN KORI-8 PWR 1500 - 2023

To enhance the safety and economics of nuclear power plants, KHNP has been

developing an advanced power reactor with a capacity of 1,400MWe, called the

APR1400. This has been under development since 1995, constructed on the basis of

the technological self-reliance of the OPR1000.

The APR1400 is a third-generation light water reactor. It is expected to be ten times

safer than the OPR1000. In terms of economic benefits, it will be more competitive

15

than any existing nuclear power units or thermal plants. The standard design of the

APR1400 was certified through a stringent safety review by the Korean regulatory

agency, in May 2002, and announced as the new design concept with enhanced safety

and economic competitiveness. Shin Kori-3 & 4 will be the first APR1400 plants and

are now under construction at the site, adjacent to the present Kori nuclear power

station. They are scheduled to start commercial operation in September 2013 and

2014, respectively.

2.3.2. Project management

In 1985, the Korean government made the landmark decision to implement a national

self-reliance policy, and allocated the roles and duties among the domestic nuclear

organizations in order to streamline the nuclear power industry.

- Total Project Management KHNP

- Architectural Engineering and NSSS Design KEPCO E&C (formerly KOPEC)

- Nuclear Fuel Design and Fabrication KEPCO NF (formerly KNF)

- Research & Development KAERI

- NSSS, Turbine and Generator

Manufacturing Doosan (formerly Hanjung)

- Safety Regulation KINS

FIGURE 4. STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY

.

16

Doosan has taken part in plant manufacturing by virtue of its capability to supply

heavy industrial construction equipment and machinery. KEPCO E&C was

established in 1975, to foster the nation’s self-reliance in power technologies,

particularly in nuclear power engineering for pressurized water reactors. KEPCO

E&C has taken on the primary architect engineer’s responsibility. KEPCO NF was

established in November 1982, by joint investment of KEPCO and KAERI, to

localize nuclear fuel fabrication for pressurized water reactors and CANDU reactors.

KINS conducts safety reviews and inspections of nuclear facilities or radiation

facilities.

The technological self-reliance strategy has been applied since construction of

Yonggwang-3&4. Domestic nuclear industries became the projects’ prime contractors

on the condition of technology support, guidance and then transfer from foreign

subcontractors.

2.3.3. Project funding

KHNP works to secure the reasonable sales price of electricity and reduce the cost of

production in order to maximize retained earnings which can then be used for future

capital expenditure. To acquire additional funding in the short-term, KHNP is issuing

corporate bonds with diversified maturities in order to attract national and

international investors.

In the long term, KHNP is considering diversifying its financing options to mitigate

negative impact on financial status, thus strengthening funding capability. KHNP is

introducing project finance to finance renewable power projects, and planning to

expand project financing into utilizing future projects' own cash flow for financing.

2.3.4. Electric grid development

According to the 5th Basic Plan of Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand, which

was finalized by the MKE in December 2010, 182-c-km-long transmission lines for

Shin Kori-1&2 and 520-c-km-long transmission lines for Shin Kori-3&4 will be

added to the current grid.

2.3.5. Site Selection

TABLE 9. LIST OF SELECTED NPPs SITES AND CHARACTERISTICS

Station Source of

Cooling Water Operation

Status Transportation Infrastructure

Approval Status

KORI-1 Sea Water Operational Wharf

Main Access Road Operating License





17

2.4. Organizations involved in construction of NPPs

Since the Korean government decided to pursue technological self-reliance in 1985,

the structure of domestic projects in Korea has been similar to that shown in Figure 5.

KHNP is in charge of total project management from construction to start-up, as an

owner. KHNP designated KEPCO E&C for architect/engineering of plants and NSSS

design, DOOSAN for the supply of the NSSS and the turbine/generator, and KEPCO

NF for nuclear fuel. KAERI contributes to nuclear technology research and



SHIN KORI-1 Sea Water Operational Wharf


SHIN KORI-2 Sea Water Under

Construction Wharf

Main Access Road Construction

Permit


Construction Main Access Road

Construction Permit



Construction Permit

YONGGWANG-1 Sea Water Operational Wharf












WOLSONG-1 Sea Water Operational Wharf








SHIN WOLSONG-1 Sea Water Under


Construction Permit

SHIN WOLSONG-2 Sea Water Under


Construction Permit

ULCHIN-1 Sea Water Operational Wharf











Main Access Road Operating Permits

SHIN ULCHIN-1 Sea Water Under


Execution Plan Approval

SHIN ULCHIN-2 Sea Water Under


Execution Plan Approval

18

development. Construction is performed by several domestic companies, such as

HYUNDAI, DAEWOO and SAMSUNG.

Since 2009, KEPCO has determined that KEPCO will lead overseas nuclear projects,

while KEPCO and KHNP will jointly participate in project management as an EPC

contractor, as shown in Figure 5.

FIGURE 5. STRUCTURE OF OVERSEA’S NUCLEAR PROJECTS

2.5. Organizations involved in operation of NPPs

Figure 5 shows the main organizations involved in nuclear power plant operation.

Additionally, KEPCO KPS provides maintenance services for all the operating

nuclear power plants, while 5 individual companies, including Doosan, provide

maintenance services for the start-up of Ulchin-5, 6.

2.6. Organizations involved in decommissioning of NPPs

According to Atomic Energy Act, KHNP, the sole NPP operator in the Republic of

Korea, is responsibility for the decommissioning of NPPs. In order to do this, KHNP

makes yearly deposits toward the cost of plant decommissioning, and has

accumulated these funds as an in-house liability since 1983.

2.7. Fuel cycle including waste management

The Republic of Korea’s demand for nuclear fuel has continuously increased with the

expansion of its nuclear power capacity. KHNP, the sole consumer of nuclear fuel in

the Republic of Korea, has guidelines in place for a procurement strategy which

ensures the stable supply of nuclear fuel and economic efficiency. KHNP has

maintained an optimal supply and demand plan through long-term contracts, spot-

market purchases and adoption of the international open-bid process.

19

In accordance with the guidelines, in 2010, KHNP imported uranium concentrates

from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Russia and the U.S. and

imported conversion & enrichment services from Canada, France, Germany, Russia,

the U.K. and the U.S.

Fuel fabrication services are fully localized by the KEPCO Nuclear Fuel (KEPCO

NF). Spent fuel is stored in the spent fuel storage facilities of the respective nuclear

power plants. The national policy for spent fuel management, including construction

of a centralized spent-fuel interim-storage facility, will be determined at a later date.

2.8. Research and development

2.8.1. R&D organizations

The Atomic Energy Act stipulates that the Ministry of Education, Science and

Technology (MEST) shall formulate the National Nuclear R&D Program according to

a sector-by-sector implementation plan.

The Nuclear R&D Program, otherwise called the “National Medium-and-Long-term

Nuclear R&D Program,” is mainly implemented by the Korea Atomic Energy

Research Institute (KAERI), Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences

(KIRMS) and Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS). Additional industry-led R&D

programs are implemented by Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. (KHNP),

KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc. (KEPCO E&C), KEPCO Plant

Service and Engineering CO., Ltd (KEPCO KPS) and KEPCO Nuclear Fuel (KNF),

among other companies.

2.8.2. Development of advanced nuclear technologies

The “National Medium-and-Long-term Nuclear R&D Program” was launched in June

1992, as a 10 year program (1992-2001). However, it was modified into a new R&D

program, for the 1997-2006 and 2007-2011 terms, to take into account major changes

in technological development situations. The program is funded by both the

government and the nuclear industry.

The national R&D Program is focused on five research fields including: 1) advanced

reactor & fuel, 2) nuclear safety, 3) radioactive waste management, 4) application of

radiation and radioisotopes and 5) fundamental technologies.

Projects for further development of advanced reactors and fuel cycle technology are in

progress under the mid- and long-term nuclear R&D program. As a near term reactor

option, the Korea Next Generation Reactor, which is called Advanced Power Reactor

1400, has been developed and is under construction. Building on the APR1400, the

Advanced Power Reactor Plus is in development. For the mid- and long-term reactor

options, the Korea Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor (KALIMER) and other advanced

reactors, as members of Gen IV programs, are also under development.

20

Even though the Republic of Korea has applied a “wait and see policy” for spent fuel

management, several alternative studies on spent fuel management have been carried

out. R&D activities on the disposal and treatment of radioactive wastes as well as the

decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear facilities are in progress.

Several research projects concerning radiation and radioisotopes, including the

production of radioisotopes, have been or are being conducted for applications in

various areas such as medicine, agriculture, food and industry.

2.8.3. International co-operation and initiatives

The international nuclear society recognizes the expanded role of nuclear energy

systems to cope with increasing energy demand and to deal with climate change.

International co-operative programs have been initiated for the development of new

nuclear energy systems with significant improvements in safety, economics, resource

reutilization, environmental friendliness, and proliferation resistance.

Korea has been actively participating in these programs. They include the Generation

IV International Forum (GIF), the International Project on Innovative Nuclear

Reactors and Fuel Cycle (INPRO) and the International Framework for Nuclear

Energy Cooperation (IFNEC).

The Generation-IV (Gen-IV) nuclear energy systems will provide significantly higher

improvements in sustainability, safety, economics, and nuclear non-proliferation,

when compared with existing nuclear systems. The resulting improved nuclear energy

systems are projected to be commercialized after 2030. Advanced countries in nuclear

energy, such as the United States, France, Japan, and Korea, have organized the

Generation IV International Forum (GIF) and carried out joint research for future

nuclear energy systems.

Korea has been a chartered member of GIF since 2000, and has played a significant

role in the development of Gen-IV nuclear energy systems. Since 2006, Korea has

participated in the co-development of the Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) and

Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). The SFR is a next-generation nuclear

reactor which initiates nuclear fission using high-speed neutrons of a high-energy

level. By using high-speed neutrons, spent nuclear fuel can be reused as new fuel.

This will achieve not only the most effective use of uranium, but also reduce the

toxicity of spent fuel by transforming its longer half-life and highly toxic radioactive

elements into a shorter half-life and less toxic elements. The VHTR, operating at

950oC, can be used for the production of large amounts of hydrogen in a safe, clean

and economical manner through direct separation of water, using its high temperature

level. As of March 2012, Korea has signed on to six collaborative projects: Safety &

Operation (SO), Advanced Fuels (AF), Component Design & Balance of Plant

(CDBOP) in SFR, Fuel & Fuel Cycle (FFC), Materials (MAT) and Hydrogen

Production (HP) in VHTR.

INPRO was initiated in 2000, for the purpose of jointly considering the international

actions required to achieve the desired innovations in nuclear reactors and fuel cycles.

Currently, thirty-one countries are members of INPRO, and Korea has been a member

since 2001. INPRO has investigated the role of nuclear energy in the 21st century for

21

sustainable development, and determined the requirements and criteria for innovative

technologies for nuclear fuel cycles and nuclear power. Korea coordinated activities

for developing the criteria for proliferation resistance of nuclear reactors and fuel

systems, and participated in case studies for the examination of innovative nuclear

energy technologies against the criteria and requirements. Korea has also participated

in INPRO Collaborative Projects (CPs), which have started to address technical issues.

Korea is leading the project on Proliferation Resistance: Acquisition/Diversion

Analysis (PRADA), for attaining the security of future nuclear energy systems, and is

participating in other CPs, including the European Union’s CP on thorium fuel cycle

and Russia and India’s CP on fast reactors. Korea has participated in the INPRO

Dialogue Forum on Nuclear Energy Innovations, which is organized to discuss

strategies for collaboration towards ensuring and facilitating the integration of nuclear

technologies in states without the capacity to do so alone, while also participating in

INPRO/GIF Interface Meetings to discuss recent developments and the relationship

between INPRO and GIF.

GNEP was organized internationally in 2007, to focus on the worldwide expansion of

nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in a safe and secure manner that supports clean

development, while reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation. Korea joined GNEP in

2008. The twenty-five member countries divide the work into two expert-based

Working Groups: Reliable Nuclear Fuel Services and Nuclear Infrastructure

Development. GNEP makes collaborative efforts for a stable nuclear fuel market and

for infrastructure support for member countries that intend to introduce nuclear

power. GNEP changed its name to the International Framework for Nuclear Energy

Cooperation (IFNEC) in June 2010, to provide a broader scope with wider

international participation in order to more effectively explore the most important

issues underlying the use and expansion of nuclear energy worldwide. Korea is

sharing its experience in infrastructure development, including institutions,

organizations and human resources, and technological self-reliance of nuclear power

plants, to assist member countries in their planned introduction of nuclear power. The

8th

IFNEC Steering Committee was held in Korea in May 2011.

2.9. Human resources development

Korea is a striking example in the development of nuclear power. At the beginning

stage, when nuclear power was first introduced into Korea, the country was one of the

beneficiaries of overseas technological support in nuclear power. However, the

country succeeds nowadays in localizing most nuclear power technologies, including

design, manufacturing, construction, operation & maintenance, fuel fabrication, and

the building up of safety regulatory infrastructure in a relatively short period. While

21 nuclear plants are in operation for domestic need, Korea proves its nuclear

capability through two overseas contracts, namely the UAE nuclear power plant and

Jordan’s nuclear research reactor.

It is noteworthy that the ‘Koreanization’ process of nuclear power technology has

derived from constant efforts to develop human resources. The first step towards

nuclear self-reliance was to initiate education and training. In 1958, the first nuclear

education program was initiated by the department of nuclear engineering of Seoul

National University. Subsequently, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

22

(KAERI), established in 1959, enlarged its role in education and training through

establishing the Nuclear Training Institute in 1960. At present, more than twenty

actors in industry and at university level participate in the production of a well-

educated and highly-trained workforce, for the competent, safe and successful

application of nuclear power.

The structure of human resource development consists of three dimensions – industry,

universities, and public institutes. At the industry level, this involves nuclear-

specialized companies such as the KHNP (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power), KEPCO

(Korea Electronic Power Co.), and KOPEC E&C (KEPCO Engineering &

Construction). Universities who contribute to the establishing of nuclear education

courses include the Seoul National University Hanyang University, Kyunghee

University, Jeju National University, Chosun University, Dongguk University and

Handong University. Public institutes involved include KAERI, KINS (the Korea

Institute of Nuclear Safety), and KINAC (the Korea Institute of Nuclear

Nonproliferation and Control). The KRA (Korea Radioisotype Association) and the

KAIF (Korea Atomic Industrial Forum) also participate in developing nuclear human

resource through education and training.

The Korean government has recognized that the development of human resources is

prerequisite, to underpin not only sustainable peaceful use of nuclear power, but also

nuclear safety. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) has

formulated a Comprehensive Nuclear Energy Promotion Plan (CNEPP) every five

year, under the legal basis of the Korean Atomic Energy Act. In 2012, the CNEPP

emphasizes the necessity of a HRD network at domestic level that allows diverse

HRD needs to be dealt with appropriately, and of establishing a master plan for a

national development plan for nuclear human resource through close cooperation

among industry and university. Accordingly, the Nuclear Education Cooperation

Center (NECC), a subsidiary of the Korea Nuclear International Cooperation

Foundation (KONICOF), was launched in early 2012, and takes a significant role in

coordinating any cooperation among domestic and overseas counterparts in the field

of nuclear HRD.

As an emerging donor country, Korea has a strong will to expand education and

training opportunities for the vision of ‘Atom for Peace’. Many institutes have

established special courses and programs for emerging nuclear countries. Two leading

research institutes, KAERI and KINS, are both opening graduate courses within

relevant research fields. KAERI offers graduate courses majoring in such areas as

nuclear engineering and radioactive isotypes application, in collaboration with the

University of Science and Technology. KINS conducts an international certification

course in nuclear safety and regulations, along with the Korea Advanced Institute of

Science and Technology (KAIST). In industry level, KEPCO established the KEPCO

International Nuclear Graduate School (KINGS) in 2012, which offers graduate

courses specializing in the knowledge and skills necessary for nuclear power. For

diverse overseas needs, the NECC of the KONICOF is a representative

communications channel for arranging international education cooperation between

overseas’ needs and domestic supply.

23

2.10. Stakeholder Communication

A new stakeholder communication strategy, called the ‘Connective Interchange’, was

established in Korea following the Fukushima accident in Japan. The ‘eco-

friendliness’ of nuclear energy has been emphasized in relation to climate change,

while statistics and data were utilized, as part of promotional strategies, when

comparing against other energy sources. Following the Fukushima accident, the focus

was placed on ‘Storytelling’, with efforts being placed on an interactive two-way

communication approach for the necessities of nuclear energy.

2.10.1. Overview of Stakeholder Communication Strategy

Stakeholder groups need to be separated through detailed classification in order to

effectively accelerate the promotion of nuclear power plants, because understandings

and forms of nuclear power vary in different people. Based on knowledge levels and

involvement with NPPs, and with consideration of geographical proximity of the

facility sites, ideological spectrum and political tendency, group-based members of

our society can show different attitudes and patterns of behavior.

Stakeholder Group

Classification

Involvement

High Low

Knowledge

High Group 2(Civic-Social group) Group 1(Opinion leaders)

Low Group 3(Local government/residents) Group 4(General public)

The targeted members can be divided into four large groups, according to respective

knowledge levels of nuclear power and involvement with NPPs. Group 1, referred to

as Opinion leaders, possesses high-level knowledge of nuclear power, but has a low

level of direct involvement. Group 2 possesses both high-level knowledge and

involvement with nuclear power. It includes civic-social groups, including

environmental activists. Group 3 possesses low-level knowledge, but has high

involvement through close geographical conditions with nuclear power facilities.

Local governments and local residents are in this category. Group 4 possesses both

low-level knowledge and involvement. This group includes the general public, next-

generation students and teachers. As shown by such group classifications, each group

should be approached with an appropriate, devised stakeholder communication

strategy.

2.10.2. Main Programmes for Each Stakeholder Group

[General Public]

Nuclear energy institutes, including KHNP (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power) and

KONEPA (Korea Nuclear Energy Promotion Agency), are pushing ahead with public

education on nuclear energy. Their goal is to eliminate the negative perception of

nuclear energy held by many members of the public and to build a social consensus

on its use. To achieve this, the public is being provided with information on nuclear

power plant operation and on the current state of radioactive waste through websites

24

and through newsletters sent out to website members. In addition, booklets are being

published on the operation of nuclear power plants (NPPs) and on the safety and

necessity of nuclear energy, with each booklet targeting different readers with

different content.

Visitors are provided with opportunities to learn about the current state of NPPs, and

may tour facilities through the information & exhibition centers that are installed in

NPPs. The public is also informed about the safety, economic feasibility and eco-

friendliness of nuclear energy through booths at various exhibitions.

The nuclear industry in Korea strives to provide the public with objective and

scientific knowledge on nuclear energy through mass media such as TV and

newspapers. This may take various forms, such as advertisements, informational

features, publicity campaigns and articles. Efforts are also being made to promote a

positive awareness of nuclear energy by organizing or supporting seminars,

workshops and academic presentations.

[Local Residents]

Public relations activities targeting local residents who, as direct stakeholders, are

very interested in the nuclear energy business, are focused on narrowing the gap and

strengthening the bond between these stakeholders and the industry through direct

contact, to reassure them of the safety of nuclear energy. The nuclear industry in

Korea recognizes that the degree of acceptance of nuclear energy varies depending on

local and international situations and factors, and therefore establishes and executes

separate strategies accordingly, to best fit the needs of these stakeholders. Nuclear

power plant workers are also active in conducting person-to-person public relations

activities with local residents.

KHNP provides the public with information on the operation of NPPs, the operating

principles of NPPs, and the current radioactive waste situation through its website and

through information & exhibition centers. In addition, KHNP conducts joint

environmental inspections around NPPs with local representatives and local

universities, and provides available information to local residents to monitor the

operation of NPPs in non-governmental environmental watchdog groups.

[Next Generation]

As young people do not yet have a firmly-established point of view of nuclear energy,

it is very important to help them develop positive perceptions with regards to it.

KHNP and KONEPA work to educate young people on the advantages and necessity

of nuclear energy in the following ways.

KHNP holds regular Nuclear Contests, such as a drawing contest, a writing contest

and a science camp during summer vacation. It also opens its information and

exhibition centers and offers plant tours for students in the neighboring areas.

KONEPA presents a Nuclear Musical Festival, for the next generations to enjoy and

learn about nuclear energy with their families. Science teachers across the nation are

provided with nuclear energy training and distributed promotional magazines. Nuclear

energy experts are also available to visit schools and teach students for one day.

Moreover, KHNP provides nuclear power plant tours and lectures to special-purpose

high-school students, such as science high-school students, in order to help encourage

25

excellent students to build a career in the nuclear power industry. KHNP also attempts

to help young people gain an understanding of nuclear energy through such diverse

approaches as national open recruitment of university students to act as public

relations representatives, and preferential hiring of winners of the national academic-

paper contests for university students.

Since schools have substantial influence on students, KONEPA is going to some

lengths to analyze textbooks used in elementary, middle, and high schools and amend

any additions or corrections to the textbooks so that nuclear energy education is

systematically provided. Additionally, KONEPA has developed and distributed

educational materials – books, presentations, pictures – for teachers who want to teach

nuclear energy-related subjects. KONEPA also provides nuclear power plant tours for

textbook editors, to increase their understanding of nuclear power.

[Media]

Mass media, such as television, newspapers and Internet, provide information to the

public and shape public opinion. It is therefore helpful to the nuclear energy industry

to offer objective material and scientific information on nuclear energy through

reliable mass media channels.

KHNP and KONEPA offer objective material and scientific information on nuclear

energy through reliable mass media channels, while also providing special reports on

nuclear energy in joint campaigns with newspapers or through columns written by

nuclear energy specialists.

The news media require facts in order to provide accurate reports on nuclear power

programs. Background information provided to them includes photographs, films,

videotapes, fact sheets, copies of technical reports, government laws or policy

statements, and information booklets or pamphlets. Moreover, KHNP and KONEPA

try to broadcast important ceremonies, including ground-breaking events, reactor

installation and plant construction completion, to increase media awareness.

KHNP and KONEPA use advertising to inform people in a user-friendly manner of

the fact that nuclear energy is an essential part of our everyday lives. These

advertisements convey their messages not only through mass media such as radio,

television, newspapers and magazines, but also through full-color electric signboards

and outdoor billboards at crowded airports, bus terminals, and railway and subway

stations.

KHNP and KONEPA work to continuously stage campaigns to promote nuclear

energy, the environment, and energy security through joint efforts with the media.

These attempts have made great contributions to public awareness of nuclear energy

issues.

[Cyber-Promotion]

KHNP is increasing public confidence regarding the operation of NPPs by providing

the public with real-time information on the state of operation, maintenance, and

stoppage of all NPPs within the Republic of Korea through the company’s website.

This site also provides a ring tone and dial tone service for employees’ mobile

phones, and enables anyone to download ring tones for free.

26

KONEPA’s cyber work includes collecting netizens’ (network citizens) opinions

through cyber discussion rooms and bulletin boards, and providing prompt answers to

netizens’ questions regarding nuclear energy through a ‘question and answer’, blog,

‘Energy Planet’. KONEPA tries to raise participation of netizens and website visitors,

inducing their interest by holding events such as UCC, nuclear energy quizzes and

flash contests.

The company also provides promotional videos on its website, so that the public can

easily gain an understanding of nuclear energy. Through these videos, the company

promotes the safety, economic feasibility and eco-friendliness of nuclear energy, and

seeks to build a social consensus that nuclear energy is key for green growth.

Finally, KHNP sends its nuclear power newsletter to approximately 147,000 people,

twice per month, in the form of a webzine that includes domestic and overseas nuclear

energy trends, KHNP news, and management agendas.

[Information & Exhibition Center] A nuclear power plant tour is the best way to promote the safe, clean and reliable

energy NPPs provide to the public. Each nuclear power plant in the Republic of Korea

has an information & exhibition center, and these are visited by a combined total of

more than 450,000 people each year. Visitors listen to explanations of nuclear power

generation and watch a video on the current state of NPPs, after which they are able to

tour the nuclear power plant facilities.

The Main Control Room and radioactive waste disposal and storage facilities are

visited during the tour, and the NPPs under construction are being built for easy tour

access through the use of see-through corridors.

KONEPA also holds exhibitions at nuclear-related facilities. Major exhibition

facilities include the Nuclear Center at the National Seoul Science Museum, the

Electric Energy Pavilion of the Expo Science Park in Daejeon and Energy

Experiencing ‘Happy i’ Center in the head office. Each is comprised of nuclear

energy-related models, experimental devices, graphic panels, an information search

section and other exhibits for hands-on experiences, offering a good learning

experience not only to students, but to adults as well.

3. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS

3.1. Regulatory framework

3.1.1. Regulatory authorities

The governmental organizations concerned with nuclear activities, as shown in Figure

1, are mainly formed by administrative authorities: MKE (The Ministry of Knowledge

Economy), which supervises the nuclear power program, and MEST (the Ministry of

Education, Science and Technology), which is responsible for the nuclear R&D

program.

27

Since the MEST was established, in 1967, the Ministry has performed nuclear

regulatory tasks as well as having responsibility for the nuclear R&D program. This

multiple responsibility caused some concern with regard to regulatory independence.

For the purpose of further enhancement of regulatory independence, the legislators

introduced three bills in 2009, namely i) Act on Establishment and Operation of

Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, ii) Nuclear Safety Act, and iii) Nuclear

Promotion Act (the latter two bills divided the then-current Atomic Energy Act into

two new acts).

The accident at Fukushima in Japan, in March 2011, has raised public concerns on

enhancement of nuclear safety, and expedited the passage of the bills through

parliament. The Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) was established

under the President on October 26, 2011, in accordance with the new Act on

Establishment and Operation of Nuclear Safety and Security Commission. The NSSC

is an independent and standalone government agency, and it has the ministerial level

position in the Cabinet. It does not belong to any Ministry in the Cabinet and reports

only to the President, and to the National Assembly if requested. NSSC is responsible

for nuclear safety, security, and safeguards for nuclear facilities and activities. The

role of the MEST is thereby restricted to nuclear R&D, and its regulatory functions

transferred to the NSSC.

The NSSC consists of 9 commissioners: a chairman and a vice chairman are executive

members, and the 7 other commissioners are non-executive members, as shown in

Figure 2. The NSSC has an advisory committee. All of the 15 advisory committee

members are senior experts representing various technical areas, and each member

can organize an ad-hoc subcommittee if needed. The secretariat office has around 90

staff in 2 bureaus and 8 divisions, and the commission has 5 onsite resident offices

and 5 offsite emergency management centres.

Two expert organizations, KINS (the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety) and KINAC

(the Korea Institute of Nuclear Non-proliferation and Control), support the NSSC, as

technical support organizations.

The KINS was established in December 1981, and initially operated under the name

of "Nuclear Safety Center" as an internal organization of KAERI (the Korea Atomic

Energy Research Institute). It started functioning as an independent expert

organization in February 1990, and conducts matters on nuclear safety regulation, as

entrusted by the MEST in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act. The KINAC was

established in June 2006 and commissioned by the MEST, to perform the tasks of

safeguards, control of export and import of nuclear materials, physical protection, and

research and development concerning nuclear facilities and nuclear materials.

28

FIGURE 6. Organization Chart of NSSC

3.1.2. Licensing Process

Regulation and licensing processes for nuclear power plants in Korea are divided into

three stages:

29

In the site selection stage, the conceptual design is examined to determine the

appropriateness of the proposed site. The safety requirements of the site are

reviewed from the standpoints of the design, the construction, and the

operation of the plant

For the construction permit, the utility submits a Preliminary Safety Analysis

Report (PSAR) and an overall quality assurance program for the project, along

with the reference design of the plant. Additionally, the utility is required to

prepare an environmental impact statement

When the utility requests an operating license, the MEST must confirm that

the as-built plant conforms to the submitted design. In this stage, operational

technical specifications, and emergency plans and procedures against radiation

hazards are submitted

Regulatory inspections of NPPs under construction or in operation are executed in

steps according to established procedures, including pre-operational inspections of the

nuclear installation, periodic inspections of the operating nuclear installations, quality

assurance audits, daily inspections by resident inspectors, and special inspections.

In compliance with the Article of the Convention on Nuclear Safety, use of the

Periodic Safety Review (PSR) was adopted, in 1999, by the Ministry of Education,

Science and Technology (MEST) through technical review by the Nuclear Safety

Commission, as a safety evaluation process during the lifetime of operating nuclear

power plants to maintain the safety levels in line with current safety standards and

practices in 1999. The Atomic Energy Act (AEA) was amended to establish the

definite provisions for PSR implementation in 2001.

Kori-1 was designated as the first plant to apply a PSR in Korea, and HNP conducted

the PSR for Kori-1 from May 2000 to October 2002. The result was submitted to the

MEST in November 2002, for intensive review.

Subsequently, PSRs for other plants which have been operating for more than 10

years, such as Kori-2, 3, 4, Wolsong-2, 3, 4, Yonggwang-1, 2, 3, 4 and Ulchin-1, 2, 3,

4, were implemented by November 2010. The PSRs for the remaining plants, which

are Yonggwang-5, 6 and Ulchin-5, 6, will be implemented in 2011 and 2013,

respectively. The 2nd

PSRs will begin in 2013 for Kori-2.

The Korean government is continually improving its nuclear control system, as the

amount of domestic nuclear material increases with the growth of the nuclear

industry. The government established a State System for the Accounting and Control

of nuclear materials (SSAC) within the MEST. In order to develop nuclear control

technology and to technically assist the government, the Technology Centre for

Nuclear Control (TCNC) at KAERI was established in 1994. The Korean government

launched the National Nuclear Management and Control Agency (NNCA), an

independent watchdog, in October 2004. NNCA was expanded into the Korea

Institute of Non-proliferation and Control (KINAC) in June 2006, in order to enhance

the country’s nuclear transparency.

30

3.1.3 Nuclear Safety Management System

NSSC has established the safety management system for nuclear power plants

through all stages in Figure 7: design, site approval, construction, operation,

maintenance and decommissioning. The national policies and strategies to ensure the

safe use of nuclear energy are prescribed in the Nuclear Safety Act, based on which

NSSC responsibility covers: nuclear reactors, fuel cycle facilities, uses of nuclear

materials, and transport, storage, radioactive source and disposal of radioactive

materials and wastes. For safety management of nuclear power plants, NSSC

conducts site approval, issuance of construction permit, pre-operational inspection,

issuance of operation license, QA inspections, and periodic safety reviews.

FIGURE 7. Safety Management System for NPPs

3.2. Main national laws and regulations in nuclear power

[Legislative framework of nuclear regulation]

The main national laws related to the safety of nuclear activities are the Nuclear

Safety Act (NSA), the Electricity Business Act (EBA), the Environmental Impact

Assessment Act and others, as shown in Table 1. All provisions concerning nuclear

safety regulation and radiation protection are included in the NSA.

TABLE 10. LAWS CONCERNING NUCLEAR REGULATION

Title Major Contents Competent Authorities Remarks

Nuclear Safety Act

Prescribes safety management requirements for construction and operation of nuclear facilities; production, sales, and use of nuclear materials, radio isotopes, radiation generating devices

NSSC -

Act on the Establishment and Operation of the Nuclear

Safety and Security

Prescribes organization, roles, and principles of NSSC

NSSC

31

Commission

Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety Act

Provides the establishment and operation of the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety

NSSC -

Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency

Establishes more effective systems for physical protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities, and provides legal and institutional basis for preventing a radiological disaster and preparing countermeasures against a radiological emergency

NSSC -

Act on Protective

Action Guidelines

Against Radiation in the

Natural Environment

Prescribes safety rules for managing radiation in residential areas to protect people against undue exposure to radiation from household items, construction materials, or recycled scam metal

NSSC To be effective on 26

th July,

2012

Nuclear Liability Act

Prescribes compensation rules for nuclear damages

NSSC

Act on Indemnity

Agreement for Liability

Prescribes rules of indemnity agreement for nuclear liability

NSSC

Electricity Business Act

Provides the basic system of electricity business

MKE -

Electric Source Development Promotion Act

Provides special cases relevant to the development of electric sources

MKE Prior designation notice of nuclear site

Radioactive Waste Control

Act

Provides for matters necessary for the safe and efficient control and management of radioactive waste

MKE -

Basic Law of Environmental

Policy

Funding law of environmental preservation policy

MOE

The NSA is entrusted with the particulars on measures to prevent radiological contamination

Act on Assessment of

Impacts of Works on

Environment.

Provides the extent and procedures to assess environmental impact according to the Basic Law of Environmental Policy

MOE Assessment of environmental impacts excluding radiological impacts

Framework Act on Fire Services

Provides for general matters on the prevention, precautions and the extinguishing of fires

MOPAS Requirements for safety management of inflammables

Basic Act on Civil Defence

Provides for general matters on the civil defence system

MOPAS

Preparedness against disasters due to nuclear accidents is included in the basic civil defence plan

Framework Act on Management of Disasters and

Safety

Provides for general matters on the control of man-made disasters

MOPAS

Prescribes corrective or complementary measures for violations in the implementation of the basic civil defence plan

Industrial Accident

Compensation Insurance Act

Provides insurance to compensate workers in case of an industrial disaster

MOEL

Nuclear workers are to be compensated in accordance with the compensation standards in the NSA

Industrial Safety and Health Act

Provides for the preservation and enhancement of workers' health and safety

MOEL The AEA includes the particulars on radiological safety

Building Act Provides for general matters on construction

MLTM

When the sites of disposal facilities have obtained prior approval, they are to be seen as having obtained construction permission in accordance with the Building Act

32

[Nuclear Safety Act - NSA]

The laws concerning nuclear regulation, as shown in Figure 8, consist of 4 levels: the

NSA, the Enforcement Decree of the NSA, the Enforcement Regulations of the NSA

(including regulations concerning technical standards of nuclear facilities etc., and

regulations concerning technical standards of radiation safety management), and the

Notices of the NSSC.

FIGURE 8. LEGAL HIERARCHY OF THE NUCLER SAFETY ACT

The NSA provides for basic and fundamental matters concerning the safety

regulations. The NSA includes provisions for NSSC, permits for construction, and

operation of radioactive waste disposal facilities, among others. The Enforcement

Decree of the NSA (Presidential Decree) provides the particulars entrusted in the

NSA and administrative particulars, including the detailed procedures and methods

necessary for enforcement of the NSA.

The Enforcement Regulation of the NSA (NSSC Ordinances) provides the particulars,

including detailed procedures, format of documents and technical standards, as

entrusted by the same Act and the same Decree. The Notices of the NSSC prescribe

the regulatory requirements, technical standards and guidelines, as entrusted by the

same Act, Decree and Regulation.

The NSA prescribes basic matters on waste safety to be applied to radioactive waste

management facilities. These are as follows:

33

- provisions for construction/operation permits of nuclear facilities

- provisions for step-by-step safety inspections related to installation and

operation of nuclear facilities

- provisions for the safe transport and packaging of radioactive waste

- provisions for the establishment and implementation of basic policy

References

[1] Cheong Wa Dae; Office of the President of Korea (http://english.president.go.kr )

[2] Korean Statistical Information Service (http://kosis.kr/eng )

[3] The Bank of Korea Economic Statistics System (http://ecos.bok.or.kr)

[4] Korea Energy Statistics Information System (http://www.kesis.net)

[5] The 5th

Basic Plan of Long-Term Electricity Supply, Ministry of Knowledge Economy

[6] Energy Info. Korea 2010, Korea Energy Economics Institute

[7] Yearbook of Energy Statistics, Korea Energy Economics Institute

[8] Yearbook of Electricity Statistics, KEPCO

[9] Yearbook of New & Renewable Energy Statistics 2010, Korea Energy Management Corporation

Appendix 1: International, Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements

INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENT

Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in effect since August

1957.

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Atomic Energy

Agency, in effect since January 1962.

Amendment of Article VI. A.3 of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy

Agency, in effect since January 1963.

Amendment of Article VI of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency,

in effect since June 1973.

Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to

Nuclear Science and Technology (RCA), in effect since October 1974.

Agreement to Extend the Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research,

Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology (1972), in

effect since July 1978.

Second Agreement to Extend the Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research,


effect since December 1982.

http://english.president.go.kr/

http://kosis.kr/eng

http://ecos.bok.or.kr/


34

Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to

Nuclear Science and Technology (RCA, 1987), in effect since December 1987.

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological

Emergency, in effect since July 1990.

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, in effect since July 1990.

Agreement to Extend the Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research


effect since December 1992.

Agreement on the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development

Organization (KEDO), in effect since March 1995.

Convention on Nuclear Safety, in effect since October 1996.

Second Agreement to Extend the 1987 Regional Cooperative Agreement for

Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology, in

effect since June 1997.

Agreement on Cooperation Among the Original Members of Korean Peninsula

Energy Development Organization, in effect since September 1997.

Protocol Amending the Agreement on the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula

Energy Development Organization, in effect since September 1997.

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of

Radioactive Waste Management, in effect since December 2002.

Framework Agreement for International Collaboration on Research and Development

of Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems, in effect since November 2005.

Fourth Agreement to Extend the 1987 Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research,

Development, and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology, in effect

since July 2007.

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the ITER International Fusion Energy

Organization for the Joint Implementation of the ITER Project, in effect since

October 2007.

Agreement on the Establishment of the ITER International Fusion Energy

Organization for the Joint Implementation of the ITER Project, in effect since

October 2007.

COOPERATION AGREEMENTS WITH IAEA

Exchange of Notes between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the

International Atomic Energy Agency concerning Technical Assistance, in effect since

May 1961.

35

Exchange of Notes for the Services (Application of Radioisotope in Agriculture) of

Technical Assistance Experts between the Republic of Korea and the International

Atomic Energy Agency, in effect since October 1962.

Exchange of Notes for the Services (Experimental Nuclear Physics) of Technical

Assistance Experts between the Republic of Korea and the International Atomic

Energy Agency, in effect since December 1962.

Exchange of Notes for the Services (Radio-Chemistry) of Technical Assistance

Experts between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the International

Atomic Energy Agency, in effect since April 1963.

Supplementary Agreement on Provision of Technical Assistance by the International

Atomic Energy Agency to the Government of the Republic of Korea, in effect since

April 1967.

Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the International

Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in connection with the

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, in effect since November 1975.

Revised Supplementary Agreement concerning the Provision of Technical Assistance

by the International Atomic Energy Agency to the Government of the Republic of

Korea, in effect since January 1980.

Protocol Additional to the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of

Korea and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards

in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, in effect

since February 2004.

BILATERAL AGREEMENTS

Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Korea and

the Government of the United States of America concerning Civil Uses of Atomic

Energy, in effect since February 1956.

Amendment to Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of the Republic

of Korea and the Government of the United States of America concerning Civil Uses

of Atomic Energy, in effect since May 1958.

Lease Agreement for the Special Nuclear Material between the United States Atomic

Energy Commission acting for and on behalf of the Government of the United States

of America and the Government of the Republic of Korea, in effect since June 1960.

Exchange of Notes concerning a Grant by the Government of the United States of

America in the Acquisition of Certain Nuclear Research and Training Equipment and

Materials between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of

the United States of America, in effect since November 1960.

Lease Agreement for the Special Nuclear Material between the United States Atomic

Energy Commission acting for and on behalf of the Government of the United States

of America and the Government of the Republic of Korea, in effect since September

1961.

36

Lease Agreement for the Special Nuclear Material between the Government of the

Republic of Korea and the United States Atomic Energy Commission acting for and

on behalf of the Government of the United States of America, in effect since June

1963.



of Atomic Energy, in effect since January 1966.

Agreement between the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Government of the

Republic of Korea and the Government of the United States of America for the

Application of Safeguards, in effect since January 1968.

Agreement to Amend the Agreement between the International Atomic Energy

Agency, the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the United

States of America for the Application of Safeguards, in effect since March 1973.


the Government of the United States of America concerning Civil Uses of Atomic

Energy, in effect since March 1973.



of Atomic Energy, in effect since June 1974.


Government of the French Republic concerning Reciprocal Cooperation for the

Peaceful Utilization of Atomic Energy, in effect since October 1974.

Agreement between the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Government of the

Republic of Korea and the Government of the French Republic for the Application of

Safeguards, in effect since September 1975.

Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of

Canada for Cooperation in the Development and Application of Atomic Energy for

Peaceful Purposes, in effect since January 1976.

Basic Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the Government

of the Republic of Korea and the Government of Spain, in effect since March 1976.


Australia concerning Cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy and the

Transfer of Nuclear Material, in effect since May 1979.


Government of the Federal Republic of Germany for the Supply of the Radionuclide

Batteries to the Republic of Korea, in effect since October 1979.


the French Republic relating to Peaceful Utilization of Atomic Energy, in effect since

April 1981.

37


Belgium concerning the Collaboration in the field of the Pacific Utilization of

Nuclear Energy, in effect since March 1981.

Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Korea

and the Government of Canada on the Establishment and Operation of the Korea-

Canada Joint Coordinating Committee on Nuclear Energy, in effect since April 1983.


the Federal Republic of Germany for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear

Energy, in effect since April 1986.


Government of Canada on Retransfer of Nuclear Material, in effect since June 1989.


Government of Japan concerning Cooperation in Nuclear Energy, in effect since May

1990.


the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for Cooperation in the

Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in effect since November 1991.

Exchange of Notes on the Republic of Korea's joining the OECD Nuclear Energy

Agency between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Organization for

Economic Cooperation and Development, in effect since May 1993.

Arrangement between the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology and the

United States Department of Energy concerning Research And Development in

Nuclear Material Control, Accountancy, Verification, Physical Protection, and

Advanced Containment and Surveillance Technologies for International Safeguards

Applications, in effect since September 1994.

Arrangement between the Ministry of Science and Technology (M.O.S.T.), the

Republic of Korea, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S.N.R.C.), United

States of America, for the Exchange of Technical Information and Cooperation in

Regulatory and Safety Research Matters, in effect since June 1995.


the People's Republic of China for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear

Energy, in effect since February 1995.


the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for Cooperation in Research into the Peaceful Uses

of Nuclear Energy, in effect since January 1997.


the Argentine Republic for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in

effect since September 1997.

Exchange of Notes concerning on Agreement between the Government of the

Republic of Korea and the Government of Australia concerning Cooperation in

38

Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy and Transfer of Nuclear Material Signed at

Canberra on 2 May 1979, in effect since November 1997.


the Russian Federation on the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in effect since

October 1999.


the Republic of Turkey for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in



the Czech Republic for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in effect

since June 2001.


Government of Canada constituting an Agreement relating to the Transfer of Tritium

Items for the Wolsong Tritium Removal Facility, in effect since January 2001.

Exchange of Notes for the Amendment of the Agreement between the Government of

the Republic of Korea and the Government of Canada for Cooperation in the

Development and Application of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes, in effect

since July 2002.


the Arab Republic of Egypt for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy,

in effect since June 2002.


Romania for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in the fields of

Industry, Research and Development, in effect since September 2004.

Agreement on Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Korea and

the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic

Energy, signed in September 2004.


the Federative Republic of Brazil for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear

Energy, in effect since July 2005.


the European Atomic Energy Community Represented by the Commission of the

European Communities in the field of Fusion Energy Research, in effect since

December 2006.


the Republic of Chile for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in

effect since September 2006.


the Republic of Indonesia for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy,

signed in December 2006.

39

Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Cabinet of

Ministers of Ukraine for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in



the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear

Energy, in effect since May 2009.


the United Arab Emirates for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, in

effect since January 2010.


the Republic of Kazakhstan for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy,

in effect since August 2010.


the Republic of South Africa for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy,

in effect since February 2011.

40

Appendix 2: main organizations, institutions and companies involved in nuclear

power related activities

National Nuclear Energy Authorities

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

Central Government Complex, 77-6 Sejong-No,

Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-760, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-2100-6950

Fax: +82-2-2100-6965

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST)

Central Government Complex, 77-6 Sejong-No,

Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-760, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-2100-6118

Fax: +82-2-2100-6133

http://www.mest.go.kr

Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE)

Government Complex, 88 Gwanmoonro,

Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 427-723

Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-1577-0900

Fax: +82-2-504-7634

http://www.mke.go.kr

Nuclear Industry

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)

1045 Daeduk-daero (Dukjin-dong), Yusong-gu,

Daejeon, 305-353, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-42-868-2000

Fax: +82-42-868-2196

http://www.kaeri.re.kr

Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS)

34 Gwahak-ro (Kusong-dong), Yusong-gu,


Tel: +82-42-868-0000

Fax: +82-42-861-1700

http://www.kins.re.kr

Korea Cancer Centre Hospital (KCCH)

75 Nowon-gil (Gongneung-dong), Nowon-gu

Seoul, 139-706, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-970-2114

Fax: +82-2-978-2005

http://www.kcch.re.kr

Korea Radioisotope Association (KRIA)

14-5, Gaepo-dong, Gangnam-gu,

Seoul, 135-988, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-3490-7111

Fax: +82-2-445-1014

http://www.ri.or.kr

Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)

411 Yeongdong-daero (Samseong-dong),

Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-791, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-3456-3114

Fax: +82-2-3456-3203

http://www.kepco.co.kr

Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., LTD (KHNP)

411 Yeongdong-daero (Samseong-dong),

Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-791, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-3456-2114

Fax: +82-2-3456-2359

http://www.khnp.co.kr

http://www.most.go.kr/

http://www.mocie.go.kr/

http://www.kaeri.re.kr/

http://www.kins.re.kr/

http://www.kcch.re.kr/

http://www.ri.or.kr/

http://www.kepco.co.kr/

http://www.khnp.co.kr/

41

Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction Co.

555, Guygok-dong, Changwon-si,

Kyungnam, 641-792, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-55-278-6114

Fax: +82-55-264-5551

http://www.doosanheavy.com

KOPEC Engineering Construction Co., Inc. (KEPCO E&C)

2354 Yongu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si,

Geonggi-do, 446-713, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-31-289-3114

Fax: +82-31-283-6215

http://www.kepco-enc.com

KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd. (KEPCO NF)

1047 Daeduk-daero (Deokjin-dong), Yuseong-gu,


Tel: +82-42-868-1000

Fax: +82-42-868-1219

http://www.knfc.co.kr

KEPCO Plant Services and Engineering Co., Ltd. (KEPCO KPS)

1 Migum-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,

Geonggi-do, 463-726, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-31-710-4114

Fax: +82-31-710-4115

http://www.kps.co.kr

Energy Research Institutes

Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) http://www.kbsi.re.kr

Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) http://www.kier.re.kr

Korea Advanced Institute of Science

and Technology (KAIST)

http://www.kaist.ac.kr

Pohang University of Science and Technology http://www.postech.ac.kr/e

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) http://pal.postech.ac.kr

Other Organizations

Korean Nuclear Society http://www.nuclear.or.kr

Korea Nuclear Energy Promotion Agency

(KONEPA)

http://www.konepa.or.kr

Korea Atomic Industrial Forum http://www.kaif.or.kr

http://www.doosanheavy.com/

http://www.kepco-enc.com/

http://www.knfc.co.kr/

http://www.kps.co.kr/

http://www.kbsi.re.kr/

http://www.kier.re.kr/indexe.htm

http://www.kaist.ac.kr/

http://www.postech.ac.kr/e

http://pal.postech.ac.kr/docs/english/index.htm

http://www.nuclear.or.kr/

http://www.konepa.or.kr/

http://www.kaif.or.kr/

42

Coordinator: Sae-rog Hyun / KHNP / [email protected]

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