1 diabetes and kidney problems. 2 what is diabetes? diabetes is a condition in which there is too...
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Diabetes and Kidney Diabetes and Kidney ProblemsProblems
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What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a condition in which there is too much sugar
(glucose) in the blood. Although sugar is needed to
provide energy for the body, when in excess, it causes
problem.
Persons with diabetes have excess sugar because they
lack or have deficient supply of insulin.
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Diabetes
“Mild Disease”
Serious consequences
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Diabetes Mellitus A Serious Disease
Leading cause of newcases of blindness 25 times more prone to eye problems
6 times higher risk forParalysis (stroke)
5 times more prone toKidney failure
20 times more prone tolower limb amputationNerve damage causes loss of sensation
2-3 times higher risk forheart attack
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Renal ArteryRenal Vein
Ureter
Renal Pelvis
Renal papillae
Renal cortex
Kidney
Ureter
AortaVena Cava
Renal ArteryRenal Vein
Kidney
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Kidney- What Is It? How Does It Work?
Kidneys are a pair of highly specialized organ with a complex
structure.
Each kidney contains thousands of small filtering units called “
Nephron”
Each nephron is made up of a cluster of small blood vessels
(Glomerulus) enclosed by a funnel shaped tubular structure
(“Bowman’s capsule” and “Loop of Henle”)
Glomerulus filters the fluid and waste products from the blood
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Kidney- What Is It? How Does It Work?
As the filtered water, soluble substances and waste products
pass through the long tubular structure, most of the water and
still useful substances are taken back
The remaining water with waste products is allowed to travel
through a long tube (ureter) from the kidney to the bladder
where it is stored as urine till it is excreted
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Kidney- How Is It Affected by Diabetes?
The sugar (glucose) in blood is filtered by the glomerulus. When
there is too much of it as in diabetes not all of it is taken back and
it remains in the tube
When blood sugar is high, sugar is passed in urine. Because it is
in high amount in urine it also retains more water so persons with
diabetes pass more urine
Initially the kidneys work hard to keep pace with increased load of
sugar
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Kidney- How Is It Affected by Diabetes?
As a result of many years of “toxically” high blood sugar the thin
walls of the blood vessels in the glomerulus and the filtering
membranes of the Bowman’s capsule themselves get damaged
When the filters are damaged , proteins that the body usually
saves are now lost in urine. Albumin is the most important protein
that is lost in the urine
With passing years of continued poor control the filtering
mechanism is further damaged and waste products accumulate in
the body – leading to kidney failure
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Poor control of diabetes for over 5 years can lead to diabetic
kidney disease
Inheritance also plays a role in determining the quickness and
degree of damage. This is the reason why some people are more
susceptible than others to diabetic kidney disease
Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. This,
in turn, causes additional damage to the kidney which further
worsens high blood pressure setting another chain reaction
Kidney- How Is It Affected by Diabetes?
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Diabetes and the Kidneys Kidney disease caused by diabetes is called diabetes nephropathy
Because of great spare capacity, symptoms of kidney problems
don’t occur until the kidney has been severely damaged
Good control of diabetes prevents or delays kidney problems
Appropriate treatment at any stage can halt further progress of the
disease
It is important to detect the earliest signs of kidney problems
Early signs of diabetic kidney problems can be detected only by
laboratory examination of urine and blood
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Stages of the Diabetic Kidney Disease Stage 1 - Microalbuminuria
Small amount of the albumin is passed in the urine
Reversible with aggressive diabetes control and treatment
BP may start rising and must be treated aggressively
Stage 2 - Macroalbuminuria or Proteinuria Increasingly larger amounts of protein are passed
Toxic waste products start accumulating in the body, reflected by rise
in blood creatinine level
BP rises and must be treated aggressively
Often not reversible; further progression halted with good control
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Stage 3 - End stage renal disease or kidney failure
Here the amount of urine produced decreases substantially
Waste products accumulate to toxic levels
Blood pressure rises dangerously
Patients need regular dialysis for survival
Can be reversed or halted only with kidney transplant
Stages of the Diabetic Kidney Disease
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Why Monitoring Kidney Functions Is Important
In the first stage of kidney disease neither you nor your doctor
can tell that anything is wrong because there are no symptoms
It is important to have routine screening tests even when you feel
well
Presence of kidney disease further increases the risk for High blood pressure several folds
Coronary heart disease several folds
A urine test for microalbuminuria is the best way to detect early
kidney damage
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Monitoring Kidney Functions
Because diabetes may remain undetected for many years,
undertake the microalbuminuria test when you first learn
you have diabetes and every year thereafter
Expect to have more frequent and extensive testing of
kidney function if: Your diabetes is difficult to control
Your doctor has detected microalbuminuria in an earlier test
Your blood pressure is increasing
You have associated heart disease
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Monitoring Kidney Functions
Ensure that your doctor and diabetes care team monitor
Your blood pressure at each visit Test for kidney functions appropriately and as required
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Testing for Microalbuminuria
Although expensive the dipstick microalbuminuria test accurately
measures small amounts of albumin in the urine
Your doctor may ask you to collect all of your urine for 24 hours.
The study on 24 hours urine collection is the most helpful in
detecting kidney problems
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Checking Your Blood Pressure
Rising blood pressure worsens microalbuminuria and early kidney
damage
If kidney damage is detected, it is important to treat even small
increases in blood pressure effectively
Your doctors may prescribe anti-hypertensive medications even if
your blood pressure has only risen within the high normal range
Along with good glucose control, early and effective treatment of
increased blood pressure is as important to delay or prevent
progression of diabetic kidney disease
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Steps to Control Kidney Damage
If the early signs of kidney disease are detected, you can
expect your doctor to suggest the following:
Improve your blood sugar control
Keeping HbA1c values below 7% can be reverse and prevent
further progress of kidney disease
Any reduction in HbA1c will help to reduce rate of progress
Take Insulin, if advised
Check for microalbuminuria and kidney function more often
Check your blood pressure more often, preferably at each visit
and monitor values. The normal values are 120/80 mmHg
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Steps to Control Kidney Damage
Take medication to treat high blood pressure
Review your dietary habits in consultation with your
dieticians to reduce protein content and perhaps salt
Quit smoking
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Quit Smoking!!
Smoking has been found to contribute significantly to increased
risk for high BP, diabetic heart, eye, nerve, and kidney disease
People with diabetes who smoke are more likely to have a
microalbuminuria – the first sign of diabetic kidney disease
(nephropathy)
Even for people with established kidney disease smoking is
harmful
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What is Dialysis?
Dialysis is done to help get rid of the waste substances
such as creatinine and urea from the blood. Dialysis can be
done in two ways haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis - the patient's blood is passed from the artery through a
tube into a machine that filters out waste products. The cleansed
blood is then returned to the body through a vein.
Peritoneal dialysis - can be done at home; A special solution is run
through a tube into the abdomen where waste products from the body
pass through the lining of the abdomen called the peritoneum in to
the injected solution, which is then drained out after a specified time
period.
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When is Dialysis Necessary?
People who have lost more than 90% of the kidney’s filtering
capacity will need artificial filtrations to dispose of the waste
products that will otherwise accumulate in the blood
Dialysis is done to prevent coma and death from toxic effects of
the body’s accumulated waste products
Some people undergo a kidney transplant as an alternative to
continuing dialysis
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Complications of Chronic Kidney Failure
Hypoglycaemia can occur due to decreased excretion of insulin
Rapid progression to end-stage renal disease
Hyperkalemia - a dangerous state of abnormal amount of potassium
ions circulating in blood
High blood pressure
Worsening coronary artery disease (Heart problem)
Low protein in the body leading to accumulation of water and salt
and causing swelling of feet, puffiness of face etc
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Symptoms of Late Diabetic Nephropathy
Fatigue (tiredness)
Insomnia (loss of sleep)
Weakness
Nausea and Vomiting
Swelling on the face,hands and legs due to fluid retention (edema)
Weight gain because of fluid accumulation
Generalized itching
Unintentional weight loss
Loss of appetite
Repeated or unexplained hypoglycaemia in a previously poorly control diabetic
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Kidney Transplant
Kidney transplant is done for patients with end stage kidney
disease
Most people with kidney failure are treated with dialysis before
they are considered for a kidney transplant
The success is better when the kidney is from a live related donor
as compared to a transplant from a dead donor (cadaver)
Before the transplantation the patient needs to be carefully
assessed and treatment started for prevention of complications
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Kidney Transplant
After transplantation patients are given immunosuppressive drugs
to prevent rejection of the transplanted kidney
Better surgical techniques; Use of live related donor; Availability of
better immunosuppressant drugs and antibiotics; And good
diabetes and blood pressure control, have greatly increased the
success rate of kidney transplant
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Prevention Is Better Than Treatment
You can protect your kidneys from damage by: Ensuring regular usage of Insulin, if advised
Ensuring regular BP check- up and control
Ensuring regular urine check for microalbuminuria
Starting proper treatment at the first sign of microalbuminuria
Quitting Smoking
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