1. define au 2. what do we call the 3 laws of planetary motion? bellwork
TRANSCRIPT
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• 1. Define AU
• 2. What do we call the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion?
BellworkBellwork
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Chapter 3 Section 4 Planetary Motion Review
• Visual Concepts online
• Ch3Sec4 Planetary Motion worksheet
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Create a ChartCreate a ChartIn your note book create a KWL chart and write
what you know about how stars are formed. Also summarize what you know about the life cycle of a star? Next fill in the W.
KWhat do you know?
WWhat do you want to know?
LWhat did you learn?
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Objectives Objectives
• Describe the different types of stars
• Describe how color indicates the temperature of a star
• Describe the quantities that are plotted in the H-R diagram
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Chapter 2: Section 2&3
How is a
star born?
• begins as a ball of gas and dust
• Gravity causes the debris to form a sphere
• As it gets denser it becomes hotter creating the right setting for nuclear fusion to occur.
• Hydrogen begins to change into Helium
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The Birth of a Star
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Life Cycle of
a Star:
- Stars are classified by their size, brightness, color, temperature, spectrum and age.
- Stars progress through the same life cycle, but the larger, hotter, and brighter stars progress much faster.
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Life cycle sequence
• Stars begin as a large cloud of gas and dust called a nebula
• Once stars are formed they enter the main sequence stage. In this stage they continuously generate energy in the core through nuclear fusion.
• Size, structure and composition change very little during this stage.
Eskimo Nebula
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A Tool for Studying Stars
• The H-R diagram is a graph that shows the relationship between a star’s surface temperature and its absolute magnitude.
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The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram
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HR Diagram: The abundance of main sequence stars
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Life sequence continued…• The third stage occurs when a star becomes
a Red Giant or a Red Super Giant.• This occurs when a star has used all of it’s
hydrogen and begins to expand and cool. This causes the core to shrink, which then causes the rest of the sun’s atmosphere to expand.
• Red Giants can about ten times larger than the sun.
• Super giants are at least 100 times larger than the sun.
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Important terms
• Nebula
• Main sequence
• Red/Super Giant
• Ball of dust and gas- beginning of a star.
• Constant Energy generated through nuclear fusion. The longest stage of a star.
• A star that is expanding and cooling; hydrogen is no longer generating energy. 10x larger /100x larger than sun.
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Betelgeuse star
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Betelgeuse is a red super giant
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Life sequence continued…
• The final stage of a star’s life cycle is a white dwarf.
• A white dwarf is an old star’s leftover center that is no longer generating energy (no hydrogen left)
• White dwarfs can shine for billions of years before cooling completely
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White Dwarfs
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Life cycle of a Star: Life cycle of a Star: Death of a StarDeath of a Star
• Stars usually lose material slowly unless they are blue stars.
• Blue stars lose their energy fast and can sometimes explode in a bright flash called a Supernova, which is actually the collapse of the star.
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Death of a Stars
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Super Novas can become:Super Novas can become:Neutron stars-
stars that have collapsed under gravity
Pulsar stars –
-spinning neutron stars that have jets of particles moving almost at the speed of light streaming out above their magnetic poles.
-The beams of light sweep around as the pulsar rotates, just as the spotlight in a lighthouse does.
-Like a ship in the ocean that sees only regular flashes of light, we see pulsars turn on and off as the beam sweeps over the Earth.
-This along with the light being refracted by Earth’s atmosphere creates a stars “Twinkling” appearance
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Neutron Stars and Blackholes
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Interesting trivia• Pulsars spin fast for the same reason ice
skaters pull in their arms to spin. This is conservation of angular momentum. Pulsars are formed with a certain amount of angular momentum. As gravity causes them to shrink (and thus have a smaller radius) they must spin faster in order to conserve angular momentum. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/try_l1/pulsar.html
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Black Holes
• Leftover supernovas that are so massive they collapse into an object called a black hole
• Light can not escape a black holes gravity because it is so massive
• They are only detected through x-rays that can determine a black hole through materials from stars filtering through it
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Myths vs. realities of black holes
Hubble Space Telescope
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Important terms
White Dwarf
Supernova
Neutron/Pulsar star
Black hole
• Final stage, no hydrogen left. Can shine for billions of yrs.
• Blue stars that explode in a bright flash.
• Stars that collapse from the gravity-pulsars spin.
• Leftover supernovas that collapse into themselves forming gravity so massive that no light can escape.
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• This artist's concept depicts a super massive black hole at the center of a galaxy. NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer found evidence that black holes -- once they grow to a critical size -- stifle the formation of new stars in elliptical galaxies. Black holes are thought to do this by heating up and blasting away the gas that fuels star formation.
• The blue color here represents radiation pouring out from material very close to the black hole. The grayish structure surrounding the black hole, called a torus, is made up of gas and dust. Beyond the torus, only the old red-colored stars that make up the galaxy can be seen. There are no new stars in the galaxy. Image Credit:
• NASA/JPL-Caltech
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Color of Stars
• What Is the Color of Hot? Although red and yellow may be thought of as “warm” colors and blue may be thought of as a “cool” color, scientists consider red and yellow to be cool colors and blue to be a warm color.
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Stellar Spectrum
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How Bright Is That Star?• Apparent Magnitude The brightness
of a light or star is called apparent magnitude. How luminous the star is as it is viewed from Earth.
• Absolute Magnitude Absolute magnitude is the actual brightness of a star. Measurement of stars luminosity when placed at the same distance, absolute magnitudes show differences in actual luminosities.
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Brightness and Luminosity
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The H-R diagram is a graph that shows the relationship between a star’s surface temperature and its absolute magnitude.
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Objectives Objectives
• Describe the different types of stars
• Describe how color indicates the temperature of a star
• Describe the quantities that are plotted in the H-R diagram