1. dr. paul miles
TRANSCRIPT
1. Dr. Paul Miles
Bio:
Paul Miles is the Manager of Engine Combustion Research at Sandia National Laboratories. He has
actively performed or supervised research into flows, mixing, and combustion processes in
reciprocating engines since 1992, and led the light-duty diesel engine research program at Sandia
as a Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff until 2014. Dr. Miles is a Fellow of the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE), and is a past recipient of the SAE Horning, Myers, and McFarland
awards as well as the ASME IC Engines award. He is a past co-chair of the SAE Powertrain, Fuels
and Lubricants activities and serves on the advisory committees of several international
conferences.
The Role of Advanced Combustion in Mitigating CO2 Emissions from the Light-Duty Vehicle
Fleet
Paul C. Miles
Combustion Research Facility
Sandia National Laboratories
Abstract:
This lecture reviews the current state of IC engine fuel efficiency, with a focus on the light-duty
fleet. Macro-trends in IC engine development are discussed, and the potential for future
greenhouse gas emission reduction that can be achieved through further research and
development is quantified. A central finding is that improved IC engines will be among the most
effective routes to addressing transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions in the mid-term
(~2050), and that promoting the realization of their potential will be a key component of a balanced,
low-risk research portfolio. Key barriers to achieving potential greenhouse gas reductions and
fundamental research areas that address these barriers are identified and discussed.
2. Dr. Gautam Kalghatgi
Bio:
Prof. Kalghatgi joined Saudi Aramco in October 2010 after 31 years with Shell Research Ltd. In the
UK. Currently, he is also a Visiting Professor at Imperial College, London and at Oxford University.
He has held similar professorial appointments in the past at KTH, Stockholm; Technical University,
Eindhoven and Sheffield University. He is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, SAE and
I.Mech.E. and is on the editorial boards of several journals and on the International Board of
Directors of the Combustion Institute. He has published around 150 papers and a recent book,
“Fuel/Engine Interactions” on combustion, fuels and engine research and transport energy. He
has a B.Tech. from I.I.T. Bombay (1972) and Ph.D. from Bristol University (1975) in Aeronautical
Engineering. From 1975 to 1979, he did post-doctoral research in turbulent combustion at
Southampton University with Prof. Ken Bray.
“Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum?”
Gautam Kalghatgi
Saudi Aramco
Abstract
There has been much recent comment predicting the imminent demise of internal combustion
engines and the death of the oil industry following speculation about full electrification of the
transport sector. The talk will discuss these issues.
There will be increasing electrification, particularly of light duty vehicles (LDVs) but it will be in the
form of hybridization to improve the efficiency and performance of vehicles carrying internal
combustion engines (ICEs). Full electrification of transport would not be possible since commercial
transport (~60% of all transport) – heavy duty road, air and shipping - cannot be realistically run
on electricity alone. Even if the cost of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) becomes comparable to ICE
vehicles in the future, converting all LDVs to BEVs will require huge prior investments in extra
electricity generation and charging infrastructure to enable such change. There will be additional
costs in the short term associated with various subsidies required to promote such a change and
in the longer term, the loss of revenue from fuel taxes which contribute significantly to public
finances in most countries. Moreover, if electricity generation is not sufficiently decarbonized and
particularly if coal plays a significant role in power generation, the overall greenhouse gas
emissions and other pollutants like PM2.5, NOx and SO2 could be higher for BEVs compared to
ICEVs. In China and India, this will certainly be the case because coal will continue to be an
important part of the power generation mix. Other serious environmental problems associated
with the production of metals required for batteries will also loom larger if BEV numbers grow even
if these problems are exported to countries which produce these metals. It is likely that the hype
cycle associated with BEVs will follow the trend of the previous hype cycles on hydrogen and
biofuels and governments will revise policy in the face of economic and environmental realities. So
it is much more likely that LDVs in the future will not have only ICEs rather than have no ICES at all
and go all electric.
Hence for decades to come transport will be essentially powered by combustion engines and the
primary source of energy will be liquid fuels made from petroleum. Alternative transport energy
sources like biofuels, natural gas, LPG, DME, methanol and hydrogen will grow but have their own
constraints on fast and/or unlimited growth. The global demand for both transport energy and
petrochemicals is expected to increase, primarily in non-OECD countries, in line with increasing
population and prosperity. The demand for diesel and jet fuel, which power commercial transport
is expected to increase faster than for gasoline because there is more scope (e.g. hybridization and
electrification) for efficiency improvements in LDVs which mostly run on gasoline. The demand for
oil is expected to increase in the coming decades and it is imperative that combustion engines
continue to improve in efficiency and cleanliness.
There is great scope to achieve this is by developing fuel/engine systems in conjunction with better
control and after-treatment systems. This will require collaboration between the oil and auto
industry and governments.
3. Prof. Masataka aria
Bio:
Prof. Masataka Arai is the Specially Appointed Professor of Tokyo Denki University, the Emeritus
Professor of Gunma University Tokyo, and the Guest Professor, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
He got the Dr. degree of precision machinery engineering from Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan in
1977. Now he is the editor-in-chief of International Journal of Automotive Engineering (JSAE) and
the organizer of Engine Researcher Forum. His main research fields contain spray technology, diesel
engine combustion, soot formation and oxidation, laser diagnostics, DPF and aftertreatment, etc.
The total number of the research report and review papers is around 530.
Possibility for Active Attitude Control of Fuel Spray
Masataka Arai
Tokyo Denki Univ. Japan
Abstract
Internal combustion engine (ICE) is an attractive power source for automobile. It comes from
superior storability, transportability, and suppliability of liquid fuel with high energy density. We
need compact ICE with high performance and low environmental load. In future ICE, smart active
control of combustion by fuel spray injection has to be considered as one of the breakout
technologies from conventional ICE facing serious problems concerning emission and others.
Designing of fuel injection rate and spray pattern during injection period have been technically
developed and combustion can be partially controlled in conventional ICE. However in combustion
field, spatial fuel distribution is not progressing as desired and new effective active control
technologies of fuel spray are strongly required for smart control of combustion. Cavitation, flash
boiling, spray-to-spray interaction, spray-to-wall interaction as well as air flow have many
possibilities as a base of active attitude control of fuel spray. Here using many literature evidences,
possibility of active spray attitude control is discussed for future technology of fuel spray
combustion in a smart compact ICE.
4. Prof. Dimitrios C. Kyritsis
Bio:
Dimitrios C. Kyritsis is Professor and Chair of the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Khalifa
University in Abu Dhabi, UAE. He received his Diploma in Engineering from the National Technical
University of Athens in Greece in 1992 and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1995
and 1998, respectively. Before his current appointment, he was a post-doctoral associate and a
lecturer at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Yale University (2000-2002) and a faculty
member in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2012-2014). His research focuses in the
areas of biofuel utilization, electrostatically assisted atomization, combustion in the meso- and
micro-scale, flame – flow interaction, and laser-based combustion diagnostics. He is the recipient
of the NSF CAREER award, the Accenture Award for excellence in advising, the University of Illinois
Campus Award for excellence in teaching and a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study of the
University of Illinois (2007-8). In the period 2005-2010 served as a co-PI in the DOE-funded
Graduate Automotive Technology Education (GATE) Center of Excellence on Automotive Biofuel
Combustion Engines in the University of Illinois. He is a Fellow of the ASME, an Associate Fellow
of the AIAA, an Associate Editor of the Journal of Energy Engineering, and he serves in the editorial
board of Combustion & Flame and the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute.
Electrostatically manipulated combustion:
Fundamentals and potential for automotive applications
Dimitrios C. Kyritsis
Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Abstract
The potential of electrostatically assisted technologies for atomization and combustion
applications will be discussed in the context of the recent emergence of biofuels, some of which
(bio-ethanol, bio-butanol) have an electric conductivity that can be as much as five orders of
magnitude higher than the one of hydrocarbons. It will be shown that through the application of
simple inserts into practical injectors, it is possible to inject electrostatic charge that can affect both
fuel dispersion and droplet size. This was proven with the use of Fraunhofer diffraction
measurements of droplet size, and particle image velocimetry measurements of droplet velocity.
Also, results will be presented that substantiate the effect of electrostatic charge on single-droplet
combustion. The combustion was captured with high-speed video and the rate of recession of
droplets of various charge levels was compared. On the basis of these fundamental results, a
single-nozzle port fuel injector was modified for the purpose of studying electrostatically assisted
sprays in a practical, port-injected engine. Findings showed that electrostatic charge can indeed
influence the quality of the sprays, the flame morphology and burning rate of fuel droplets, as well
as the performance of a spark ignition engine typical of current automotive practice. The
fundamentals of electrostatic manipulation of flames will be discussed in the context of
counterflow non-premixed flames.
5. Prof. Bengt Johansson
Bio:
Bengt Johansson is Professor of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST. He was
Head of Division of Combustion Engines (2004-2015) and Head of Competence Centre Combustion
Processes (2003-2015) in Lund University, Sweden. Professor Bengt Johansson’s research is
documented in around 380 scientific papers. His H-index is 63 (January 23, 2018).
The extended path towards a 60% efficient engine
Bengt Johansson
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST
Abstract
The internal combustion engine has great potential for high fuel efficiency. The ideal otto and diesel
cycles can easily achieve more than 70% thermodynamic efficiency. The problems come when
those cycles should be implemented in a real engine. Extreme peak pressure during the cycle will
call for a very robust engine structure that in turn will increase friction and hence reduce
mechanical efficiency. A very high compression ratio also increase the surface to volume ratio and
promote heat losses, taking away much of the benefits from the theoretical cycle.
This presentation is giving an engine concept that can enable the conditions for PPC combustion
but with much improved gas exchange and mechanical efficiency. It is called the Double
Compression Expansion Engine, DCEE. It enables an effective compression ratio in excess of 60:1
but with much less cylinder surface area. The concept also enables low friction and hence high
mechanical efficiency.
The basic concept will be explained and initial simulation results will be presented. A study on the
benefits and drawbacks of isochoric (constant volume) and isobaric (constant pressure) cycles will
be discussed as well as intermediate mixed cycles. The use of two four-stroke engines will be
compared to a version using separate two-stroke compressors and expanders combined with a
four-stroke high pressure unit.
The results indicate that an indicated efficiency above 65% is reachable and thus the brake
efficiency can be at the target of 60%.
6. Prof. Alfred Leipertz & Prof. Michael Wensing
Bio:
Alfred Leipertz is the Emeritus Chair Professor and Head of the Institute of Engineering
Thermodynamics (LTT) and the Emeritus Managing Director of the Erlangen Graduate School in
Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT). He established both institutions at the School and Faculty
of Engineering of the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen- Nuremberg (FAU) in Germany, LTT
in June 1989 and SAOT in November 2006 within the framework of the Excellence Initiative of the
German Federal and State Governments to Promote Science and Research at German Universities
heading both institutions until his retirement in September 2014. He is a Fellow of the International
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), of the Optical Society of America (OSA), of the Combustion
Institute (CI) and of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Alfred Leipertz
is a member of the editorial board of the “International Journal of Engine Research” and of the
online journal “diffusion-fundamentals” and member of the reviewer panels of more than 50
scientific journals and proceedings. He established the biannual international conference series on
“Engine Combustion Processes – Current Problems and Modern Techniques” in Germany which he
organised and headed in 2017 for the thirteenth time. He has published more than 1,300 research
papers, more than 800 of them in peer-reviewed publications with nearly 300 being listed in the
Science-Citation-Index (Web of Science). He delivered nearly 150 invited presentations at
international conferences, at universities or research institutions all around the world with more
than 40 of them as keynote or plenary lectures. He issued more than 20 patents (national and
international).
Michael Wensing is the professor of Engineering Thermodynamics Department of Chemical and
Bioengineering CBI, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. He got Dr. degree at the
Department of Engineering Thermodynamics at FAU Friedrich-Alexander- University of Erlangen-
Nuremberg under supervision of Prof. Alfred Leipertz in 1999. Then he entered Meta GmbH, a
development company and engineering consultant in the region of Aachen Germany. In 2002, he
became department manager and took the leadership of the department process development for
SI and Diesel engines at Meta; from that time on he managed numerous engine technology
projects at Meta including the build-up of various demonstration engines and demonstration cars.
From 2004, he additionally supervised engine and vehicle testing at Meta GmbH. Since 2006 Dr.
Michael Wensing holds a professorship (lifetime faculty position) for Engineering thermodynamics
at the Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTT) of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-
Nürnberg (FAU). He is renowned for his contribution to the development of diesel and gasoline
fuel injection systems and spray research. Additionally, he is known for advanced CVCs and (laser)
optical diagnostics that are currently used by many R&D departments of automotive companies in
Germany. From 2010 to 2013 he was elected Dean of studies of the faculty of engineering at FAU.
Currently he is a member of the faculty council and a member of the evaluation board for all studies
at FAU university. His research group at FAU is third party founded by more than 90% with research
contracts from the national and international automotive industry and public research foundation
like the EU and national and international research councils. In the past 5 years he and his research
group have been in regular cooperation and have been engineering consultants to AVL, BOSCH,
CONTINENTAL, AUDI, BMW, BASF, HYUNDAI, HANDTMANN, MAN, MERCEDES, FEDERAL MOGUL
and META.
Towards sustainable fuels and clean combustion concepts:
Progress in Combustion Control and Advanced Optical Diagnostics
Michael Wensing and Alfred Leipertz
Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTT) and Erlangen Graduate School
in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg FAU, Erlangen, Germany
Abstract
Sustainable power supply and mobility require worldwide an enormous amount of storage
capabilities that can only be met by chemical energy storage. At the same time energy carriers
like future fuels have not only to limit CO2 emissions, by fuel production from renewable
resources but, have to enable efficient and clean energy conversion processes.
Chemical well defined so called E-fuels provide new possibilities for ultra clean combustion
concepts. The progress in advanced diagnostics gives powerful development tools to create the
necessary clean energy conversion by new insights into the underlying processes with very high
resolution in space and time.
This contribution demonstrates on three examples how advanced diagnostics enable clean and
efficient energy conversion.
The diesel combustion concept that features an in-process combustion control by multiple
injection with sophisticated high pressure injection systems suffers from a very complex pollutant
formation created by the wide chemical spectrum of the fuels used and the also very complex
mixing and combustion situation inside the cylinder. On the one hand more precisely defined
fuels give a significant possibility for enhanced control of pollutant formation. On the other hand
most modern diagnostics like high speed X-ray imaging, Raman spectroscopy and high speed
Schlieren measurements show the possibility to precisely control the in-cylinder mixing process
to create the right mass distribution for a given fuel and separately to influence ignition and
combustion by the chemical composition of the fuel. Measurements presented show the primary
fuel atomization, the air entrainment and mixing process, phase change, ignition and combustion
with very high resolution providing insights into the driving physical sub-processes.
SI engine concepts that build the vast majority of passenger car drives worldwide do not reach
the efficiency of Diesel engines by the stoichiometric combustion that eases the exhaust gas after
treatment but limits engines efficiency by unfavorable mixture properties and high heat losses.
Homogeneous ultra-lean combustion that avoids the range of high nitrogen oxide production
enables a significant step in SI engine efficiency. New ignition concepts that are necessary to
ignite lean mixtures and at the same time provide high combustion speed to reduce knock
tendencies at high loads are discussed. Engines results demonstrate a potential to increase the
fuel efficiency by more than 10%.
As an outlook to long term development, carbon free energy carriers are discussed on the
example of hydrogen from Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC). The possibilities and
challenges related to the physical properties of such carbon free energy carriers are
demonstrated on base of engine tests performed on a high efficient hydrogen engine with low
pressure direct induction.
7. Prof. Choongsik Bae
Bio:
Professor Choongsik Bae received B.S. and M.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Seoul National
University, and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at the Imperial College London in 1993.
He joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST) in 1998, after his career of teaching at Aerospace Engineering
Department of the Chungnam National University from 1995 following the experience as a
research associate experience at Imperial College. From 2014 to 2017, he had served as Chair,
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Head of Mechanical Engineering Department.
He is now the director of Combustion Engineering Research Center (CERC) in KAIST, vitalizing the
efforts in research as well as education. He was the Chair of IEA Combustion TCP (International
Energy Agency, Technical Collaboration Program in Combustion) leading international collaborative
tasks in combustion technologies among 12 OECD countries through 2011 to 2012. He is a Visiting
Professor of University College of London (from 2005) and Imperial College London (from 2017).
He is an Invited Professor of Tokyo Institute of Technology from 2012. He is also active in the
interaction with industry that he has worked as a Technical Advisor of Hyundai Motors on the
occasion of his sabbatical leave in 2011 to 2012.
His major field of interest is the fluid and combustion phenomena in powerplant especially engine
system. He has investigated flow, spray and flame in combustion facility for engineering
applications mostly via experimental techniques concerning performance of engine systems such
as power output and fuel economy together. His concern has also covered reductions of
hazardous exhaust emissions and CO2. He has expanded his view to energy technology
perspectives including the global warming issues and energy securities.
He received Arch T. Colwell Merit Award in 1997 and Harry Horning Memorial Award in 2006 from
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for his outstanding contribution to the literatures in
powerplant system. He was elected as a Fellow of SAE in 2012. He received Academic Award from
Korean Society of Automotive Engineers (KSAE) in 2004 and Distinguished Research Award (2011)
and Service Award (2018) from KAIST. He was honored as one of the Korea Presidential Researchers
in 2000. He received A Man of Merit Award from Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) in 2012.
He serves ILASS-Korea as a President in 2018-2019 and KSAE as a Vice President.
Improvement of Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Premixed Charge Compression
Ignition Combustion by Controlling Mixture Formation at Low Load Conditions
Choongsik Bae
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), Republic of Korea
Abstract
Dual-fuel premixed charge compression ignition (DF-PCCI) combustion has been demonstrated as
a promising technology to achieve low nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM)
emissions while maintaining high thermal efficiency. Natural gas (NG) as the low-reactivity fuel for
the DF-PCCI combustion has an advantage of expanding the high load operation owing to its lower
reactivity than that of gasoline. However, the lower reactivity of NG significantly increases total
hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at the low load conditions. In this study,
the formation of fuel-air mixtures in NG-diesel DF-PCCI combustion was controlled to reduce the
THC and CO emissions. NG was fumigated to the intake port and supplied to the combustion
chamber with air during the intake stroke to create a homogeneous NG-air mixture. Diesel was
directly injected into the combustion chamber through a high-pressure common-rail system. The
engine load was varied from 0.3 MPa to 0.6 MPa to represent the low load operations of the NG-
diesel DF-PCCI combustion. The effects of diesel injection timing, NG substitution ratio (SR), and
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the performance and exhaust gas emissions were investigated.
The THC and CO emissions increased significantly with advancing the diesel injection timing,
increasing the NG SR, and increasing the EGR rate because of the formation of locally leaner and
less-reactive mixtures at the low load conditions. Double injection strategies of diesel were
implemented to reduce the THC and CO emissions by adjusting the formation of fuel-air mixtures
at the start of combustion (SOC) of DF-PCCI combustion. The combination of diesel injection
strategies, NG SR, and EGR rate was optimized to reduce the THC and CO emissions at each load
condition. As the engine operation moved to lower load, the diesel injection timing should be
retarded and the NG SR and EGR rate should be decreased to form the higher equivalence ratio
and reactivity of fuel-air mixtures. The THC and CO emissions of DF-PCCI combustion at low load
conditions reduced effectively by controlling the formation of fuel-air mixtures, which improved
the combustion efficiency and thus fuel economy.
8. Prof. Norimasa Iida
Bio:
Prof. Iida got his Mechanical Engineering B.Sc. in 1973 and his M.Sc. in 1975 both at Keio University.
This was followed by a Ph.D. in 1983 on the topics of propagation and extinction mechanisms of
premixed flames flowing into a narrow channel from a combustible-gas-charged chamber. He has
worked as a professor in the Tokyo Prefecture 1978-1980 and research assistant 1979-1985. He
then was promoted to lecturer and worked full time with that 1985-1988. He got assistant
professorships at Kanagawa 1988-1992 and Keio University 1992-1996 before getting his full
professorship 1996 also this at Keio University. There are supervised 9 students to Ph.D., seven of
them as main supervisor. Prof. Iida made pioneering work with HCCI (ATAC) combustion using
methanol fuel and developed combustion control systems long before that became mainstream.
His work on the two-stroke HCCI, or ATAC is it is also called, generated among the first and most
influential papers on the topic. His 1994 paper has more than 100 citations alone.
Prof. Iida has published 64 papers in English and 138 in Japanese. Of those 56 are within SAE and
35 made it to transactions. According to Google scholar he has an H-index of 20 and a total of 1193
citations. He has 10 awards and holds 3 patents.
Japanese Industry/Academia Joint Research Project R&D of Innovative Super-Lean Combustion
for High Efficiency SI Engines to achieve 50% thermal efficiency
Norimasa Iida
Keio University
Abstract
The “Innovative Combustion Technology” program a national project is established under the
cabinet office of Japan as a part of the “Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program
(SIP).” The "Gasoline Combustion Team" is one of teams of the "Innovative Combustion
Technology" program. This presentation is to introduce the research and development activities of
the "Gasoline Combustion Team." The "Gasoline Combustion Team" is comprised of Keio University
as a Leader university and 29 universities as a Cluster university. Upon agreement with the Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), we have been conducting the research on the "Super-Lean
Burn for Gasoline Engines" with a support of the Research Association of Automotive Internal
Combustion Engines (AICE) under the strong industry, academia and government collaboration.
9. Prof. Wai K. Cheng
Bio:
Professor Cheng is professor of Mechanical Engineering and director of the Sloan Automotive
Laboratory at MIT. He received his BS in Engineering Science from California Institute of
Technology in 1974, and PhD in Aeronautics and Astronautics from MIT in 1978. He joined the MIT
Mechanical Engineering Department as an assistant professor in 1980. His research interests
include internal combustion engine technologies and transportation energy use issues. He is a
Fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineers and a member of the editorial board of the
International Journal of Engine Research.
Assessing the extended stroke spark ignition engine
Wai K. Cheng
Sloan Automotive Lab, MIT, USDA
Abstract
The performance of an extended stroke spark ignition engine has been assessed by cycle
simulation. The base engine is a modern turbo-charged 4-stroke passenger car spark-ignition
engine with 10:1 compression ratio. A complex crank mechanism is used so that the intake stroke
remains the same while the expansion-to-intake stroke ratio (SR) is varied by changing the crank
geometry. The study is limited to the thermodynamic aspect of the extended stroke; the changes
in friction, combustion characteristic, and other factors are not included. When the combustion is
not knock limited, an efficiency gain of more than 10 percent is obtained for SR=1.5. At low load,
however, there is an efficiency lost due to over-expansion. At the same NIMEP, the extended
stroke renders the engine more resistant to knock by lowering the combustion pressure since less
fuel is burned. At SR of 1.8, the engine is free from knock up to 14 bar NIMEP at 2000 rpm.
Under knocking condition, the required spark retard to prevent knocking is less with the extended
stroke. Then the operating point is closer to that of most efficient timing and the efficiency
penalty due to knock constraint is reduced. With the extended stroke, since less exhaust energy
is delivered to the turbine, the engine air throughput and thus the output power is reduced. At
low speeds, the increase in efficiency overpowers the decrease in air flow so that the maximum
NIMEP at a fixed speed increases with SR. At high speed, however, the reverse is true and the
maximum NIMEP decreases with SR. For the engine/ turbocharger combination used in this study,
the transition point is at approximately 1500 rpm.
10. Wanhua Su
Bio:
Professor Wanhua Su, the academician of Chinese Academy Of Engineering. He graduated from
Tianjin University in 1965 and completed his post graduate program diploma from Tianjin
University in 1968. Then He worked for Company Tianjin Diesel Works for 10 years as an engine
development engineer. He as a lecturer transferred to Tianjin University working at the division of
engine combustion in 1978. Now he has been working at the State Key Laboratory of Engines of
Tianjin University since 1986. He initiated the research field of engine combustion and control in
China. He developed the fully electro-controlled diesel pilot ignited turbocharged heavy duty CNG
engine and initiated to development of the common rail diesel fuel system in 90’s last century.
He was assigned as the principal scientist of the national key research plan‘973’project “new
generation of engine combustion in fundamental and technology” by the ministry of science and
technology of China 2001-2011. He proposed new concept and technology, including the
coordination control of engine combustion boundary with fuel property, pursuing the time scale
equivalent of mixing and chemical kinetics, and the mixture activity control. He initiated and
observed the research on Diesel engine High Density-LTC combustion technology for Diesel engine
high efficiency and low emissions in full engine operations through development of the variable
thermal cycle mechanism.
Possibility Reaching Engine Efficiency Over 60%
Wanhua Su
State Key Lab of Engines, Tianjin Univ, China
Abstract
The fuel Exergy loss during combustion in engines has been investigated by through building the
combustion exergy loss model of non-equilibrium thermodynamics with detailed chemical kinetics.
It has been explored that the roles of initial thermodynamic parameters such as the charge
temperature, pressure, equivalent ratio and oxygen concentration in combustion exergy loss of the
fuels both of primer fuel n-heptane and the mixture fuel gasoline in adiabatic constant-volume
combustion process. It was observed that the exergy losses were relevant to both of exergy loss
rates and the loss occurring durations and the durations always dominanted the accumulate exergy
losses. The effects of thermodynamic parameters on the exergy loss and the chemical dissociation
loss were also observed. It is concluded that the higher the combustion rate the less exergy loss
when the chemical dissociation loss is lower. The increase of combustion rate was observed as
increased the initial charge temperature, the charge equivalence ratio from very lean to higher,
initial charge pressure and the oxygen concentration from lower to 21%. But the decrease of the
accumulate exergy loss was reversed by increase of chemical dissociation due to higher combustion
temperature. Therefore Lean burn, high boost, high EGR and high compression ratio are the
precondition of low exergy loss and high exergy/work transformation. A numerical simulation study
of HCCI combustion in IC engines revealed that the grass indicated thermal efficiency (ITEg) could
reach to 68.8% with the conditions of lean burn(φ=0.5), high EGR(O2=7%), high compression
ratio(CR=100). No mixing process and ignition phase control is considered which deliberately set
as homogenous mixture and burning at the top dead center. Therefore, the high compression ratio,
turbocharged, lean burn HCCI combustion was believed as the promising technology for high
efficiency investigation. By regulating charge pressure, temperature, EGR, compression ratio, the
ITEg of 51% could be realized in a wider operation range but sill is a long distance to 68.8%. The
analysis resulted in that the obstacle was due to the problem that we have to simultaneously
control two parameters of ignition phase and combustion rate, which caused the loss of the
advantage of the high compression ratio. In order to get rid of ignition phase control by injection
control we turned into a comprisable study of the gasoline direct injection compression ignition
combustion. However the new problem was fuel/air mixing dragging on the combustion rate. It is
the promising of over 60% efficiency to redesign the I C engine configuration or construction which
enables to conduct combustion with very high burning rate without the problem of ignition phase
control and the combustion deflagration.
11. Zhen Huang
Bio:
Zhen HUANG, Chair Professor and Vice President of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He obtained his
Bachelor Degree from the Mechanical Engineering Department of SJTU in 1982 and doctoral
degree in 1988. His research interests are focused on engine combustion, alternative fuel for
transportation and urban air pollution control. He has published over 280 papers in the technical
literature and obtained 33 invention patents. Due to his contribution, he has received several
important awards for his contributions, including the National Distinguished Young Scholar Award,
Cheung Kong Chair Professor of Ministry of Education,National Natural Science Award and
Technological Invention Award.
Fuel design and injection management - Pathways for engine particulate matter emissions
reduction
Zhen Huang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Abstract
Updating
12. Robert Wagner
Bio:
Dr. Robert Wagner is the Director of the National Transportation Research Center (NTRC) at Oak
Ridge National Laboratory; a faculty member of the Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research
and Graduate Education at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville; and a Fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
International, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). His responsibilities
include vision and strategic leadership of NTRC, coordination of researchers and resources, and
management of the NTRC as a DOE-designated National User Facility. He also supports external
strategic outreach, which includes the development of strategic collaborations with industry,
universities, and other national laboratories, and the development of strategic internal
collaborations to leverage ORNL signature capabilities in high performance computing, neutron
sciences, material sciences, and additive manufacturing. Dr. Wagner has organized more than 20
international symposiums and authored more than 100 technical publications. He is also the
recipient of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Award and the SAE International Leadership
Citation. He earned BS, MS, and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering from the Missouri
University of Science & Technology and was an EPA Science to Achieve Results Fellow.
The future of the internal combustion engine—roles and responsibilities
Robert Wagner
Abstract
Advances in vehicle technologies and infrastructure coupled with increasing fuel economy
regulations are leading to a broad spectrum in engine complexity and duty cycle. Engines of lower
complexity with less technical content are of interest for hybrid-electric vehicles to manage the
overall cost of having an internal combustion engine, energy storage, electric drive, and additional
power electronics. Engines of higher complexity with more technical content are required for
engine-only vehicles to maximize vehicle fuel economy across the vehicle drive cycle. While the
roles and responsibilities of these engine applications are different, both require engines with high
efficiency and low emissions for their respective duty cycles. This presentation will discuss trends
and technologies for new engines for both hybrid-electric applications and stand-alone propulsion
systems. The hybrid-electric discussion will include opportunities associated with the partial or
complete decoupling of the engine from vehicle power demands for differing levels of
electrification. The engine-only discussion will cover ongoing research on advanced compression
ignition combustion (ACI) and multi-mode approaches that require the use of two distinct modes
of combustion, such as spark-ignition and ACI combustion, to maximize efficiency across the speed-
load domain of the vehicle. The ACI combustion discussion will include a conceptual perspective
and supporting data on the continuum of ACI combustion modes and the significance of this
perspective on implementation. The multi-mode discussion will include the role of ACI combustion
and the relative importance of operational range and engine efficiency on fuel economy.
13. Ulrich Spicher
Bio:
Prof Ulrich Spicher obtained the PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering, Technical University
Aachen in 1982. And he worked as Senior Department Manager “Combustion Systems for Internal
Combustion Engines”at FEV Motorentechnik (1987-1993). In 1994, he worked as professor for
Internal Combustion Engines and Director of the Institute for Reciprocating Engines at Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT) and then retired in 2013. He has worked as a founder of the
Engineering Company MOT GmbH since 2006, worked as CEO and General Manager of MOT
GmbH in 2012-2016, and worked as Senior Technical Adviser of APL GmbH and MOT GmbH since
2016. His research topics contains Internal Combustion Engines, Gasoline Direct Injection, Mixture
Preparation, Combustion Processes, Irregular Combustion (Knocking, Pre-Ignition), Exhaust
Emissions, Optical Measurement Techniques for Combustion Diagnostics.
Development trends aiming at improving both fuel economy and exhaust emissions for
Eco-friendly powertrains
Ulrich Spicher
KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany (retired)
Senior Technical Advisor APL GmbH, Germany (Consultant)
Abstract
The internal combustion engine has attained a considerable level of sophistication since its
invention about 150 years ago. Globally, the spark ignited engine still represents the predominant
propulsion in passenger cars today, while the compression ignition engine is the predominant
powertrain in Europe. Nevertheless, there is still a high potential for further improvements
considering thermal efficiency and engine-out emissions for both engine configurations.
The first part of the presentation provides a review of current and future emission regulations for
passenger cars. In particular the discrepancy between current statutory emission standards and
real driving emissions is highlighted. The second part of the presentation is dedicated to the
general requirements for individual mobility and recent strategies for engine efficiency
optimization as well as measures to reduce exhaust emissions. In particular the most promising
methods to improve fuel consumption are presented, i.e. optimization of the combustion process,
downsizing with boosting, gas exchange strategies, direct fuel injection, etc. All these measures
will be discussed in correlation with fuel economy improvement and exhaust emissions reduction
for both engine types, the spark ignited (SI - Otto) engine as well as the compression ignition (CI –
Diesel) engine. Special issues in SI engines like low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) as well as the
occurrence of exhaust emissions (particulates and nitrogen oxides) in both SI engines and CI
engines as well as the reduction of these emissions by optimization of in-cylinder processes and
with exhaust gas after treatment systems will be discussed more in detail.
Finally, the presentation concludes with a detailed review on challenges for future developments,
i.e. sustainable fuels for future mobility. Additionally, an evaluation of different powertrains for
light duty vehicles at real driving conditions will be executed.
14. Koichi Nakata
Bio:
Mr. Koichi Nakata is the General Manager of Toyota Motor Corporation. He got bachelor’s degree
in Physics engineering from Kyoto University in 1990. Then he joined Toyota Motor Corporation.
He was the Engineer of combustion and ignition system development (1990-1998) and the
Assistant Manager of engine thermal efficiency enhancement (1999-2004). He served as the Group
Manager of engine development for HVs (2005-2010) and the Project General Manager of new
engine development (TNGA engines, ESTEC engines) (2011-2017). Since 2018, he has become the
General Manager of advanced powertrain function development. In addition, he is the Assistance
for SIP(Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program).
Engine technplogies to realize sustainable society
Koichi Nakata
Toyota Motor Corporation
Abstract
To correspond to the environmental issues, such as climate change and air pollution, electrification has been
focused on. Especially battery electric vehicle is being focused on. On the other hand, it can be considered that
hybrid vehicle which uses internal combustion engine is a one main stream of the future powertrain system by
developing high thermal efficiency and achieving near zero emission. This presentation discusses the future
possibility of internal combustion engine with the introduction of fuel utilization and the examples of reducing
emission.
15. Hongmin Xu
Bio:
Professor Hongming Xu is Chair of Energy and Automotive Engineering and Head of Vehicle and Engine
Research Centre, The University of Birmingham. He obtained his BEng and MEng degrees from Hefei
University of Technology in 1982 and 1984 respectively and PhD from Imperial College in 1995 and then
worked as post-doctoral Research Fellow and Senior Research Fellow. He moved to Jaguar Land Rover
Research Group in 2000 where he was a Technical Specialist and Member of Ford Global HCCI Steering
Committee. He joined the University of Birmingham in 2005 and was promoted to professor in 2009. So
far he has won total funding of £10 million as PI for research projects from UK/EU governments and
industry. He is also a ‘1000 Talent’ Professor at Tsinghua University where he leads a NSFC Key Project
on GDI engine PM emissions. He has over 300 publications in engine research involving experimental
and modelling studies. He is Fellow of IMechE and SAE International. His main research interests include
engine fuel spray, combustion and emissions and Artificial Intelligence based control of powertrains. He
was awarded the title of ‘Birmingham Hero’ in 2010 for “outstanding research contribution to
sustainable transport”.
Impact of Mixture Stratification on Particulate Emissions of Gasoline Direct Injection
Engines
Hongmin Xu
University of Birmingham
Abstract
An overview world-wide particulate matter (PM) emissions of automotive engines is provided in the
context of global warming scenario. Hot topics of research in the field of engine emission control are
reviewed. The particulate emissions from GDI engines are initially presented as dry particles formed
from the soot generated in the cylinder during combustion and then coated with volatiles and semi-
volatiles. The particulate matter evolutions in the exhaust system are measured and modelled to show
how the particulates in nuclei and accumulation modes exchange weighting factors in the exhaust flow.
Spray and droplet characteristics of coked injectors with deposits against clean ones are investigated by
using CFD, ultra-high speed imaging, PDPA and PLIF. Mixture stratification and combustion emissions
in a single cylinder optical engine and thermal GDI engine with the same geometry with different
injectors are measured and studied at stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The coked injector has modified
penetration lengths and spray cone angles compared to the clean injector. PLIF images for different SOI
timing indicate that the coked injector is more prone to producing regions of rich fuel/air mixture and
result in more unstable combustion. Images of the optical engine combustion reveal apparent diffusion
flame around the coked injector tip and on the cylinder wall at the end of combustion. In-cylinder
pressure measurements in the singe cylinder and multi cylinder production GDI engines indicate the
coked injectors produce lower in-cylinder pressure with undesirable combustion quality and increased
particulate emissions as well as increased unburned hydrocarbon emissions for all injection timing
strategies. The impact of fuel properties on particulate emissions is significant but the effect of ethanol
is shown less sensitive to injector deposits. Finally, an artificial intelligence based engine control and
calibration technique is demonstrated in order to minimise the particulate emissions with certain given
constraints.
16. Hua Zhao
Bio:
Hua Zhao is the Vice Dean (Research) of College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences,Chairman of College
Research Ethics Committee, Director of Centre for Advanced Powertrain and Fuels (CAPF), Former Head of
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Former course directors for BEng/MEng Degrees in
Motorsport Engineering, and Former supervisor and faculty advisor for Brunel Formula Student and Brunel Master
Racing teams. He got his BEng.in Tianjin University, China (1984) and PhD.in Leeds University, U.K. (1989). He has
been the Fellow of Institution of Mechanical Engineers (UK) (2007),(DSc. of Brunel University London (2009), Fellow
of Society of Automotive Engineers (US) (2012) and Fellow of Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) (2015). He has
published more than 300 academic papers and cultivated more than 40 PhD students and postdoctors.
A high-efficiency 2-stroke engine concept: Boosted Uniflow Scavenged Direct Injection
Gasoline (BUSDIG) engine with the air hybrid operation
Hua Zhao
Brunel University London
Abstract
A novel 2-stroke Boosted Uniflow Scavenged Direct Injection Gasoline (BUSDIG) engine was proposed
and designed to achieve aggressive engine down-sizing and down-speeding. The engine bore/stroke
ratio the scavenge port and intake plenum were optimized to achieve best scavenging performance
and desirable in-cylinder flow motions. The effects of the opening profiles of scavenge ports and exhaust
valves were investigated on the performance and scavenging process in the 2-stroke BUSDIG engine.
By introducing more advanced combustion processes and control techniques, the combined 3D and 1D
engine simulation indicated that a 2-cylinder 1-litre BUSDIG engine can achieve a maximum thermal
efficiency of 47% with significantly higher low speed torque and power density than the equivalent 4-
stroke engines.
17. Liguang Li
Bio:
Liguang Li is the Privileged Professor of Tongji University, and he acts as Chair Professor of Combustion Engine,
School of Automotive Studies, Professorship Chair of KSPG, CDHK. He also acts as Executive Board member of China
SAE and Chinese Society of Internal Combustion Engine, Fellow China SAE and Fellow SAE International. His main
research interests are fuel spray atomization, combustion and alternative fuels.
The path to super high efficiency over 50% for passenger car gasoline engine
Liguang Li
Tongji University
Abstract
To meet the strict fuel consumption and emission regulation for the future, and the request of gasoline technologies
for 2030, the high thermal efficiency technology for next generation gasoline engine, especially for the super high
efficiency engine technologies are presented. The possibility and challenge for over 50% efficiency of a novel Argon
Power Cycle Engine with fuel of Hydrogen is analyzed in simulation and specially introduced.