1. Explain the second law of thermodynamics.

The entropy of the universe increases over time and moves towards a maximum value.

2. What kinds of pipes are used for steam lines?

Normally galvanized pipes are not used for steam. Mild steel with screwed or welded fittings are the norm. Pressure and temperature are very important factors to be considered in what type of materials to be used. Steam even at low pressures can be extremely dangerous.

3. What is the difference between shear center flexural center of twist and elastic center?

The shear center is the centroid of a cross-section. The flexural center is the center of twist, which is the point on a beam that you can add a load without torsion. The elastic center is located at the center of gravity. If the object is homogeneous and symmetrical in both directions of the cross-section then they are all equivalent.

4. What is ferrite?

Magnetic iron rock

5. What is the difference between projectile motion and a rocket motion?

A projectile has no motor/rocket on it, so all of its momentum is given to it as it is launched. An example of a projectile would be pen that you throw across a room. A rocket or missile does have a motor/rocket on it so it can accelerate itself while moving and so resist other forces such as gravity.

6. What is a cotter joint?

These types of joints are used to connect two rods, which are under compressive or tensile stress. The ends of the rods are in the manner of a socket and shaft that fit together and the cotter is driven into a slot that is common to both pieces drawing them tightly together. The tensile strength of the steel is proportionate to the strength needed to offset the stress on the material divided by the number of joints employed.

7. What is the alloy of tin and lead?

A tin and lead alloy is commonly called solder. Usually solder is a wire with a rosin core used for soldering. The rosin core acts as a flux.

8. What does F.O.F. stand for in piping design?

FOF stands for Face of Flange. A flange has either of the two types of faces: a) Raised face b) Flat face The F.O.F is used to know the accurate dimension of the flange in order to avoid the minute errors in measurement in case of vertical or horizontal pipelines.

9. Explain Otto cycle.

Otto cycle can be explained by a pressure volume relationship diagram. It shows the functioning cycle of a four stroke engine. The cycle starts with an intake stroke, closing the intake and moving to the compression stroke, starting of combustion, power stroke, heat exchange stroke where heat is rejected and the exhaust stroke. It was designed by Nicolas Otto, a German engineer.

10. What is gear ratio?

It is the ratio of the number of revolutions of the pinion gear to one revolution of the idler gear.

11. What is annealing?

It is a process of heating a material above the re-crystallization temperature and cooling after a specific time interval. This increases the hardness and strength if the material.

12. What is ductile-brittle transition temperature?

It is the temperature below which the tendency of a material to fracture increases rather than forming. Below this temperature the material loses its ductility. It is also called Nil Ductility Temperature.

13. What is a uniformly distributed load?

A UDL or uniformly distributed load is a load, which is spread over a beam in such a way that each unit length is loaded to the same extent.

14. What are the differences between pneumatics and hydraulics?

a) Working fluid: Pneumatics use air, Hydraulics use Oil b) Power: Pneumatic power less than hydraulic power c) Size: P components are smaller than H components d) Leakage: Leaks in hydraulics cause fluid to be sticking around the components. In pneumatics, air is leaked into the atmosphere. e) Pneumatics obtain power from an air compressor while hydraulics require a pump f) Air is compressible, hydraulic oil is not

15. What is enthalpy?

Enthalpy is the heat content of a chemical system.

16. What is a positive displacement pump?

A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or gas to move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid or gas and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Positive displacement pumps can be further classified as either rotary-type (for example the rotary vane) or lobe pumps similar to oil pumps used in car engines. These pumps give a non-pulsating output or displacement unlike the reciprocating pumps. Hence, they are called positive displacement pumps.

17. Why would you use hydraulics rather than pneumatics?

Hydraulics is suitable for higher forces & precise motion than pneumatics. This is because hydraulic systems generally run at significantly higher pressures than pneumatics systems. Movements are more precise (repeatable) because hydraulics uses an incompressible liquid to transfer power whilst pneumatics uses gases. Pneumatic systems have some advantages too. They are usually significantly cheaper than hydraulic systems, can move faster (gas much less viscous than oil) and do not leak oil if they develop a leak.

18. What is isometric drawing?

It is a 3-D drawing used by draftsmen, architects etc.

19. What are the advantages of gear drive?

In general, gear drive is useful for power transmission between two shafts, which are near to each other (at most at 1m distance). In addition, it has maximum efficiency while transmitting power. It is durable compare to other such as belts chain drives etc. You can change the power to speed ratio. Advantages: - It is used to get various speeds in different load conditions. It increases fuel efficiency. Increases engine efficiency. Need less power input when operated manually.

20. Which conducts heat faster steel copper or brass?

Copper conducts heat faster than steel or brass. Any material that is good for conducting heat is also good for electricity in most cases. Wood terrible for transferring heat thus is also insulator for electric.

21. How pipe flanges are electrically insulated?

Pipe flanges are protected from corrosion by means of electrolysis, with dielectric flanges. The piping system is electrically insulated by what is called a sacrificial anode. A bag of readily corrodible metal is buried in the ground with a wire running from the pipe to the bag so that the sacrificial anode will corrode first. If any electrical current charges the pipe, it also serves as a ground.

22. What is a Process Flow Diagram?

A Process Flow Diagram (or System Flow Diagram) shows the relationships between the major components in the system. It also has basic information concerning the material balance for the process.

23. Where pneumatic system is used?

Any system needs redundancy in work needs pneumatics, because the compressor of the pneumatic system has periodical operations (intermittent work, not as hydraulic pump). The compressed air could be accumulated in tanks with high pressures and used even if the compressor failed.

24. Why gas containers are mostly cylindrical in shape?

The most efficient shape for withstanding high pressure is a sphere but that would be costly to manufacture. A cylinder with a domed top and a domed bottom (look underneath, the flat base is actually welded around the outside, the bottom of the gas container is actually domed) is a much cheaper shape to manufacture whilst still having good strength to resist the internal gas pressure.

25. How is martensite structure formed in steel?

Martensite transformation begins when austenite is cooled below a certain critical temperature, called the matrensite start temperature. As we go below the martensite start temperature, more and more martensite forms and complete transformation occurs only at a temperature called martensire finish temperature. Formation of martensite requires that the austenite phase must be cooled rapidly.

26. What is an orthographic drawing?

Orthographic projections are views of a 3D object, showing 3 faces of it. The 3 drawings are aligned so that if the page were folded, it would create part of the shape. It is also called multiview projections. The 3 faces of an object consist of its plan view, front view and side view. There are 2 types of orthographic projection, which are 1st angle projection and 3rd angle projection.

27. What is representative elementary volume?

Smallest volume over which measurements can be made that will yield a representative of the whole.

28. Why are LNG pipes curved?

LNG pipes are curved because LNG is condensed gas (-164 deg cel) so it can expand the pipes that is what engineers designed the LNG pipes are curve type.

29. What does angular momentum mean?

Angular momentum is an expression of an objects mass and rotational speed. Momentum is the velocity of an object times it is mass, or how fast something is moving how much it weigh. Therefore, angular momentum is the objects mass times the angular velocity where angular velocity is how fast something is rotating expressed in terms like revolutions per minute or radians per second or degrees per second.

30. Can you use motor oil in a hydraulic system?

Hydraulic fluid has to pass a different set of standards than motor oil. Motor oil has tackifiers, lower sulfur content, and other ingredients that could prove harmful to the seals and other components in a hydraulic system. If it is an emergency only should you do it.

31. What causes white smoke in two stroke locomotive engines?

That is the engine running too lean (lack of fuel). This condition will lead to overheating and failure of the engine.

32. What is the role of nitrogen in welding?

Nitrogen is used to prevent porosity in the welding member by preventing oxygen and air from entering the molten metal during the welding process. Other gases are also used for this purpose such as Argon, Helium, Carbon Dioxide, and the gases given off when the flux burns away during SMAW (stick) welding.

33. What does Green field project mean? Green field projects are those projects, which do not create any environmental nuisance (pollution), follows environmental management system and EIA (environment impact assessment). These projects are usually of big magnitude.

34. Is it the stress that, produces strain or strain produces stress?

A Force applied to an object will cause a displacement. Strain is effectively a measure of this displacement (change in length divided by original length). Stress is the Force applied divided by the area it is applied. (E.g. pounds per square inch) Therefore, to answer the question, the applied force produces both “Stress and Strain”. “Stress and Strain” are linked together by various material properties such as Poisson's ratio and Young's Modulus.

35. How does iron ore turn into steel?

To make Steel, Iron Ore is refined into iron and all the carbon is burned away using very high heat (Bessemer). A percentage of Carbon (and other trace elements) are added back to make steel. 36. What is knurling? Knurling is a machining process normally carried our on a centre lathe. The act of Knurling creates a raised criss-cross pattern on a smooth round bar that could be used as a handle or something that requires extra grip.

37. What is the mechanical advantage of a double pulley?

It only takes half the effort to move an object but twice the distance.

38. What is extrued aluminum?

Extrusion is the process where a metal or a metal bar is pulled through a mandrel to elongate it and/or give it a final shape. Extruded Aluminum is a common form of making small aluminum wire, bars or beams and many varieties of small non-structural, decorative pieces.

39. What is a Newtonian fluid?

A Newtonian fluid possesses a linear stress strain relationship curve and it passes through the origin. The fluid properties of a Newtonian fluid do not change when any force acts upon it.

40. What are the points in the stress strain curve for steel?

Proportional limit, elastic limit or yield point, ultimate stress and stress at failure.

Q1. If machines in a plant are arranged according to the sequence of operations required on the

products, the lay out is called ___________________________

Ans. Product Layout.

Q2. Ship building industries prefer __________________________ layout.

Ans. Fixed Position.

Q3. The production rate is maximum for ______________________________.

Ans. Product Layout.

Q4. List the name of computer aided techniques used for plant layout.

Ans. Core lap.

Q5. Reserve stock is maintained to take care of demanded during

Ans. Recorder point.

Q6. Safety stock is maintained to take care of variation in _________________________.

Ans. Lead Time.

Q7.Q- system of inventory control is a ________________________ quantity approach.

Ans. Fixed Order

Q8. P- System of inventory control is a ___________________________ approach

Ans. Periodic Review.

Q9. If the lead time is very long, the reserve stock should be __________________________.

Ans. Low

Q10. If the lead time is zero, the reserve stock should e ___________________

Ans. Zero

Q11. ABC analysis is carried out to pay more attention to items having _______________

Ans. More % of investment

Q12. Acceptance sampling is a ____________________________ technique

Ans. Inspection

Q13. For defense goods it is advised to go for ______________________

Ans. 100% inspection

Q14. On critical path the slack carries _____________________slack.

Ans. Minimum

Q15. To determine normal time from average time we need ________________________

Ans. Rating factor

Q16. Wasting house, technique is used of find ________________________________

Ans. Rating

Q17. SIMO charts stands for ___________________

Ans. Simultaneous motion cycle chart

Q18. Extrusion process is best suited for________________

Ans. Nonferrous metal

Q19. Seamless tubes can be produced from billet by __________________

Ans. Cold Rolling

Q20. During coining process there is no flow of metal in _______________________

Ans. Lateral direction.

Q21. The pressure in coining operation compared to embossing is ____________________

Ans. Larger.

Q22. The defect like shrinkage in casting can appear __________________

Ans. Anywhere.

Q23. Sand mould are __________________

Ans. Temporary molds

Q24. The name of upper part of flask used in casting is ____________________

Ans. Cope

Q25. For shell mounding pattern should be _________________________

Ans. Metal.

Q26. Spot welding takes ______________________ current

Ans. High.

Q27. List the important variables in spot welding

Ans. Current, pressure, time of current

Q28. MIG welding is used for welding _______________________

Ans. Aluminum stainless steel

Q29. TIG welding means ________________

Ans. Tungsten inert gas welding

Q30. The percentage of carbon in steel ranges from _____________________

Ans. 0.1% __________ 20% by weight

Q31. Porass is a alloy of _________________________

Ans. Copper and Zinc

Q32. Alloy of copper, tin and phosphor is called ______________________

Ans. Phosphor Bronze

Q33. Binary alloys contain ___________________________

Ans. Aluminum, Mn, Mg.

Q34.Chips in metal cutting are produced due to plastic flow process and _____________

Ans. Shearing

Q35. In turning operation the cutting speed is given by X diameter ___________

Ans. R.P.M.

TURBOMACHINES QUESTIONS

1. The compression ratios for axial flow compressors are ____ Ans: - Higher

2. In a jet propulsion the __________is caused to flow around the propelled body

Ans.:- Propulsive matter

3. In a centrifugal compressor, an increase in speed at a given pressure ratio causes _________________in flow and ______________________in efficiency.

Ans: - increase in flow and decrease in efficiency

4. The stagnation pressure rise in a centrifugal compressor takes place_________

Ans: - in the diffuser and impeller

5. The efficiency of a jet engine is higher at______

Ans: - high altitudes

6. The type of rotary compressor used in gas turbines, is of ___________

Ans: - Axial Flow Type

7. Define surge point . Ans:- Surge point is the point on the performance curve where a further decrease inflow (typically in the region of 50-70 % of rated capacity) causes instability, resulting in a pulsating flow, which may lead to overheating, failure of bearings due to thrust . 8. The moving part of a centrifugal pump is called__________

Ans:- Impeller

9. For high flow requirement, pumps are generally operated in_______ Ans:- a. Parallel 10. What is cavitation?

Ans: The increase velocity of the water entering a pump will cause a reduction in pressure within a unit. If this pressure falls too low, some of the water will vaporize, forming bubbles entrained in the liquid. These bubbles collapse violently as they move to areas of higher pressure creating the noise and vibration from the pump.

11. Overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump is the ratio of what?

Ans:- Energy supplied to the pump to the energy available at the impeller

12. What do you mean by Buckingham Pi Theorem? Give its Statement. Ans: - Buckingham π theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis. It is a formalization of

Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis. The theorem states that if there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number n of physical variables, then the original equation can be rewritten in terms of a set of p = n − k dimensionless parameters π1, π2, ..., πp constructed from the original variables. (Here k is the number of physical dimensions involved; it is obtained as the rank of a particular matrix.)

13. What do you mean Unit Quantities? Ans:- In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying conditions of head, speed, and power, recourse has been made to the concept of unit. The unit quantities give the speed, discharge and power for a particular turbine under a head of 1m assuming the same efficiency. The following are the three important unit quantities. Unit speed, Unit power and Unit discharge.

14. What do you mean by Principle of Similarity? Ans: - A similar model means: Geometrically similar - made from the same drawings but to a different scale. Dynamically similar - Operating conditions and equal efficiencies. Thus in comparing two similar turbines All the linear dimensions will be in the same ratio. All angles will be the same, the velocity triangles will be geometrically similar and all velocities will be in the same ratio.

15. Define Slip in case of Reciprocating Pump. Ans: - Slip of a reciprocating pump is defined as the difference of theoretical discharge and the actual discharge

Industrial Engineering

Q.1. What points should be kept in mind to build an effective organization?

Following principles should be kept in mind to build an effective organization:

Clear separation of the various functions of the business should be established to avoid

overlap or conflict in the accomplishment of tasks or in the issuance or reception of orders.

Each managerial position should have a definite location within the organization, with a

written job specification.

There should be a clear distinction between line and staff operation and control.

A clear understanding of the authority under each position should prevail.

Selection of all personnel should be based on unbiased techniques.

A recognized line of authority should prevail from the top of the organization to the bottom,

with an equally clear line of responsibility from the bottom to the top.

Q.2. Which two groups of management manages the control organization and what are

their responsibilities?

The two groups of management control of organization is the responsibility of two groups of

management:

Administrative management: It has the responsibility for determining policy and

coordinating sales, finance, production, and distribution.

Production management: It has the responsibility for executing the policies established by

administration.

Q.3. What is process analysis?

Process analysis is a procedure for studying all productive and nonproductive operations for the

purpose of optimizing cost, quality, throughput time, and production output. These four criteria are

not mutually exclusive and they are not necessarily negatively correlated. High quality with few if

any rejects can result in high production output with low throughput time and cost. All four of these

criteria need to be addressed if a facility is going to be a world competitor producing a quality

product. In applying process analysis to an existing plant producing a product line, the procedure is

first to acquire all information related to the volume of the work that will be directed to the process

under study, namely, the expected volume of business, the chance of repeat business, the life of the

job, the chance for design changes, and the labor content of the job. This will determine the time

and effort to be devoted toward improving the existing process or planning a new process.

Q.4. What are the requirements of a good organization?

Requirements of a good organization are mentioned below:

responsibilities should be clearly defined and coupled with corresponding authority;

a change in responsibility be made only after a definite understanding exists to that effect

by all persons concerned;

Definite orders to an employee should be from one source

orders not be given to subordinates over the head of another executive;

Any criticism made should be made privately and for the betterment of the employee

promotions, wage changes, and disciplinary action always be approved by the executive

immediately superior to the one directly responsible;

Q.5. What is process planning? Mention different type of processes.

Process planning consists of selecting the best process, which can be used in the most advantageous

way, selecting the specific tricks, fixtures, etc. to be used, and specifying the locating points of the

special tools and the speeds, feeds, and depths of cut to be employed. The two different types of

processes are mentioned below:

Basic Processes The first processes used in the sequence that leads to the finished design.

Secondary Processes: operations that are required to transform the general form created by

the basic process to product specifications.

Q.6. What is a plant layout?

For a good process to work smoothly, a proper layout is required. The main purpose of a plant

layout should be low handling cost and low throughput time. There are two types of plant layout:

Product or straight-line layouts: In this, minimization of flow from one operation to next for

any product class as machinery is located.

Process, or functional, arrangements: It is the grouping of similar facilities.

Q. 7. What are the major disadvantages of product grouping?

The major disadvantages of product grouping are:

Employee discontent can easily be picked as a broad variety of occupations are represented

in a small area.

The problem of finding competent supervisors is increased due to the variety of facilities

and jobs to be supervised.

Initial investment is more as duplicate service lines such as air, water, gas, oil, and power

lines are required.

Q. 8. What is total quality control? Mention the technical standards.

The main objective of total quality control is to provide defect free products in 100 percent of the

time to meet the complete needs of the customer. It involves all the members in an organization

who can affect the quality of the output - a product or service. ISO 9000 is a world standard for

quality, it is a quality assurance management system, which is divided into four divisions on the

basis of its technical standards:

ISO 9001 covers procedures from purchasing to service of the sold product.

ISO 9002 targets towards standards related to processes and the assignment of

subcontractors.

ISO 9003 It is applied to final inspection and test.

ISO 9004 It is applied to quality management systems.

Q. 9. What are the problems involved with queuing theory?

Matching of servers, which is provided to randomly arriving customers or services, which takes

random amount of time, are the problems involved with Queuing theory. It is also known as

waiting-line theory. Typical type of problems involved is, people (or customers or parts) arrive at a

server (or machine) and wait in line (in a queue) until service is rendered. There may be one or

more servers.

Q. 10. What is a profit sharing plan?

It is a form of incentive in which each participating worker receives a periodic bonus in addition to

a regular pay only when the company earns a profit. A minimum profit is usually set aside for a

return on invested capital, and beyond this amount, a percentage of profits goes into a pool to be

shared by the employees. To protect the workers against adverse developments outside their

control, some plans give the workers a bonus whenever the actual payroll dollars are less than the

normal amount expected for a given volume of production.

Q. 11. What is the purpose of cost accounting?

The purposes of cost accounting require classifications of costs so that they are recognized:

by the nature of the item (a natural classification)

in their relation to the product

with respect to the accounting period to which they apply

in their tendency to vary with volume or activity

in their relation to departments

for control and analysis

for planning and decision-making.

Q. 12. What are the various methods for calculating the cost?

There are two methods for calculating the cost:

Job-Order Cost Method: This method is used when orders are placed in the factory for

specific jobs or lots of product, which can be identified through all manufacturing processes,

a job cost system is appropriate.

Process Cost Method: This product is used when production proceeds in a continuous flow,

when units of product are not separately identifiable, and when there are no specific jobs or

lots of product, a process cost system is appropriate.

Q. 13. What is the purpose of departmental classification?

Departmental classification is required for:

the segregation of different processes of production

securing the smoothest possible flow of production

establishing lines of responsibility for control over production and costs

Q. 14. What are the three managerial functions? Explain.

To achieve the objective three managerial functions should be kept in mind:

Planning and setting objectives: It is a basic function of the management process. Without

planning, there is no need to organize or control. However, planning must precede doing,

and the budget is the most important planning tool of an enterprise.

Organizing: It is essentially the establishment of the framework within which the required

activities are to be performed, together with a list of who should perform them. Creation of

an organization requires the establishment of organizational or functional units generally

known as departments, divisions, sections, floors, branches, etc. Controlling: is the process or procedure by which management ensures operative

performance, which corresponds with plans.

Q. 15. What are the uses of time standards?

Various uses of time standards are:

Wage incentive plans and plant layout

Plant capacity studies and production planning and control

Standard costs and budgetary control

Cost reduction activities and product design

Tool design and top-management controls

Equipment selection and bidding for new business

Machine loading and effective labor utilization

Material-handling studies

Q. 16. What is Autofacturing?

Autofacturing is a production system that is comprised primarily of automated equipment which is

configured as several integrated subsystems, using one common database and computer controls to

make, test and transport specifically designed products at high and uniform quality levels meeting

flexible specifications with a minimum of human effort. There are many levels of autofacturing from

individual cells, all the way up to a complete and integrated system. Most situations are somewhere

in between, but progressing toward a total system.

Q. 17. What is psychomotor behavior?

Psychomotor behavior is the activity of receiving sensory input signals and interpreting and

physically responding to them. Humans can receive inputs by vision, hearing, smell, and the

cutaneous senses, which respond to temperature, mechanical energy, or electrical energy.

Kinesthesis and the vestibular sense inform about location and position. Vision followed by hearing

are the most important senses for transmitting signals carrying complex information for decisions

and for control of MMSs. Signals for warning or alerting need not be complex and can

be transmitted by one or a combination of the sensory channels. The choice is determined by the

situation and the task being performed by the person or persons to be warned rather than by

differences in modality reaction times.

Q. 18. What is the difference between productivity and productive system?

Productivity can be defined as the measure of the amount of input required to produce a given

output or it can be also be defined as the ratio of output to input, whereas production system can be

explained as a system in which a few inputs are given to get the required output through some

transformation processes.

Q. 19. What is Industrial engineering? How important are statistics in industrial

engineering?

Industrial Engineering is an engineering of design of production systems. An Industrial Engineer

analyzes and designs the whole system to integrate the components of people, machines, and

facilities to create efficient and effective systems, which produce goods and beneficial services to

humanity. Statistics are important to analyze the problem and controlling it for the good

production.

Q. 20. What are environmental controls?

Environmental Controls Systems and equipment required for air and water pollution abatement

generally carry increased fuel and maintenance labor and materials costs. Reductions in plant

output resulting from the higher condensing pressures associated with cooling-tower

operation or the added auxiliary power for stack gas clean-up systems lower plant efficiency and

increase fuel consumption.

Q. 21. On what bases time study methods can be calculated?

• Application of past experience. The time required to do the operation in the past, either recorded

or remembered, may be used as the present standard or as a basis for estimating a standard for a

similar operation or the same operation being done under changed conditions.

• Direct observation and measurement. The operation may be observed and its time recorded as it

is actually performed and adjustments may be made to allow for the estimated pace rate of the

operator and for special allowances.

• Synthetic techniques. A time standard for an actual or proposed operation may be constructed

from the sum of the times to perform its several components. The times of the components are

extracted from standard charts, tables, graphs, and formulas in manuals or in computer databases

and totaled to arrive at the overall time for the entire operation.

Q. 22. Why virtual corporation is used?

Virtual Corporation is used to identify those combinations of business and industry where

technology is used to execute a wide array of temporary alliances in order to grasp specific market

opportunities. With business becoming more complex and global, it is highly likely there will be

more partnerships emerging among companies and entrepreneurs.

Q. 23. How improvements can be made for designing the parts?

Improvements can be made by:

• simplifying the design through reduction of the number of parts,

• reducing the number of operations required to produce the design,

• reducing the length of travel in the manufacture of the design, and

• utilizing a better material in design.

Q. 24. How the costs of the products and throughput time can be reduced while handling

materials?

It can be done by following below mentioned points:

• reduction of time spent in picking up material

• maximum use of mechanical handling equipment

• better use of existing handling facilities

• greater care in the handling of materials.

Q1. The minimum number of links in a single degree-of-freedom planar mechanism with both

higher and lower kinematic pairs is.

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

Q2. The coupling used to connect two shafts with large angular misalignment is

(a) a Flange coupling (b) an Oldham's coupling

(c) a Flexible bush coupling (d) a Hooker’s joint

Q3. In order to draw the acceleration diagram, it is necessary to determine the Corioli’s component

of acceleration in the case of

(a) Crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism (b) slider-crank mechanism

(c) four bar mechanism (d) pantograph

Q4. Two rotors are mounted on a shaft. If the unbalanced force due to one rotor is equal in

magnitude to the unbalanced force due to the other rotor, but positioned exactly 1800 apart, then

the system will be balanced

(a) Statically (b) dynamically

(c) Statically as well as dynamically (d) neither statically nor dynamically

Q5. A simple pendulum of length 5 m, with a bob of mass 1 kg, is in simple harmonic motion as it

passes through its mean position; the bob has a speed of 5 m/s. The net force on the bob at the

mean position is

(a) Zero (b) 2.5 N

(c) 5 N (d) 25N

Q6. Under logarithmic decrement, the amplitude of successive vibrations are

(a) Constant (b) in arithmetic progression

(c) In geometric progression (d) in logarithmic progression

Q7. Rotating shafts tend of vibrate violently at whirling speeds because

(a) The shafts are rotating at very high speeds [IES-1993]

(b) Bearing centre line coincides with the shaft axis

(c) The system is unbalanced

(d) Resonance is caused due to the heavy weight of the rotor

1. Which one of the following is not equilibrium heat treatment (1) Austenetising (2) Annealing (3) Normalizing (4) Precipitation

2. The hardenability is not affected by (1) air (2) chemical composition of steel (3) critical cooling rate (4) quenching medium and method of quenching 3. The slowest cooling rate is obtained when steel is quenched in (1) air (2) brine (3) fused salt (4) mixture of oil and water 4. The fastest cooling rate is achieved when steel is quenched in (1) air (2) oil (3) water (4) brine 5. Which one of the following is not correct (1) Martensite has a BCC structure (2) Austenite has FCC structure (3) Martensite is a solid solution of carbon in BCC iron (4) The martensite which is formed during quenching is too brittle 6. Hardenability of steel is assessed by (1) impact test (2) Jominy end-quench test (3) hardness test (4) non-destructive test

What is mechanism?

A mechanism is an assembly of different parts which perform a complete motion and is often part of a machine.

State Newton's three laws of Motion.

- The law of inertia: Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. - Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). Force=Mass times acceleration. - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

State the laws of thermodynamics and its importance of in Mechanical Engineering.

Thermodynamics is a physical science which studies the interrelation between heat, work and the internal energy of any system. Thermodynamics helps study all the systems of mechanical engineering. There are three laws of thermodynamics.

First Law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process in an isolated system, the total energy remains the same.

Eg: turning on a light would seem to produce energy; however, it is electrical energy that is converted.

Second Law: The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases.

Eg: A car that has run out of gas will not run again until you walk 10 miles to a gas station and refuel the car.

Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum.

Eg: Water in gas form has molecules that can move around very freely. Water vapor has very high entropy (randomness). As the gas cools, it becomes liquid which can still move around but not as freely. At this point they have lost some entropy. On cooling further it becomes solid ice where molecules can no longer move freely but can only vibrate within the ice crystals. The entropy is now very low. As the water nears absolute zero, the vibration of the molecules diminishes. If the solid water reaches absolute zero, all molecular motion would stop completely. And at this point the water would have no entropy at all.

What is a bearing? What are the different types of bearings?

Bearing is a device that helps smoother movement with minimal friction which in turn helps enhances efficiency and speed. Considering two types of loading, radial and thrust, there are different types of bearings which help handle these loads. The basic difference in the types of loads is essentially due to their ability to handle weight and different kinds of loads for various applications. Different types of bearings are:

-Ball bearing -Roller bearing -Ball Thrust bearing -Roller thrust bearing -Tapered roller bearing -Magnetic bearings -Giant Roller Bearing

What is a process flow diagram?

A Process Flow Diagram is a user friendly, simplified sketch which illustrates general plant streams, major equipments and key central loops and shows the relationship between major components in the system. By using symbols to identify instruments and vessels it describes the primary flow course. They also provide e detail of mass/energy balance data along with stream composition and physical properties; however do not show minor components.

What is a time and motion theory?

Frederick Taylor was pioneer of the time and motion theory. This technique monitors the amount of time required to complete a task along with observing the steps taken by a worker to complete the given task.

Which is the hardest material on earth?

Diamond is currently the hardest material, made up of carbon atoms which cannot move. Carbon is the only atom that can have four electrons in the second shell surrounding the carbon nucleus, precisely why making a diamond the hardest material. However, there also are claims by a few to a new rare material called Wurtzite Boron Nitride which has a structure similar to a diamond but has some other atoms in place of carbon.

One unit of BTU is how many Joules?

1 BTU=1055.06 Joules

What does a pump develop? Give reason to support your answer.

Pump is a device that is used to transfer fluid from one place to another place which means it develops flow not pressure.

Explain the difference between pipe and a tube.

A pipe is measured based on its inner diameter (ID) whereas a tube is measured based on the outer diameter (OD). Other than the dimensions there is no major difference between the two.

Explain the formula of heat loss in a pipe.

In order to find total heat loss through the pipes it is imperative to know the thermal conductivity and the differing thicknesses of each layer. The ground that surrounds the pipe also acts as a layer of insulation. Considering this, the thermal properties of the stoneless sand is included in the heat loss calculation.

What kinds of pipes are used for steam lines?

Pressure and temperature are two of the most important factors to be considered before selecting the type of material to be used. Steam is a compressible gas due to which the capacity of the pipe line depends on the size of the pipes and pressure of the steam. Since steam at even low pressure can be dangerous, extra care is to be taken. Galvanized pipes are usually not used for steam. Pipes made of mild steel with welded fittings are instead largely used.

Who invented the four stroke engine? According to you which one is more efficient, four stroke engine or a two stroke engine and why?

Nikolaus Otto invented the four stroke engine. Both, two stroke and four stroke have their own advantages and disadvantages. 4 strokes is more fuel efficient. However, 2 stroke produces more power.

What do you understand by the concept of a 6 stroke engine? Explain how it works.

The six stroke engine is based on the concept of four stroke engine but built with an intention of improvising the efficiency in reducing emission. Every cycle of a four stroke engine involves the upward and downward movement of the piston which happens twice in the chamber, resulting in four total strokes and one of which is the power stroke which provides the torque to move the vehicle. A six stroke engine works similarly except that there are two power strokes.

Explain what torque is?

Torque is the force that causes rotation. It is a measure of how much force is acting on an object making it rotate.

What is the difference between torque and power?

While power determines the speed of a vehicle, torque determines the times in which that speed can be reached. The greater the torque figure, the faster the acceleration. The more torque in the engine, the faster you accelerate. Power is the rate at which work is done, so it is basically the potential of the engine.

Explain why diesel engine is known as high torque and petrol engine as high speed engine?

Each power stroke in a petrol engine releases more heat and is converted into mechanical energy due to a higher rate of burning. This is the reason petrol engine has higher power and acceleration.

Diesel engine is a compression ignition engine with higher compression ratio, therefore extreme pressure is high. Since the piston of a diesel engine is larger, more torque is delivered in produced.

Why do heavy vehicles use diesel engine?

The compression ratio of diesel engine is higher than the petrol engine, the reason for producing higher torque. The efficiency of diesel engine increases with load. Diesel produces slow energy on burning of fuel and the efficiency of the engine increases with load which is why diesel engine is suitable and largely used for heavy vehicles.

Explain the difference between projectile motion and rocket motion.

The major difference is that a projectile has no motor or a rocket on it, due to which the momentum is given to it as it is launched. A pen thrown across a room is a classic example of a projectile motion. On the other hand, a rocket or missile has a motor on it which helps in accelerating while moving. This helps in resisting other forces such as gravity. A projectile does not have any specific shape; it is a point mass, whereas rocket has a particular shape having its center of gravity situated at a particular point on its body. Thus rocket motion comes under kinetics and projectile comes under kinematics.

Between steel, copper and brass, which conduct faster heat.

Copper conducts heat faster than steel or brass. In most cases, material that is good for conducting heat is also good for electricity.

Explain the types of sensors.

(i) Temperature Sensor- This device collects information about the temperature from a source and converts it to a form which is understandable by another device or person. Glass thermometer is the best example where mercury acts as the temperature sensor.

(ii) IR Sensors- This device detects and/or emits infrared radiation to sense a particular phase in the environment. Mostly thermal radiation is emitted by all the objects in the infrared spectrum. This type of radiation is not visible to the human eye but the infrared sensor detects it.

(iii) UV Sensors- These sensors measure the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation. This form of electromagnetic radiation has wavelengths which are longer than x-rays yet shorter than visible radiation. UV sensors can discover the exposure of environment to ultraviolet radiation.

(iV) Touch Sensor- A touch sensor acts as a variable resistor based on the location where it is sensed. Proximity Sensor- A proximity sensor detects the presence of objects that are placed in close proximity without any point of contact.

What minerals are used in the manufacture of cars?

Cars are made from many various minerals. The steel body is made from the iron-rich minerals like magnetite and hematite. Door handles and badges are often coated in chromium which comes from chromite. Some of the other minerals used are aluminum, quartz, copper, magnesium, zinc, tin etc.

Which instrument measures speed in a car?

A speedometer helps measure the speed in the car.

What are the advantage and disadvantage of using LPG in a car?

Advantages:

The high octane rate enables it to blend better with air and to burn completely, generating less carbon. With less carbon buildup, spark plugs often last longer and oil changes are needed less frequently.

Since it burns in the gaseous phase, it results in less corrosion and engine wear.

In case of a spill, LPG evaporates quickly.

Disadvantages

The LPG requires servicing at approximately once a year.

Since complete combustion occurs, more heat is liberated which is not advised for a long journey as the engine will get over heated.

Installation of LPG is rather difficult.

Why gas containers are mostly in a cylindrical shape?

The ideal shape would be a sphere. The container must have the capacity to withstand the extremely high pressure of liquefied gas. A spherical shape helps in distributing these forces uniformly.

Explain why re-heater is used in gas turbine

The advantage of re-heater is that it significantly increases the thrust; which is a prime reason for its use in gas turbines.

How many types of suspensions are used in automobiles?

McPherson struts Leaf spring Coil spring Torsion beam Wishbone Air Suspension

What is DTSI? Why it is used in motor bikes?

Digital Twin Spark Ignition. This is used for a better fuel combustion in the cylinder head which helps provide better efficiency and optimum use of fuel.

What are the advantages of DTSI over normal engines?

The cylinder head has two spark plugs, instead of the usual one. When two sparks are generated at either ends of the combustion chamber, the air-fuel mixture is ignited in a way that creates two flame fronts. A higher rate of combustion is achieved leading to higher rise in pressure. The outcome of this is more torque, better fuel efficiency and lower emissions.

What is meant by gear ratio?

A gear ratio is a direct measure of ratio of the rotational speeds of two or more interlocking gears.

What is the ratio of specific heat of air?

The ratio of specific heat γ=CP/CV is a factor in adiabatic engine processes and in determining the speed of sound in gas. This ratio γ=1.66 for an ideal monoatomic gas and γ=1.4 for air, which is predominantly a diatomic gas.

What is the percentage of carbon present in pig iron?

Carbon content is generally 3.5-4.5%.

HEAT TRANSFER

Q.1 What are the important parts of thermal power plant?

Ans: BOILER- FURNACE- TURBINE- HEAT EXCHANGER- COOLING TOWER.

Q.2 What is meant by heat transfer process? Write its 3 types.-

Ans: Transfer of heat from one place to another place, which occurs as a result of a temperature difference.

Conduction- Convection- Radiation

Q.3 Write any 2 important differences between conduction and convection?

Ans: Conduction- Heat transfer in bodies due to fixed molecules.- This take place is solid bodies.

Convection- Heat transfer in bodies due to moving molecules. - This takes place in flawed liquid of gas

Q.4 Write Fourier law of heat conduction and explain the terms in it.? Ans: q conduction = - kA x (∆T /∆ x) Where A: cross- sectional area ∆T: temperature difference ( T1-T2)between the two surfaces separated by a distance Δx Q.5 What is meant by natural convection heat transfer process?

Ans: Natural convection is the heat transfer process where the heat transfer takes place due to the natural

temperature difference or density difference and no external forces are employed for the fluid movement

Q.6 Write briefly about a) Laminar flow b) Turbulent flow c) Parallel flow d) Counter flow

Ans:

a) Laminar flow: which the fluid particles move in regular path.

b) Turbulent flow: is the one in which the fluid particles move in zig-zag path.

c) Parallel flow: is the one where the 2 fluid steams move parallel to each other.

d) Counter flow: the one where the fluid steams move opposite to each other

Q.7 What is difference between condenser and heat exchanger? Ans: A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat from one fluid to the others. A condenser is simply a heat exchanger. It compresses refrigerants into a hot gas to then condense them into a liquid. Majorly condenser is used to cool the required vapor and heat exchanger is used to heat the required liquid. Q.8 What is the difference between diffusion and radiation heat transfer?

Ans: Diffusion heat transfer is due to random molecular motion. Neighboring molecules move randomly and transfer

energy between one another -however there is no bulk motion. Radiation heat transfer, on the other hand, is the

transport of heat energy by electromagnetic waves. All bodies emit thermal radiation. In particular, notice

that unlike diffusion, radiation heat transfer does not require a medium and is thus the only mode of heat

transfer in space. The time scale for radiative heat transfer is much smaller than diffusive heat transfer

Q.9 Define a black surface?

Ans: A black surface is defined by three criteria

a. 1it absorbs all radiation that is incident on it

b. it emits the maximum energy possible for a given temperature andwavelength of radiation (according to Planck's law)

c. the radiation emitted by a blackbody is not directional (it is a diffuseemitter)

Q.10 What is the range of values for the emissivity of a surface? Ans: The emissivity e ranges between 0 and 1. Q.11 What is a gray surface? Ans: A gray surface is defined as one for which the emissivity (e) and the absorptivity (a) are independent of wavelength (l). Q.12 What is the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics?

Ans: Thermodynamics tells us: • how much heat is transferred (dQ) • how much work is done (dW) • final state of the system Heat transfer tells us: • how (with what modes) dQ is transferred • at what rate dQ is transferred • temperature distribution inside the body

Q.13 Define and state the physical interpretation of the Biot number.

Ans: The Biot number is given by:

Bi = hL/k

where

h = convective heat transfer coefficient,

k = thermal conductivity

L = characteristic length.

It is a ratio of the temperature drop in the solid material and the temperature drop the solid and the fluid. So when the Bi <<1 , most of the temperature drop is in the fluid and the solid may be considered isothermal.

Q.14 What is the Fourier number?

Ans: The Fourier number is defined as:

Fo = αt/L2

where

α = thermal diffusivity,

t = time

L = characteristic length

The Fourier number is a dimensionless measure of time used in transient conduction problems.

Q.15 What is a lumped system?

Ans: A lumped system is one in which the dependence of temperature on position (spatial dependence) is disregarded. That is, temperature is modeled as a function of time only .

Q.16 What is internal energy generation? Give examples where internal energy generation occurs.

Ans: Internal energy generation is the generation of heat within a body by a chemical, electrical or

nuclear process. Examples are the heating of a nuclear fuel rod (due to fission within the rod), the

heating of electrical wires (due to the conversion of electrical to heat energy), microwave heating

and the generation of heat within the Earth. The heat generated in each case is being converted

from some other form of energy.

Q.17 Your friend asserts that, in a heat exchanger, it is impossible for the exit temperature of the cold fluid to be greater than the exit temperature of the hot fluid when both fluids are single phase fluids. What is your response?

Ans: The statement is true for a parallel flow heat exchanger. However, in a counter flow heat exchanger the outlet temperature of the cold fluid can in fact exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid.

SECTION-I 1. What is the difference between Critical Speed and Whirling Speed? Ans. In Solid mechanics, in the field of rotor dynamics, the critical speed is the theoretical angular velocity which excites the natural frequency of a rotating object, such as a shaft, propeller or gear. As the speed of rotation approaches the objects natural frequency, the object begins to resonate which dramatically increases system vibration. The resulting resonance occurs regardless of orientation. Whirling Speed is due to the unbalanced forces acting on a rotating shaft. 2. How a Diesel Engine Works as Generator? Ans. Diesel engine is a prime mover, for a generator, pump, and for vehicles etc. generator is connected to engine by shaft. Mostly in thermal power plat, there is an engine is used to drive generator to generate power. 3. Explain Second Law of Thermodynamics? Ans. The entropy of the universe increases over time and moves towards a maximum value. 4. Compare Brayton Cycle and Otto Cycle? Ans. The heat addition and rejection processes in Otto cycle are of constant volume, whereas in Brayton cycle, they are of constant pressure. -Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark ignition engines. -Brayton cycle is the ideal cycle for gas power turbines. 5. What is the purpose of Scrapper Ring? Ans. scrap the excess lube oil from the cylinder walls. there by preventing oil from entering combustion zone. 6. What is DTSI Technology? Ans. DTSI stands for Digital Twin Spark Plug Ignition. The vehicles with DTSI Technology use 2 spark plugs which are controlled by digital circuit. It results in efficient combustion of air fuel mixture.

Digital – Since the spark generation will be initiated by a microchip.

Twin – Since two spark plugs will be used.

Spark ignition – Since the ignition will be done via a spark. 7. How to Find, Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature in Metals?

Ans. The point at which the fracture energy passes below a pre-determined point for a standard Impact tests. DBTT is important since, once a material is cooled below the DBTT, it has a much greater tendency to shatter on impact instead of bending or deforming. 8. What is the importance of Thermodynamics? Ans. All the mechanical engineering systems are studied with the help of thermodynamics. Hence it is very important for the mechanical engineers. 9. What is the difference between P11 and P12 Pipes? Ans. P11 the chromium molybdenum composition that is 1% ofchromium and 1/4% of molybdenum P12 the chromium molybdenum composition that is 1% ofchromium and 2% of molybdenum 10. State difference between AnitiFriction Bearing and Journal Bearing? Ans. Generally, journal bearings have higher friction force, consume higher energy and release more heat, but they have larger contact surface, so normally used in low speed high load applications. In anti-friction bearings friction is less. One object just rolls over each other.

SECTION-II 1. Why Entropy decreases with increase in temperature? Ans. ds=dQ/T Entropy is inversely proportional to the temperature so, as temp. Increases, entropy decreases. 2. Why different types of sound are produced in different bikes, though they run on SI Engines? Ans. Engine specifications are different in different manufactures like as Bore Diameter (CC), Ignition timing. Also the exhaust passage takes more responsible for sound. 3. How much Watt means 1Hp? Ans. 746.2 Watt 4. Explain Bicycle Rear Wheel Sprocket working? Ans. Rear wheel sprocket works under the principle of ratchet and pawl. 5. Definition of Octane Number and Cetane Number? Ans. Octane No.- Octane number is defined as the percentage, by volume, of iso octane in the mixture of iso octane and h-heptane. It is the measure of rating of SI engine. Cetane No.- Cetane number is defined as the percentage, by volume, of n-cetane in the mixture of n-cetane and alpha methyl naphthalene. It is the measure of rating of CI engine. 6. Which Mechanism is used in Automobile gearing System? Ans. Differential mechanism 7. When Crude Oil is Heated, Which Hydro Carbon comes first? Ans. Natural gas (Gasoline)… at 20 Celsius 8. How to calculate Bearing number ti Diameter of the inner and outer? Ans. Divide the shaft diameter size by 5, it will give last two digit of the bearing no. and according to type of load we have to choose the type of bearing and that will give prior number of the bearing. 9. The Fatigue life of a part can be improved by? Ans. Improving the surface finish by Polishing & providing residual stress by Shot peening.

10. What happens if gasoline is used in a Diesel Engine, Siesel Engine will work? Ans. No, It will not work, as the Compression ratio of Petrol engine is 6 to 10 & that of Diesel engine is 15 to 22. Thus on such high compression, gasoline gets highly compressed & it may blast. 11. Poissons Ratio is Higher in, Rubber/Steel/Wood? Ans. When a material is compressed in one direction, it usuallytends to expand in the other two directions perpendicular tothe direction of compression. This phenomenon is called thePoisson effect. Poisson’s ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect. For rubber = 0.5 For steel = 0.288 For wood < 0.2 Thus Poisson’s ratio is higher in RUBBER.

SECTION-III 1. What is Difference between stamina and strength? Ans. Strength is capability over a short length of time and Stamina is the ability to keep going continuously. 2. What is Hydrostatic System? Ans. Hydrostatics is the study of fluid bodies that are

At rest

Moving sufficiently slowly so there is no relative motion between adjacent parts of the body For hydrostatic situations

There are no shear stresses

There are only pressure forces that act perpendicular to any surface. It’s a closed loop hydraulic systems. It comprises of motor and pump. Here pump supplies energy to motor and motor gives return energy to pump supply. 3. What is Cotter joint? Ans. A cotter joint is used to connect rigidly two co-axial rods or bars which are subjected to axial tensile or compressive forces. Here shaft is locked in place by a smaller pin that passes through the side of the lug and partly or completely through the shaft itself. This locking pin is named as cotter. 4. How is the excess discharge pressure prevented? Ans. Discharge pressure prevented by a pressurized spike cushion. Here the system employs a pressurized cushion of air and a two o-ring piston, which permanently separates this air cushion from the water system. When the valve closes and the water flow is suddenly stopped, the pressure spike pushes the piston up the arrester chamber against the pressurized cushion of air. The air cushion in the arrester reacts instantly, absorbing the pressure spike that causes water hammer. 5. What is the difference between Strainer and Filter? Ans. Strainer for coarse size, Filter is more accurate than Strainer. 6. What is the position of Piston Ring? Ans. In 180 degree angle the Top ring, Second ring and Oil ring are fixed. Position the ring approximately 1 inch gap below the neck. 7. Why Deareator are placed at Height, In Thermal Power Plant? Ans. To build a Very high pressure and the temperature for a boiler feed water pump and it discharge high pressure water to the boiler.

And to provide the required Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) for the BFW pump and to serve as a storage tank to ensure a continuous supply of feed water during rapid changes in BFP. 8. What is meant by One Tonn Air-Conditioner? Ans. 1 ton refrigeration means 210 kJ/min extracts heat from thesystem. 9. State 1st Law of Thermodynamics? Ans. HEAT AND MECHANICAL WORK ARE MUTUALLY CONVERTABLE. ENERGY CAN BE CREATED NOR BE DISTROYED BUT IT CAN BETRANSFERED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER FORM. 10. If you heat a steel pipe with the hole at center, does heat affects the hole diameter? Ans. It gets bigger.

SECTION-IV 1. What is the difference between Technology and Engineering? Ans. Engineering is application of science. Technology shows various methods of Engineering. A bridge can be made by using beams to bear the load,by an arc or by hanging in a cable; all shows different technology but comes under civil engineering and science applied is laws of force/load distribution. 2. How to Measure Temperature in Wet Bulb Thermometer? Ans. Wet bulb temperature is measured in a wet bulb thermometer by covering the bulb with a wick and wetting it with water. It corresponds to the dew point temperature and relative humidity. 3. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of using LPG in Car? Ans. Advantages 1. Complete combustion 2. Fuel saving 3. Homogenous combustion Disadvantages 1. As complete combustion is occurring, more heat liberated, not advised for long journey, engine will be over heated 2. Installation is difficult 3. Reduce engine life efficiency 4. What is the difference between Speed and Economic Speed? Ans. The rated speed tells us about the maximum speed which can be achieved by a vehicle or some other machine but the economical speed means the speed limit at which the machine works efficiently with least consumption of fuel.eg-in normal bikes(not racing),the max.speed limit shown on speedometer is upto 120 kmph but companies always advice their customers to drive such bikes at around 60 kmph to have maximum mileage. 5. What is Powder Technology? Ans. Powder technology is one of the ways of making bearing material. In this method metals like bronze, Al, Fe are mixed and compressed to make an alloy. 6. State all the laws of Thermodynamics? Ans. There are three laws of the thermodynamics.

First Law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process in an isolated system, the total energy remains the same. Second Law: When two isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in thermodynamic equilibrium in itself, but not in equilibrium with each other at first, are at some time allowed to interact, breaking the isolation that separates the two systems, and they exchange matter or energy, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initial, isolated systems is less than or equal to the entropy of the final exchanging systems. In the process of reaching a new thermodynamic equilibrium, entropy has increased, or at least has not decreased. Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum. 7. State the difference between Unilateral and Bilateral Tolerance? Ans. A unilateral tolerance is tolerance in which variation is permitted only in one direction from the specified direction.e.g. 1800 +0.000/-0.060 Bilateral tolerance is tolerance in which variation is permitted in both direction from the specified direction.e.g. 1800 +0.060/-0.060 8. What is the abbreviation of welding rod 7018? Ans. 7018 = 70=tensile strength 70000psi 1= welding position 8=current flux 9. What is difference between Welding and Brazing? Ans. In Welding concentrated heat (high temperature) is applied at the joint of metal and fuse together. In Brazing involves significantly lower temperatures and does not entail the melting of base metals. Instead, a filler metal is melted and forced to flow into the joint through capillary action. 10. Which has more Efficiency Diesel Engine or Petrol Engine? Ans. Diesel engine has the better efficiency out of two

SECTION-V

1. What is the difference between Fan and Blower? Ans. Fan is an air pushing device. Either Axial or Centrifugal type systems are used to move the air in low pressure. It is rotated by a motor separately. When the fan is a housing of blades and motor, then it called as Blower. It directs the air in a single path with high pressure. 2. What is Heat Rate of Power Plant? Ans. Heat rate is a measure of the turbine efficiency. It is determined from the total energy input supplied to the Turbine divided by the electrical energy output 3. What is Hydrodynamic Cavitation? Ans. Hydrodynamic cavitation describes the process of vaporization in a constrained channel at a specific velocity. Bubble generation and Bubble implosion which occurs in a flowing liquid as a result of a decrease and subsequent increase in pressure. 4. What is Difference between Hardness and Toughness? Ans. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy.

Hardness is the ability of a material to withstand wear. 5. What is the hottest part of Refrigerant in Refrigeration? Ans. Compressor 6. What does F.O.F Stand for Piping Design? Ans. Face of Flange, The F.O.F (Raised face and Flat face) is used to know the accurate dimension of the flange in order to avoid the minute errors in measurement in case of vertical or horizontal pipe lines. 7. Where Multi stage Pump is Used? Ans. Pressure washing of Aircraft, Trains, Boats and Road vehicles as well as Spray washing of industrial parts and Electronic components. 8. What does pump develop:- (a) Flow (b) Pressure Ans. A pump does not create pressure, it only creates flow. Pressure is a measurement of the resistance to flow. 9. How to measure temperature of Bearing? Ans. Normally the temperature range from 80 degree to 110 degree Celsius. So the following temperature measurement devices are used. · Dial Type Bearing Temperature Detector · Stator Winding Temperature Detector · Resistance Bearing Temperature Detector (Bearing RTD) · Specialized in Pin type RTD 10. Difference between Performance and Efficiency? Ans. The accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed is called as Performance. Efficiency is defined as the input given and the work obtained from that input like money, time, labour etc. It’s the main factor of productivity.

CAD

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Computer-aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer system to

(a) Assist in creation of design (b) modification of a design

(c) Analysis of a design (d) all of the above

2. At Present Maximum CAD/CAM market by end-user industry

(a) Electrical Machinery (b) Aerospace

(c) Automotive (d) Electronics

3. Which manufacturing process not support to required CAM tools?

(a) Process planning (b) Part programming

(c) Optimization (d) Assembly

4. Which design process not support to required CAD tools?

(a) Conceptualization (b) modeling & simulation

(c) Simulation (d) evaluation

5. Which segment not a part of CAD work station?

(a) Graphics display (b) cursor control

(c) Mainframe computer (d) manufacturing

6. Out of these not a mechanical application of CAD s/w?

.. (a) 2D&3D drafting (b) Parametric design

(c) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) (d) Process planning

7. Wire frame models consist?

(a) Points & arcs (b) line & circle

(c) Conics & curves (d) all of these

8. Parametric equation for 3D curve?

(a) P(u)=[x y z]T = [x(u) y(u) z(u)]T (b) P=[x y z]T = [x f(x) g(x)]T

(c) None of these (d) All of these

9. The advantage of implementing CAD is to?

(a) Increase quality of design

(b) Expertise in the area of data base manufacturing management

(c) Increase productivity

(d) Improve communication

10. CAD/CAM is nothing but the relationship between

(a) Marketing and design

(b) Manufacturing & marketing

(c) Engineering and marketing

(d) Engineering and manufacturing

11. General design process of CAD does not consist of use phase?

.. (a) Implementation (maintenance) (b) synthesis

(c) Presentation (d) optimization

12. Which one of the following items, best describes the CAM technology?

(a) Numerical control (b) Documentation

(c) Drafting (d) Geometric modelin

13. In CAD process more than one phase of design are closed related and highly

Interactive. These phase are?

(a) Recognition and evolution

(b) Analysis and presentation

(c) Synthesis and analysis

(d) Definition and presentation

14. Today’s engineers feel that the ultimate solution to the CAD/CAM problem will be

(a) LAN (local area network)

(b) Microprocessor

(c) Turnkey system

(d) Development of more efficient display controller

15. Computer integrated manufacturing is largely an automated manufacturing

Management of integration of function such as?

(a) CAD/CAM, robotics. Material handling etc.

(b) CAD/CAM, Robotics, automated material handling and much other production Faction

(c) it is just an extension of FMS manufacturing technology

(d) None of these