1 final report
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SUBMITTED BY: SONAKSHI KOHLIROLL NO 882649GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR
THESIS REPORT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to my thesis panel for their guidance throughout my thesis. Their vast knowledge and experience on the subject gave me
valuable guidance at each and every step of my work.I am grateful to all my teachers for their valuable guidance, my family and my batch mates for their support.
I would like to thank all the staff members of our department for their help during my study. I sincerely thank all who have helped me
directly or indirectly in the completion of my thesis project.
My sincere thanks to my family and friends for all their extended help in the completion of my project.
Sonakshi Kohli,
B.Arch Xth SEM
Roll No: 882649
Department of Architecture,
Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar
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UNDERTAKING
This is to certify that the architectural thesis entitled State Judicial Academy, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh is my original work. I shall be
solely responsible for the default whatsoever detected during or after the course of thesis.
Sonakshi Kohli,
B.Arch Xth sem
Roll No: 882649
Department of Architecture,
Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar
This is to certify that Sonakshi Kohli, student of Bachelor of Architecture (batch 2008-2013) has submitted Architectural thesis entitled
State Judicial Academy, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh . The submission is her original work as per the undertaking and may be accepted as
partial fulfillment of Bachelors of Architecture(five years) degree course.
Ar. Pinto Emerson
Ar. Renu Mehta
Ar. PS Mahoora
Thesis Guide panel,
Department of Architecture,
GNDU,Amritsar
Ar. Sandeep Dua
Head of Department,
Department of Architecture,GNDU,Amritsar
Ar. Harvinder Kaur
Thesis Co-ordinator,
Department of Architecture,GNDU,Amritsar
RECOMMENDATION
Signatures of final jury :
1. . 2. .. 3. 4. ..
Dated :
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1.1. Judiciary: Duty of a Judiciary is to protect Constitutional Rights of citizens
Constitution: The supreme Law of India. Pillars of Democracy:
1. Legislature- makes or amends Laws.
2. Executive- implements or executes Laws.
3. Judiciary - interprets and enforce Laws.
Independent judiciary: The Constitution of India follows an independent Judiciary. The judges of Supreme
Court and High Court are appointed by the central executives, after an exam for state Judicial services, followed
by a Judicial training.
1.2. The Judicial Academy is a government funded training institute, established as a society under the
Societies Registration Act, 1860. Though the National Judicial academy was formally set up in 1994.
1.3. The purpose of academy: The academy shall be formed to contribute for the professional, independent,
unbiased and efficient performance of judicial professionals.
1.4. The governing body : The High Court of the state which provides all the norms and standards for Judicial
Academy
1.5. Activities of a Judicial academy*:
1. Training programme for newly recruited judicial officers.( 12 months)
Institutional training of six and a half months .
Practical training in court of sessions for three months.
Revenue training at institute for one and a half month .
Police training at appropriate centre for three weeks.
Visiting academy of other states for two weeks .
2. Refresher or orientation courses for senior judicial officers .(monthly or weekly)
3. Refresher or orientation courses for ministered staff of judicial courts.4. Some other training programmes for officers and officials outside judiciary.
1.INTRODUCTION
Page No. 1.
1a. Lady Justice
depicts justice as
equipped with three
symbols: a sword
symbolizing the court's
coercive power; a human
scale weighingcompeting claims in
each hand; and a
blindfold indicating
impartiality
The conce
pt of statue of justice
* Source :www.nja,gov.in
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2.1 National Judicial Academy(NJA) : The National Judicial Academy has been set by
Government of India to provide in-service training to judicial officers. The Academy was registered on 17 August 1993 under the Societies
Registration Act,1860. The Academy provides training to judicial officers of states, as well as ministerial staff of Supreme Court of India and
the High Court. The objectives of the Academy include Judicial Reform and policy development as well as research support services for
greater efficiency, fairness, access and productivity.2.2 Historical overview : Indian Judicial system has a long history right from the pre British days.
2.3 Indian Judicial system in brief : Supreme Court is the apex court in the country. The Constitution gives an extensive original
jurisdiction to supreme court to enforce fundamental rights. The High Court is the head of the state judicial administration. There are 21 High
Courts in our country.
2.4 Current Scenario : a large number of cases are being delayed,
40% are less than year old 90% are with subordinate courtsA National planning and management system for
The administration of justice is needed. Our
National Judicial academy is preparing a proper
Case management system to avoid delays,
For that we should have:
I. Legislative reforms
II. Strengthening of the Bar
III. Strengthening of the Legal education
IV. Legislative reforms to strengthen the power of judges
2.5 State Judicial Academies(SJAs) : They have been set for each of the 28 states of India, for a qualitative and productive Judicial
education. And are governed by the High Court, respectively for each state.
Page No. 2.* Judicial reforms in I ndia:by Hazra,Arnab Kumar & Debroy, Bibek ;
www.nja,gov.in
2.BRIEF HISTORY
2a. Judiciary And I ts Components
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3.1 Project : A state judicial academy for Himachal Pradesh , an 8.5 acre site, proposed by
Himachal Pradesh government, at Ghandal , 22kms away from Shimla, towards Bilaspur, lying on the NH22.
Project being handled by: Ar. NK Negi, Chief Architect, Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department, Nigam Vihar, Shimla.
3.2 About Shimla: Shimla (30 0 6`N ;77 0 13`E) , 2205 metres above sea level
The Queen of Hill stations was established by the British during Colonial period in the first half
of 19 th century as their summer capital. A colonial architectural expression is represented in
The facades of buildings, sloping roofs, dormers, windows, doors, entrances and chimneys of
numerous types replicated from European buildings.
3.3 Planning of Shimla: British planned Shimla strictly in consonance with contours and levels of topography , in such a fashion so that
maximum sun is brought even inside the building. The British took care of the natural scenery and did not prefer to raise any construction
against the view, vision and vista. Rectangular buildings on various levels and accessibility by roads and pedestrian paths were the
essential features of the layouts of those days.
3.4 Architectural styles being followed:
3. PROJECT BRIEF
Page No. 3.* As per h eritage report, Town plannin g office, Shiml a H.P.
3a.
Shyamla
village
Project : Vice regal Lodge
Architectural style : English-renaissance
Location : Observatory Hill, Shimla, India
Construction: 1884-1888
Architect : Henry Irwin
Project: Gorton Castel
Architectural style : Neo-Gothic
Construction : 1901-1904
Architect : S.S. Jacob K.C.I.E.
3c. Layout of ridgeand mall road area
3b. Layout of railwayboard and SBI area
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4.1 Why Shimla for state Judicial Academy of Himachal Pradesh?
Social validity:
1.State Capital
2.The site was proposed by Himachal government, for Shimla being in a centralised location.3.A Judicial Court complex exists at Theog, Shimla.
4.A Himachal Pradesh state judicial academy already running at Curzon House , at a small scale, which lacks many amenities and
recreational facilities, thus due to the need of a full fledged Judicial Academy ,an 8.5 acre site is proposed.
Physical validity:
Connectivity: Shimla has a direct connectivity to the capital New Delhi and a Union Territory, Chandigarh.
by air- Shimla has its own airport,23 kms from Shimla at Jubbarhatti. by rail- Kalka is nearest major railhead connected with Shimla on the most spectacular
narrow gauge railway line in the world.
by road- well maintained national highway no. 22 connects Shimla to Chandigarh.
Page No.5.
4. VALIDITY
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5. LOCATION
5.1 Map of I ndia
5.2 Map of North I ndia 5.3 M ap of H imachalPradesh
5.4 Connectivity toShimla
5.5 Approach to site
5a. Site click
5b. Site Google i mage
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6. INTRODUCTION TO SITE
Site location: Site has been proposed at Shimla Bilaspur Highway, on NH22 , 22 km away from Shimla.
Site Area: 8.5 acres
Site Coordinates: 31935N 77235E
Shimla Coordinates: 31612N 771020E
Altitude: 2100 m above sea level
Climate: Cold and cloudy, similar to the climatic conditions of Shimla,
but slightly higher due to the
comparatively lower
latitude.
Rainfall: 1000-1500mm
Temperature ranges
from - 6C to 31C
Orientation: Site is South
facing and full exposed to sun
Geology: The site falls
under seismic zone 5.
The main type of soil found
is Brown, Mountain soil.
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7. AIM
To provide a campus that imparts legal studies, representing the spirit of The Indian Constitution .
8. OBJECTIVESEvolving a form that blends with the nature, using indigenous materials, locally available with low embodied energy.
Building on various levels, along the contours to not raise any construction against the view, preserving the natural scenery abutting
the site.
Placement of blocks with minimum intermediate distances avoiding shadows to allow maximum sunshine.
Designing a self sustained complex with clear spaces for interaction in form of open spaces , sun spaces within and outside the built
volumes.9. SCOPEThe scope of the project shall extend up to: Detailed site planning and site layout
Development of the following units:
1. Academic block
2. Hostels3. Guest houses
4. Library
5. OAT
6. Auditorium
Detailed design of the above units shall be in the form of floor plans, elevations and sections.
Detail Green Building principles in the Academy.
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10. METHODOLOGY
Site study
Study of designstandards
Case studies
Understanding basic need ofdesign, scope and limitation
Literature and Library
studies
Comparativeanalysis
Framing therequirements
Framing the designconcept
Design development
Final design
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11. LITERATURE REVIEW
11.1 Green building principles: A green building balances all aspects of energy use in a
building: lighting, space-conditioning and ventilation, by providing an optimised mix of passive solar design strategies, energy-efficient
equipment's and renewable sources of energy. Use of maintenance friendly materials with low embodied energy.
ENERGY:-Ability of amatter or radiation to do
workEFFICIENCY:- It is the ratioof benefit to the total
expenses..
ENERGY EFFICIENCY, Therefore, define asratio between benefit gained and the energy
used..
A. Need of today : Buildings, an important unit of The growing India, that contributes to the serious Global environmental problems
because of an excessive consumption of energy and the depletion of natural resources .
Which explains the need of an environmentally responsive architecture, that are self sustainable. Ecological and have performance.
B. Evaluation criteria*:
1. Site planning
2. Building envelope design
3. Building system design4. HVAC
5. Lighting and electrical use
6. Integration of renewable resources to generate energy on site
7. Water and waste management
8. Selection of ecologically sustainable materials
9. Indoor environmental qualityPage No. 10.* As per GRIH A gui delines, table 3.1, Green Ar chitectur e, by Osman Attm ann.
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WATER Reduce run-off Water harvestingEconomical use
Water recyclingStrengthen watershedsGround water recharge.
LAND FORMSRespect for TopographyAppropriate land useCareful grading on site, by
balancing cutting and fillingand re-using the material onsite.
SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTPARAMETERS
VEGETATIONConservation of old and Indigenous
vegetation
The new layer to integrate with older Vegetative coolingPlantation for wind Buffering and
channeling.Add plantation according to the
functional, aesthetical and environmentaluse.
MINIMISE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGEIndigenous building systems.Reduce resource depletion and consumptionAvoid extraction of materials ,which cause damage.Avoid destruction of diversity of species.Protection of life support Eco-systemsPreservation of flora fauna
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSUse of traditional and locally available
materialsMinimize use of transported materials.use of materials from renewable sources.
Use of non toxic materials or low emissionmaterials. TECHNOLOGY &
ARCHITECTURALASPECTS
Designing and planning inharmonious relationship withthe surroundings.
Integration of solar passiveand active technologies.
The orientation of the building for passive solar gains
Conservation and reuse of buildings
Robust building formsadaptable for different uses.
Local, natural andenvironmentally sustainablematerials.
Climatic considerations.Low cost economic design
solutions.Long life, resistant to hazards
C. Parameters of sustainable development
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6. In cutting and filling of the site, a huge cost is involved.
7. Also the construction materials have to be transported from far off distances which itself is difficult in slopes.
C. Working out the geographical constrains:
Slopes with steeper gradients can be made buildable by cut and fill method and providing retaining wall, to avoid tumbling down of
the building, ideal for seismic zones.
After contour shifting, new area developed should not restrict natural drainage and the layout of roads should be possible
Layouts parallel to the contour profile at different levels shall be done
D. Layout of roads:Calculation of the road path by trigonometry where is the slope in degrees and y is the
contour interval.
1. Roads should be laid parallel to the contour lines
2. Drainage system can also determine the road layout
3. Main sewer line should be bent along with it.
4. Street orientation be East-West for maximum sunlight gain in winters.
5. A narrow road with development on one side is preferred
E. Working out the climatic constrains:
Temperature also varies with altitude, with a cooling rate of about 8 c with every
100m rise.
A single row of high density trees in form of a wind break can reduce infiltration
in the building by about 60% , when planted about four tree heights from the
building. This corresponds to about 15% reduction in energy costs.
Page No. 13.
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Orientation of blocks depend on sun path
To get more winter sun the longer axis should be along E-W direction.
Heat gain by summer sun is reduced by tilting longer axis towards East.
Building at the top of the hills to be avoided due to high wind draft.
The pitch of the roof is decided by the average rainfall & heavy showers characteristics of aregion.
Snowfall if any directs the roof to be shaped so as to throw snow away from the walls.
An angle of latitude plus 15 deg to horizontal is optimum roof angle for coldest months.
F. Openings
Openings are guided by the wind directions and degree of direct sunlight .
Ratio of height to minimum width of the opening in a building must be less than 2.5.
Overhanging projections like parapet, chajjas, balcony etc. should be avoided.
Projection factor (h / v)- the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external shading projection divided
by the sum of the height of the fenestration and the distance from the top of the fenestration to the
bottom of the farthest point of the external shading projection.
Minimum clearance of 1.0 -1.5m, should be given between the hill face and the building wall to
avoid dampness and for proper light and ventilation
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* As per Design f or N orthern Cl imates by M atus ; www.sustainable-buildings.org ; Energy Ef fi cient buil dings in I ndia by Teri
The shelterbelt , a wide barrier of living trees and shrubs planted and maintained for the purpose of protecting the whole farms is
pyramidal in appearance and generally is of 5 to 7 rows, with tallest trees in the middle row.
A wind break is a narrow (1 to 2 rows) wind barrier of living trees or shrubs planted and maintained for protection inside the farm.
G. Shelter belt and wind break
H. Cultivation of Plants on the left out spaces
Different programmes and projects should be implemented in village level in simple and effective ways so that, people may realize the
importance of forests or plants of nearby areas. The forests, agriculture fields and the space adjoining the houses are some places,
where important plants can be gown. The cultivation of medicinal or fruit plants will be an encouraging step for the conservation of threatened species.
Ef fect of Dense belt on the prevail in g wind. Graph showing th e wind speed with r espect to density of theshelter belt
Water runoff :
due to very steep slopes, most of the volume of the rainfall is lost as run off. Despite of heavy rainfall, the hill area faces the water shortage.
The measures suggested are rain water storage and harvesting as under:
H. Rain water harvesting
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The grove of trees is planted along the circulation spine for environmental and aesthetic reasons and to
have the experience of walking through a grove.
The ground covers are planted on the mounds, to stabilize the slopes and to prevent the soil erosion.
Integration of smaller puddles into a larger water body: Create a larger and deeper water body in low lying
area that would have water throughout the year. Plant trees around the edges of water body.
This would attract birds and animals, improve microclimate of the area, create visual impact.
I. Surface water and ground recharge
Schemes of recharging of the ground water like letting the surplus water run into bore-wells, collecting the
pavement water and the terrace water into the tanks for reusing should be encouraged.
Designing gutters and down-pipes depending upon site rain-fall characteristics
After and during the collection of water, the Filtering of the water is done to remove solids and organicmaterials. Finally the filtered water may be stored in appropriate storage units like sumps, tanks etc.
Water harvesting techniques by the construction of check dams and percolation tanks.
Rain water falling on all the structures can be collected and injected into ground reservoirs through the
structures like Abandoned dug well, abandoned pump, Recharge pit, Recharge trench, recharge shaft etc.
The following steps can be taken for designing roof top rain water harvesting:
Slope the roof appropriately preferably towards the direction of storage and recharge.
Rain Water Storage :
Every house and the housing cluster should have the provision of roof rain water harvesting and a
major provision for storing the collected rain water.
Storage & Collection of RainWater
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Page No. 17.
1. Dhajji dewari
Wall system : framed construction
Construction materials : Timber and Stone
Construction methodology:
Step- 1 A Dhajji house is a patchwork of timber and stone.
Step- 2 Wall made of timber frame with fill of light thin
panels.
Step- 3 Infill of small or big stones, boulders, ballast.
Seismic resistant/vulnerable features: cross bracings of
timber
Durability/ maintenance: Certain buildings have survived
the effects of weather and earthquakes for ages and still stand
today.
11.3 Contemporary Construction techniques:
Sloping roof Building with strong foundationChecks damsRetaining wallsAfforestation
J. Important points to minimize the effect of natural calamities :
k. Materials and techniques :Earthquake & Landslide Resistant
Energy EfficientHigh Strength
Locally Available
Sloping roof
Retainin g wall
2. Kaath kuni style.Wall system: Load bearing
Construction materials: Timber and Stone
Construction methodology: An indigenous style
of construction, in which the walls are made with alternate
courses of dry stonemasonry and timber without any
cementing mortar
Absence of vertical members is a unique feature
Seismic resistant / vulnerable features: Alternate courses of
timber
Durability / maintenance : Certain buildings have survived
the effects of weather and earthquakes for ages and still stand
today.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/rough%20report/natural%20hazards.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/rough%20report/natural%20hazards.pptx -
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Page No. 18.
3. Thathara style.Construction materials: Timber and Stone
Foundation: Max. 30cm in the ground. Large and heavy stone slabs are well packed together in the foundation. The process is repeated
until the fill reaches a few cm above surrounding ground level.
Construction style: Grid is made with pillars known as thatharas . The gap between is filled with stones, dhajji wall or wooden planks. In
case of wooden planks the whole arrangement is known as farque style.
Durability/ maintenance: Certain buildings have survived the effects of weather and earthquakes for ages and still stand today.
Construction methodology of Thathara (pillar):
Step- 1 Wooden planks (Thatharas) of size 45cm x 40cm x 4cm placed on edge on the two sides with the gap of about
40 cm defining wall thickness.
Step- 2 Same arrangement is repeated until it attains room height where thatharas are placed across in alternate course.
Step- 3 The hollow space is then filled with hand packed stones.
4. Adobe construction :
Adobe is a Spanish word often used in English (and French) to refer to a mud brick . It is a technique which consists in making mud bricks
using moulds but without compaction and letting them dry in the sun.
built forms are constructed with two local materials: Himalayan slate ,
a dark grey-layered stone that absorbs heat and is impermeable to
moisture, and Deodar timber, a species of mountain cedar, able to
withstand exposure to moisture and adjust to climatic and seismic
changes
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If there is too much clay, cracks will appear in the bricks during drying. If there is too much sand there will be inadequate adhesion. If the
organic matter is more than the desirable quantity, it makes it porous and of poor durability. Adobe possesses optimal thermal mass storage
and heat trans missive properties for winter heating and summer cooling.
Design Considerations:The Adobe construction/ structure should be sited on the higher ground, away from the areas of standing water. A sloped ground gradient
should be provided to remove water from the base of the walls and foundations. The roofs should be provided with the wide overhangs.
Adobe has high compressive strength but is weak in tension. The vertical reinforcement should be provided in the walls in all the zones with
seismicity greater than two. The soils used in the following proportions are best suited for the Adobe construction.
Sand: 55 to 75%
Silt: 10 to 28%Clay: 15 to 18%
Organic matter Less than 3%
Page No. 19.
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5. Cob construction:
Cob is the oldest earth building system, which requires no frame work, no ramming, no mechanized
equipment and minimal training. Cob, the material is a combination of sand and clay with straw and
water used to build walls without formwork. After thorough mixing, the stiff mud is piled on to a wall.
Rather than being used to infill a framework, the earth is shaped directly. Cobs insulation make it ideal
for passive solar heating. A cob structure is built by hand, using the malleable material. As the
ingredients of the cob construction are locally available almost everywhere, reducing reliance on long-
distance transportation. Cob is completely non toxic and recyclable.
Foundations: The most surviving cob structures are build on stone, concrete or other water proof
material plinths a meter high.
Roofs: In rainy climates, it is important to make sure the roof sheds water away from the cob walls.
Gutters prevent roof splash from reaching the base of the wall.
Plasters: Interior and exterior plasters should be made of lime, earth or other breathable materials so that
the moisture in the wall escapes freely.
6. Rammed earth:
The monolithic properties of rammed earth in contrast to those of the brick and mortar
joints of adobe make the walls less susceptible to water damage in wet climates. With the addition of cement stabilizers,
rammed earth walls can be constructed virtually in any of the earths climate zones.
The construction process involves two parallel planks held firmly apart with metal rods and bolts. Mud is thrown into the
space between the planks and then rammed down with either a wooden or a metal ram rod. Once a layer is completed and
has hardened, the planks are released, taken high up and the next layer is installed.
Page No. 20.
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Page No. 21.
7. Wattle and Daub Methods: This is used particularly for meeting building requirements in areas
prone to cyclones or earthquakes. Wattle is used to form the structure of the house and mud is used to
daub the walls. During the rains, the daub may be washed away but it is easily replaced. The wattle can
withstand any earth tremors.
Adobe, rammed earth, wattle and daub methods are the most widespread earth construction techniquesused today. They permit the construction of a wide variety of components and construction systems -
for example, foundations, floors, pitched and flat roofs, arches, tiles, chimneys, canals, roads, dams and
bridges etc.
Wattle and daubframe work
8. Modern buildings
R.C.C. / stone masonry foundation. R.C.C. framed structure.
Walls made of fired bricks.
R.C.C. / CGI roofing.
Steel / aluminum doors and windows.
Wood used for high end finishes.
Mud is rarely used for roof top insulation.
R.C.C. foundation
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Page No. 22.
11.4 Comparisons between traditional and contemporary buildings show that indigenous
buildings are:
Made of locally sourced building materials More resistant to earthquakes due to their design and flexibility
Environmentally sustainable due to their low embodied as well as operative energy demands.
More comfortable, as is the cultural suitability of their designs.
Recent trends of shift towards contemporary materials such as brick, cement and steel have resulted in increased levels of risk due to the
lack of knowledge among local construction workers on the appropriate use of these alien materials.
The new materials bring with them a negative environmental impact due to their high carbon footprint.
Higher heating and cooling requirements have resulted due to the thermal conductivity of the materials as well as design changes like
thinner walls and larger openings.
11.5 Types of Passive Systems
Direct Gain
Double glazing
Trombe Wall or Mass Wall
Sunspace or Greenhouse
Thermo syphoning
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Operation of Trombe Wall:
Sunlight hits the darkened mass wall and absorbed heat moves slowly across the wall
The inside surface temperature peaks 6-8 hours after the midday outside surface peak
Operational vents allow optional controlled air circulation into the space during the day
Overhang reduces wall sun exposure during the warmer months Vent added to outside at the top can drive warm air out in the summer and bring cooler air from a
north vent.
Trombe Wall Venting in Summer
Sun hitting the bottom drives the hot air up to the open vent
3. SUNSPACE CONCEPT :
Advantages:
Lower temperature swings in adjacent living
space
Flexible can be operated in many modes
Provides additional living or growing space
Works well in late winter and spring when
standard overhangs block direct gain through
windowsPage No. 24.
4 CONVECTIVE LOOP HEATERS
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Page No. 25.
4. CONVECTIVE LOOP HEATERS
Advantages:
Reduces glare and protects privacy
Inexpensive and easy to incorporate into existing homes
Can be isolated from the living space at night
No thermal mass needed if area < 10% of floor areaPrecautions:
Good design and construction needed to ensure proper airflow
and thermal isolation at night
Warm air is difficult to store in thermal mass than direct
sunlight.
* I llu strations are fr om the Passive Solar Design H andbook, Vol. I and II , U.S. DOE, 1980.
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Page No. 26.
LIT
ERATURE
CAS
E
STUDY
Project Basics:
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Project Basics:
Location : Shey, Ladakh, India
Latitude/Longitude : 34 N, 77 40 E, Alt. 3,700m
Climate : Cold Climate 18c;10c; rain 2 In.(50mm)
Seismic zone : 4
Building Type : SchoolGround Floor Area 1200 M 2
Total Combined Floor Area 1240 M 2
Total Site Area 130000 M 2
Completion : First Phase In 2001, Phase 2 In 2004 , phase 3 in2009.
Client : Drukpa Trust
Design Team : Arup Associates / Jonathan Rose ,London, UK
How to reach: The school is located in Shey (the ancient capital of Ladakh) about 30 minutes' drive up the Indus Valley from the main
town of Leh.
Surroundings: Ladhak is surrounded by the splendid view from the Karakoram mountain ranges on all the sides.
About ladhak: Sometimes known as Little Tibet, Ladakh is an ancient kingdom in north-west India, bordering Pakistan and the Tibet
Autonomous Region. The area is remote: the main road linking Ladakh with the rest of India is cut off by snow for 6 months or more
each year. This is a high-altitude desert environment where water is precious. Agriculture and human settlements depend on water from
snow melt, which flows towards the Indus River.
Brief history: The druk white lotus school / the druk padma karpo school is a small buddhist school under the patronage of the dalai
lama, and founded by his holiness the 12th gyalwang drukpa in 1992 in ladakh. Ladakh, india , is often described as little tibet and is
one of the few remaining Mountain societies where a traditional tibetan buddhist way of life is practiced
Page No. 27.
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Selection criteria:
1. Similar climate: Cold climate
2. Same typology: Institutional building
3. Same thrust area: to study the green
building principles, to study the construction
techniques.
Page No. 28.
Concept : The concept was to make a primary and secondary school that sits high in the Himalayas, enrolling about 500 local children.
The school provides a modern education with ladakhi language, culture, and tradition. The planning and design of the campus and its
buildings combine local knowledge and materials with simple -smart technology.
Self-Sustaining Environmental Controls:
Using locally-available materials, which have the least impact on
the environment;
Exploiting natural ventilation and passive solar heating;
Minimizing energy use and emissions;
Minimizing water use;
Refining and adapting traditional techniques to provide modern
solutions.
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Page No. 29.
N N
Main circulation axisSecondary circulation
Orientation : of main concern-
Main entrance to site is from
South to ensure glare free view at
the entrance
School 30 East of N -S axis to
attain maximum glare free light.
Residences receiving maximum
South an West to maximise heat
gain.
MASTER PLAN
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Page No. 30.
The project has been
conceived as a
contemporary model for
appropriate and
sustainable development
in harmony with local
culture. The master plan
takes advantage of the
site , with a complex of
buildings based around
courtyards that are
planned primarily on one
level, developed gradually
in phases to manage with
the funds.Phase 1- 2001
Phase 2- 2004
Phase 3- 2009
Phase 4- under progressN
SITE PLAN AND ZONING:
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Siteentrance
N
1.
5.
4. 3. 2.
1. School campus2. Residential area3. Toilets4. Dinning area5. Energy plant
Page No. 31.
SITE PLAN AND ZONING:
Site follows an overall linear planning character, extending towards one end whereas the
school is planned along a central core, with the Public zone the school campus placed at the front for an ease to the day scholars, the Semi
Public zone i.e. the hostels towards the back to ensure less disturbance, The Dinning and toilets are placed at the centre ensuring
connectivity from both residences and the school campus.
Complete scope of future expansion due to large site and efficient planning.
* Source : www. dwls.org
SITE PLAN SHOWING MAIN CIRCULATION
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1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
SITE PLAN SHOWING MAIN CIRCULATION
Page No. 32.
1. Site entrance and bus stop2. Nursery and infant school3. Library4. Entrance courtyard5. Central assembly courtyard6. Science laboratories7. Senior school8. Main hall defined by sputa's9. Basketball court10. Dining hall and kitchen11. Residential courtyard phase112. Energy centre13. VIPs14. Residential courtyards 3
15. Vocational training16. Residential courtyard
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Page No. 33.
KEY PLAN
PLAN OF NURSERY & INFANTSCHOOL COURTYARD
The nursery infant school consist of
two parallel buildings that frame an
open courtyard. Each of these building
is enclosed in three sides by a stone
wall which protects it from northerly
winds during the long cold winters &
provides thermal mass.
SECTION AA AND DETAILED SECTION O F
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Timber solarshading device
Timber framed doubleglazing, open able forventilation
Traditional roof constructioncomposed of: mud laid to poplar
joists on fir timber frameHigh thermal mass wall composedif: 450mm granite, 100mm air gap,150mm mud brick
Opening window from within
stone wall for cross ventilationand views
SECTION AA AND DETAILED SECTION O FNURSERY & I NFANT SCHOOL C OURTYARD
Page No. 34.
Section AA
In contrast, the south-east faades are extensively glazed to
provide direct passive solar energy for heating and natural light.
The buildings, appositely separated to avoid overshadowing, take
maximum advantage of the unique solar potential
by using glazed south facing facades to gatherthe suns energy
Detailed Section
PLAN OF DINNING BLOCK
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PLAN OF DINNING BLOCK
KEY PLANPage No. 35.
N
The dining hall is
centrally located
there is no separate
service entrance for
the kitchen
No vehicular access
to the kitchen
The main corridor
leads to the toilets atthe end, all the
toilets are place at
the west.
SECTION OF DINING HALL
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KitchenDiningCourtyard
Page No. 36.
O
Trombe wall composed of: Mud wallwith window and air vents outer glazedscreen, open able for maintenance andventilation
High thermal mass wallscomposed of 450 mm granite,100mm air gap, 150mm renderedmud brick
The bedroom and the washroom make use of Trombe walls for passive solar heating that ensures that the rooms are constantly kept at
comfort conditions for the young occupants. Good daylight and ventilation is also provided to all rooms.
DETAILEDSECTION O FR ESIDENTIALBLOCK
PLAN AND SECTION OF RESIDENTIALBLOCK
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PLAN AND SECTION OF RESIDENTIALBLOCK
Page No. 37.
N
The residential buildings are organized around a courtyard with a parallel buildings facing south, each with a
day time space for The boarding pupils.
Inferences in Architectural character
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Inferences in Architectural character
The school has been designed such that all natural and renewable sources of energy are utilized to
the maximum possible extent without causing any disturbance to the environment. At the same time
adequate measures have been taken to insulate the building so as to reduce loss of heat.
The 700 mm external walls are made of 150 mm thick mud bricks on the inside and 450 mm
thick granite blocks on the outside with a 100 mm air gap in between. These walls insulate the
building from the cold and windy conditions outside.
The southern side of all the buildings are provided with windows which allow natural light inside.
These are opened during the summers for ventilation and are shaded with removable wooden shades.
M ud-brick walls are clad withgran ite on the outside
Glazed southern side ofclassrooms provi de ligh t,ventil ation and warmth
The roofs need good insulation to minimize heat transfer in both winter and summer. The roof is made
from a combination of mud and local wood. Rock wool and felt are used to insulate. On top of this theyhave added corrugated aluminium sheets and sand to cover the felt to prevent it from melting under the
constant sunshine.
Skylights are provided in the roof to supplement light coming in from the windows.
Migration- The courtyards between the classroom buildings are subdivided into smaller spaces
appropriate for teaching during mild sunny days . The buildings and trees provide shade and wind
protection to these spaces.
Li ght coming in f rom the skylights
The courtyard is subdivided into a series ofoutdoor classrooms. Planter boxes awaitdeciduous tree planting
Page No. 38.
Tr ombe walls thatabsorb th e sun 'senergy dur in g thedaytime to warm th edormitori es at night
MATERIALS & APPLIANCES
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Almost all the materials used in the complex have been sourced locally .
Wood from willow and poplar trees are used for the structure, roofs, floors and windows.
Granite blocks and mud-bricks are used for the external walls. All internal walls are also made
of mud-bricks.
Concrete used is limited to the foundations of the wooden columns , as mortar and for the floor below the Bukhara .
Locally available material s likestone and wood are used i n th eschool
M ud brick inn er walls with granite blockfaci ng are stable and made of localmaterials.
Page No. 39.
Artificial lighting is not required in the classrooms most of the time due to the
abundant natural light available.
Electricity usage during the day-time is limited mainly to computers and other such
peripherals.
Energy saving lighting fixtures like CFL lights are used. Superinsulation. The roofs are constructed of local poplar rafters, willow
sheathing topped with mud and rock wool and felt insulation. The weather skin is sand
and aluminium sheets.
Air locks. The entries to the classroom buildings are all air locks to act as a buffer
between the winter cold and the warm interiors.
CFL L amps are usedwherever ar tifi ciallighti ng may be required
Roof constructi on uses localpoplar rafters and willowsheathing.
The splayed roof acts as an indirect daylight source in the classroom. Note lack of el ectr ic l ighti ng fixtures
VENTILATION
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Page No. 40.
High level openings work in conjunction with the south facing windows to provide
ventilation required in the building. In the residential areas, the Trombe walls are provided internal dampers and
also with such openings in the internal walls and . Together, they ensure an effective ventilation system where wind
drafts do not cause inconvenience to the children sleeping inside.
Dampers p laced above and bel ow wi ndows ar e par t of
the ventilation mechanism in the residential areas
Upper seni or schoolcourtyard & Central
Assembly Courtyar d
T ROMBE WALLS
At the druk white lotus school, heat is stored in an air cavity and is conducted slowly inward through the masonry of the trombe walls.
Adjustable openings on the top and bottom of the thermal storage wall transfer air from the heated air cavity to the room inside. Trombe
walls, which are coated externally with dark, heat-absorbing material and are faced with A double layer of glass. Heat is stored in the wall
and conducted inwards to the dormitories at night-time.
In Ladakh, India, the Ladakh Project is designing Trombe walls that complement
Ladakh's traditional architecture and has promoted building them in Ladakhi homes.
This has shown Ladhakis a clean, reliable alternative to fire as a source of heat.
The traditional fuel, dung, burns poorly and offers poor relief from the bitter
winter temperatures . The smoldering dung produces significant amounts of smoke t
hat fouls the air and causes many health problems. Trombe walls offer relief from both
the cold and the smoke. Ladakh receives about 320 days of sun annually, and the traditional building materials stone and mud
brick provide the thermal mass needed for heat collection in a Trombe wall.
Renewable Energy
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Renewable Energy Solar Energy is used for a number of purposes like day-lighting, direct heat gain through the
windows and to induce ventilation through the Trombe walls.
Solar water heaters are used to heat the water required for washing purposes.
Solar electricity is generated and used for a number of purposes.
Besides providing electricity for general lighting at night, computers also run on solar electricity. The latter is also used to run the water pump that pumps water from a depth of about 30 metres.
Water is a limited resource in a region with very little rainfall. The main source of water is snowmelt from the
surrounding Himalayas. The water distribution system reuses water for irrigation and directs any rainfall to
planted areas. Groundwater from the 105-foot (32-meter) deep water table is pumped by solar power to a
16,000-gallon (60,000 litre) tank at the surface. Drinking and irrigation water is then gravity fed to gardensand water faucets. When not driving the water pump, the solar panels feed batteries used to power the schools
computers. The schools toilets use a ventilated improved pit system , considered an important and
affordable breakthrough for improving sanitation in developing countries. The system uses no water but has a
solar-driven flue to eliminate smells and insects.Solar Photovoltaic Panelswhich generate all theelectricity required in theschool
The pumphouse at thewellhead ispowered bya sun-tracking PVarray
Solar water heaters areplaced near wash areas andprovide the required hot
water
Waste Management Traditional dry latrines have been improved and problems of fly and
odour eliminated in the Ventilation Improved Pit (VIP) toilets (most
importantly in a desert environment )
A double chamber system with a Tin sheet facing the south acts as a
flue carrying the odours out. A mesh at the top of the flue prevents
flies and insects from coming in.
The VIP toilets act as composting toilets and produces humus that
Water management