1 dietary fiber in the u.s. food supply lisa bente, rd; hazel hiza, phd, rd; and thomas fungwe, phd...

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Dietary Fiber in the

U.S. Food SupplyLisa Bente, RD; Hazel Hiza, PhD, RD;

and Thomas Fungwe, PhD

United States Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion

Washington, DC

January 2008

USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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This session is intended to introduce students to a working knowledge of dietary fiber as defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the data series used to report trends on how much nutrients and other food components are available for consumption, on a per person and per day basis.

IntroductionIntroduction

Session Overview for InstructorSession Overview for Instructor

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OutlineOutline


Background

Learning Objectives

Key Messages

Importance of Fiber

Definitions of Fiber and Sources

Daily Recommendations

Source of Information on Availability of Fiber

Fiber Recommendations Versus Fiber Availability

Sources of Fiber in the U.S. Food Supply

Data Limitation

Learn More at www.cnpp.usda.gov

Sources of Food Supply Data

Uses of Food Supply Data

The Food Supply and Federal Dietary Guidance

Background on DRIs

Nutrient Values Provided by DRIs

Session Overview Instructional Slides Supplemental Slides

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Audience: Students in Introductory College Nutrition Classes

Instructional Time: One Hour

Instructional Slides:Slides 7-20

Background InformationBackground Information


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Adequate amounts of dietary fiber help to maintain health and reduce risks of colon cancer and coronary artery disease.

Sources of dietary fiber in the U.S. food supply are: Grain products Vegetables Fruits Legumes, nuts, and soy

Key MessagesKey Messages


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Data on availability of food sources, on a per capita basis, and major food sources for dietary fiber are available from the Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply Series.

Per capita data on dietary fiber from the U.S. Food Supply Series and Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) differ.

Key Messages, continuedKey Messages, continued

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INSTRUCTIONAL SLIDESINSTRUCTIONAL SLIDES

A nutritionally adequate food supply has been linked to providing sufficient kilocalories, macronutrients, and micronutrients to meet the nutritional needs of the U.S. population.

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The functional properties of dietary fiber have significant protective effects against some chronic diseases.

Eating grains, especially whole grains, provides such health benefits as reduced risk of coronary heart disease and colon cancer.

The Importance of Consuming The Importance of Consuming Adequate Dietary FiberAdequate Dietary Fiber

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Dietary fiber (commonly called bulk or roughage) is the edible nondigestible component of carbohydrate and lignin naturally found in plant food;* however, bacteria in the lower gut may metabolize part of it. Major sources of dietary fiber include cereal bran, sweet potatoes, and legumes.

Total Fiber = Dietary Fiber + Functional (or added) FiberTotal Fiber = Dietary Fiber + Functional (or added) Fiber (Excluded: fiber-like products, either extracted or synthesized, that do not have proven health benefits.) *IOM definition.*IOM definition.

Dietary Fiber DefinedDietary Fiber Defined

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Functional fiber consists of isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans.*

Example: pectin extracted from citrus peel and used as a gel that isExample: pectin extracted from citrus peel and used as a gel that is the basis for jams and jellies. the basis for jams and jellies.

*IOM definition.*IOM definition.

Functional Fiber DefinedFunctional Fiber Defined

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Dietary Fiber: Soluble and InsolubleDietary Fiber: Soluble and Insoluble

Soluble and insoluble dietary fibers are generally found together in foods. However, some foods are better sources of one type than of the other.

Soluble dietary fiber is digestible.

Insoluble dietary fiber is nondigestible.

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Benefits and Sources of Soluble FiberBenefits and Sources of Soluble Fiber

Soluble fiber attracts water and turns to gel during digestion, thus slowing digestion.

Research shows that soluble fiber lowers cholesterol (important in the prevention of heart disease) and delays glucose absorption (important in glucose control).

Oat bran, barley, beans, and lentils are primaryOat bran, barley, beans, and lentils are primary sources of soluble fiber.sources of soluble fiber.

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Benefits and Sources of Insoluble FiberBenefits and Sources of Insoluble Fiber

Insoluble fiber appears to speed the passage of foods through the stomach and intestines.

Insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, reducing the incidence of constipation.

Wheat bran, vegetables, and whole grains areWheat bran, vegetables, and whole grains are primary sources of insoluble fiber.primary sources of insoluble fiber.

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Daily Recommendations of Dietary Fiber Daily Recommendations of Dietary Fiber Needed* by Age/GenderNeeded* by Age/Gender

Years Grams Years Grams Years Grams

*Recommendations, in grams, are based on *Recommendations, in grams, are based on Estimated Average Requirements (EARs).Estimated Average Requirements (EARs).

Children Males Females

1-3 19 9-13 31 9-18 26

4-8 25 14-50 38 19-50 25

51+ 30 51+ 21

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The Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food

Supply Series . . .

Is a historical series of data reflecting the availability of food in the U.S. food supply.

Includes information, since 1909, on the amount of nutrients available for consumption.

Reports data on a per person and per day basis.

Major Source of Information on theMajor Source of Information on theAvailability of Dietary Fiber in the U.S. Availability of Dietary Fiber in the U.S.

Food SupplyFood Supply

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Year EAR Weighted data (grams of dietary fiber)

Food supply data (per capita per day grams

of dietary fiber)

% Difference

1995 28 24 14

1996 30 25 17

1997 28 25 11

1998 28 25 11

1999 30 25 17

2000 28 25 11

2001 28 25 11

2002 28 24 14

2003 28 25 11

2004 28 25 11

2005 28 25 11

Percentage Difference Between Percentage Difference Between Age/Gender-Weighted Recommendations Age/Gender-Weighted Recommendations and Per Capita Grams of Fiber Available and Per Capita Grams of Fiber Available for for ConsumptionConsumption

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13%:

The average difference

between the EAR-weighted

data on dietary fiber and the U.S. food supply

data on dietary fiber.

EAR Recommendations and Food Supply Data, continuedEAR Recommendations and Food Supply Data, continued

When dietary fiber data from the U.S. Food Supply Series and EAR recommendations are compared, the EAR data should be weighted because the recommendations are based on age and gender.

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Major Sources of Dietary Fiber in the Major Sources of Dietary Fiber in the U.S. Food Supply, 1995 vs. 2005U.S. Food Supply, 1995 vs. 2005

1995 2005

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Contributions of grains to dietary fiber were stable at 36 percent; contributions of vegetables decreased from 28 to 25 percent.

Contributions of legumes, nuts, and soy to dietary fiber were stable: 14 and 13 percent; as were the contributions of fruits: 11 percent.

Contributions to dietary fiber by other foods increased from 11 to 15 percent. These contributions came from spices, cocoa, tea, and coffee. Meat, fish, poultry; dairy; eggs; fats and oils; and sugars and sweeteners contributed no dietary fiber.

Major Sources of Fiber, 1995 vs. 2005, continuedMajor Sources of Fiber, 1995 vs. 2005, continued

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Underreporting of whole wheat and breakfast cereals affects the estimates on the dietary fiber that is available for consumption.

Because of underreporting, estimates on the amount of dietary fiber available for consumption may actually be closer to the EAR recommendations.

Dietary Fiber in the U.S. Food Supply: Dietary Fiber in the U.S. Food Supply: Data LimitationData Limitation

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SUPPLEMENTAL SLIDESSUPPLEMENTAL SLIDES

Nutrient data from the U.S. Food Supply Series are useful in terms of evaluating the effects of technological and marketing changes on the food supply over time.

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Review and download the Food Supply reports.

Research nutrients of interest by using the Interactive Food Supply.

Supplemental InformationSupplemental Information

To Learn More About the U.S. Food SupplyTo Learn More About the U.S. Food Supply

Visit www.cnpp.usda.gov

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Sources of Food Supply DataSources of Food Supply Data

Economic Research Service provides

Agricultural Research Service provides

United States Department of AgricultureUnited States Department of Agriculture

Per capita estimates of food commodities available for consumption

Standard Reference of nutrients available for specific foods

Added nutrients

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Sources of Food Supply DataSources of Food Supply Data

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service

Other SourcesOther Sources

Fish and seafood data

50 StatesGame harvest data

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Duck and geese data

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To address questions relating to historical trends, suppliers’ response to demand, and establishing food and nutrient policy.

To examine historical trends and evaluate changes in the American diet and to make international comparisons.

To examine relationships among food supplies, diet, and health.


Uses of the U.S. Food Supply DataUses of the U.S. Food Supply Data

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Data in the U.S. Food Supply Series are important to policymakers for translating nutrient goals for Americans into goals for food production and supply levels.


The U.S. Food Supply and The U.S. Food Supply and Federal Dietary GuidanceFederal Dietary Guidance

To ensure that sufficient nutrients are available to the whole population, the nutrient levels in the food supply need to exceed recommended allowances because the estimates reflect the amount available before losses from trimming, cooking, plate waste, and spoilage.

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The Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences publishes the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for dietary components, including macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The DRIs consist of the RDAs, EARs, AIs, and ULs.

Recommended values are provided for each life cycle group—from birth through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and old age.


Background Information on the Background Information on the Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes

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Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) The average daily intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of 97 to 98 percent of healthy individuals.

Nutrient Values Provided by theNutrient Values Provided by theDietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes

Tolerable Upper Level (UL)

The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risks of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population.


Dietary Reference Intakes, continuedDietary Reference Intakes, continued

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Dietary Reference Intakes, continuedDietary Reference Intakes, continued

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) The nutrient intake value sufficient to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a group. The Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply Series uses this DRI for nutrient comparisons.

Adequate Intake (AI) The recommended daily intake based on approximations of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of healthy people. It is used when the RDA cannot be determined.

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Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. (2002). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Hiza, H., Bente, L., & Fungwe, T. (In Press). Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply, 2005. Available at www.cnpp.usda.gov.

Gerrior, S., Bente, L., & Hiza, H. (2004). Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply, 1909-2000. (Home Economics Research Report No. 56). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.

Supplemental InformationSupplemental InformationReferencesReferences

1 dietary fiber in the u.s. food supply lisa bente, rd; hazel hiza, phd, rd; and thomas fungwe, phd...

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