1 『 cultural approach to address occupational safety and health 』 - network for a culture of...

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『 Cultural approach to address occupational safety and health 』

- Network for a Culture of Prevention -

Gye-Wan BaeGye-Wan Bae

ISSA International Section for a Culture of PreventionISSA International Section for a Culture of Prevention

Korea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyKorea Occupational Safety and Health Agency

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Why is culture?

Safety culture

From safety culture to prevention culture

Prevention culture

Contents

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I.I. Why is culture Why is cultureI.I. Why is culture Why is culture

Lunch atop a skyscraper(1932)

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I.I. Why is culture Why is cultureI.I. Why is culture Why is culture

Along with technical progress, our knowledge, skills, behaviors and habits have changed over the years

Today, we may be faced with new safety and health threats that we might not even know yet

- new production method - new forms of work organization - new technologies

Who knows, maybe we are still sitting on that steel joist, without realizing it

I.I. Why is Culture? Why is Culture?I.I. Why is Culture? Why is Culture?

Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, acts, laws, morals, customs, and any other capabilities by man as a member of society

``Man is an animal suspended in webs of significance that he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of laws, but an interpretative one in search of meaning``(Clifford Geertz)

Because of Its `meaning-centered` and `dynamic nature`, culture is mutable, and human can act collectively to change it to reflect shared norms and beliefs


Safety Accident Pyramid undertaken by Frank E Bird, Jr. (1969)

Foolish to direct major effort at the relatively few events resulting in serious injuries

Actions directed at preventing minor injuries and incidents can be effective

To overcome this situation need to promote culture


Accident prevention strategies have developed as follows;

- technology safety( Engineering, Legislations, Guidelines, and Inspection, etc. ) * ILO Convention 187 - system safety( OSHMS, administrative control )- cultural approach ( Safety Culture, Prevention Culture )

Numbers of occupational related diseases and injuries could be prevented with the improvement of the awareness and attitudes of the workers and the general public.

1990s was marked by safety culture debates at enterprise level, the introduction of OSHMS, as well as technical and organizational progress in preventing occupational risks

The first decade of the 21th century clearly looked more into the health of the workers and prevention culture at societal level

II.II. What is safety culture? What is safety culture?II.II. What is safety culture? What is safety culture?

Piper Alpha

Date : 6 July 1988

Location : Island of Orkney(UK)

Cause : Gas Explosion

Death : 167

Property damage : £1.7 billion

II.II. What is safety culture? What is safety culture?II.II. What is safety culture? What is safety culture?

Chernobyl

Date : 26 April 1986

Location : Pripyat (Ukrainian SSR)

Cause : Overpressure

Death : 985,000 (Mostly from Cancer)

Incident of radiation exposure

II.II. What is Safety Culture? What is Safety Culture?II.II. What is Safety Culture? What is Safety Culture?

The term `Safety Culture` was introduced in INSAG Chernobyl Accident Summary Report(1986)

( INSAG; International nuclear safety advisory group)

INSAG description on Safety Culture

- an assembly of characteristics and attitudes in organizations and individuals which established that

- as an overriding priority, safety culture was highlighted as a fundamental management principal

Safety culture has been invoked as a factor in many major disaster and been the subject of a vast amount of research


Quite a number of studies defined “Safety Culture” to study

the individual’s and organization’s awareness, attitude and

behavior on OSH performance in workplace

HSC’s definition on Safety Culture (1993)

the product of individual and group values, attitudes,

perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior

that

can determine the commitment to, and the style and

proficiency of an organization`s health and safety

management

II.II. What is Safety What is Safety Culture?Culture?

II.II. What is Safety What is Safety Culture?Culture?

Wang(2012) proposes a new definition of safety culture

`Safety culture is assembly of values, beliefs, attitudes, norms,

organizational characteristic behaviours and environments

which are concerned with safety, created and nourished in the

long term process of organizational producing practice, and

accepted by most of members in organization`

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Safety Culture

EnvironmentPerson

Behavior

Knowledge, Skills, Ability, Intelligence, Motives,

Personality

Equipment, Tools, Machines, Housekeeping, Heat/Cold Engineering

Complying, Coaching, Recognizing,Communicating, Demonstrating, “Actively Caring”

Total Safety Culture requires continual attention to three domains. Adapted from E. Scott Geller, 1996

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Cooper, M.D. refined the concept and developed a model of “Safety Culture” with three interrelated aspects, including psychological, behavioral and situational (2000)

Accident prevention strategies has been developed with four phases

- technical phase ( Designing of protective equipment )

- human error phase ( Control by training and education )

- a socio-technical phase ( Interrelation of factors according to a

systems approach )

- the current inter-organisational phase

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III.III. The difference between safety climate and safety The difference between safety climate and safety culture?culture?

III.III. The difference between safety climate and safety The difference between safety climate and safety culture?culture? Safety climate is multi dimensional concept and generally

regarded as a snapshot in time of employees` attitudes and perception(Flin et al 2000)

Culture and climate are not different organization phenomenon but rather different interpretations of the same phenomenon. Culture places more emphasis on the history and context of the organization. Climate highlights the existing situation and its impact on employees(Guldenmund 2010)

An empirical measurable component of safety culture with relationship with safety indicators such as near miss reporting, accidents injuries and work related illness(Nielsen M B 2013)

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III.III. The difference between safety climate and safety The difference between safety climate and safety culture?culture?

III.III. The difference between safety climate and safety The difference between safety climate and safety culture?culture? Zohar(1980) identified that although many companies would

espouse safety by reference to it in formal documents, the true test was whether it was reflected in daily decisions made by managers faced by conflicting demands

Zohar(2010) reflected the safety climate was now a robust leading indicator. However, there was a need for industry specific scales and also to adjust scales for different organizational levels as the climate can vary between different department within one organization

Decision on what to include in a scale to measure safety climate are therefore complex and many need to be integrated with other measures

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IV.IV. The relationship between psychological The relationship between psychological climateclimate

and safety climate?and safety climate?

IV.IV. The relationship between psychological The relationship between psychological climateclimate

and safety climate?and safety climate? Psychological climate is defined(CIPD) as: The perception of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other → it is about mutual trust

Brondino(2012) looked at the relationships between organizational and group safety climate and safety performance. He highlighted the importance of the co-workers` safety climate, which was more influential at the individual and group level than the supervisor`s safety climate.

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V.V. The Safety Culture Maturity model The Safety Culture Maturity modelV.V. The Safety Culture Maturity model The Safety Culture Maturity model

This model developed by Fleming(2001) adapted from HSE guidance, listed 10 elements in a climate tool.

☞ management commitment and visibility ☞ communication ☞ productivity versus safety ☞ learning organization ☞ safety resources ☞ participation ☞ shared perceptions about safety ☞ trust ☞ industrial relations and job satisfaction ☞ training

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V.V. The Safety Culture Maturity model The Safety Culture Maturity modelV.V. The Safety Culture Maturity model The Safety Culture Maturity model

The Rockwell Safety Maturity Index To measure company performance in safety culture,

compliances and processes, and capital investments in safety technologies - culture : measures behavioral aspect of a company, including

values, priorities, attitudes, incentives, and beliefs - compliance : measures procedural aspects of a company, and

includes Environmental, Health & Safety and Engineering policies and procedures

- capital : measures technical aspects of a company ☞ SMI1 : minimizing investment ☞ SMI2 : attaining compliance ☞ SMI3 : cost avoidance ☞ SMI4 : operational excellence

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VI.VI. HSL (2013) list some safety climate tool HSL (2013) list some safety climate tool indicatorsindicators

VI.VI. HSL (2013) list some safety climate tool HSL (2013) list some safety climate tool indicatorsindicators

☞ organizational commitment

☞ H&S oriented behaviours

☞ H&S trust

☞ usability of procedure

☞ engagement with H&S

☞ peer group attitudes

☞ resources for H&S

☞ accident and near miss reporting

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VII.VII. A Strategic Safety Culture A Strategic Safety Culture RoadmapRoadmap


Cooper & Finley(2013) compiled a roadmap, which lists five aspects to strengthen a safety culture

☞ understanding `broken` safety culture ☞ understanding change management process ☞ developing safety culture improvement

strategies ☞ establishing key performance indicators ☞ reviewing safety culture change efforts☞ The features of broken safety culture are divided

into three elements ① how people feel ② what people do ③ what the organization has

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VII.VII. A Strategic Safety Culture A Strategic Safety Culture RoadmapRoadmap☞ If you identify with any of these, you are invited

to develop policies and strategies ①developing a vision supporting safety partnership between management and employees ②developing a just and fair culture ③developing the conditions for effective safety leadership where mangers visibly commit to safety ④developing a culture of compliance ⑤developing a culture of communication ⑥developing a culture of competency ⑦reinforce the safety partnership ⑧develop a culture of sharing lessons learned ⑨develop a culture where safety related actions are carried out promptly

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VIII.VIII. The limitation of safety culture The limitation of safety cultureVIII.VIII. The limitation of safety culture The limitation of safety culture

There are many definitions of safety culture

Literature limits the definition of safety culture to the workplace and all its related risks

The concept is complex and ambiguous

It is important to note that the evidence stems from the tradition learning from past experience(of what went wrong), not from any tradition of predicting and developing experimental evidence

The evidence of the benefits of interventions in safety culture stemming from prospective studies is still very limited

X.X. What is Prevention? What is Prevention?X.X. What is Prevention? What is Prevention?

The word prevention was probably used first in the context of medicine

Over the years, different definitions of prevention have been proposed from varying expectations with regard to the role that prevention should pay in society

- risk, crime, social injustice, social security, etc.

Prevention in the world of work can have a considerable variety of meanings, depending on what particular area one looks at

- Working conditions, industrial relations, OSH, employment, pension and disability pension scheme, etc.

Prevention in the most general meaning of the word can be understood as ``a measure to avoid an undesired event through early intervention``

Modern concept of prevention includes both prevention of diseases, accidents, risks and risk factors and promotion of health and well-being(McKinnon)

Sinfield distinguishes at least three different levels of prevention - Primary prevention limits the incidence of diseases by controlling

causes and risk factors - Secondary prevention aims to cure patients and reduce the more

serious consequences of diseases through early diagnosis and treatment

- Tertiary prevention aims to prevent complications, reduce disability and minimize pain

X.X. What is Prevention? What is Prevention?X.X. What is Prevention? What is Prevention?

X.X. What is Prevention Culture? What is Prevention Culture?X.X. What is Prevention Culture? What is Prevention Culture?

“Prevention Culture” and similar phrases have been defined over years

11 March, 2003 – Communication of European Commission – Community strategy on health and safety at work(2002-2006) set the principle of `A real culture of prevention`

The International Labour Conference(2003) adopted Global Strategy for OHS, which underlined the importance of creating preventative safety and health culture


The ILO Convention 187 highlighted as follows:

- To create and promote national “Preventative Safety and Health Culture” is one in which the right to a safe and healthy working environment is respected at all levels, where governments, employers and workers actively participate in securing a safe and healthy environment through a system of defined right, responsibilities and duties and where the highest priority is accorded to the principle of prevention


“Preventative Safety and Health Culture” is cited in Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work, adopted at the XVIII World Congress on Safety and Health at Work in Seoul, on 29 June 2008

The term of Prevention Culture was extended beyond the workplace, by stating that `workers` safety and health is the responsibility of society as a whole

Seoul Declaration

Declares that1.Promoting high levels of safety and health at work is the responsibility of society as a whole and all members of society must contribute to achieving this goal by ensuring that priority is given to occupational safety and health in national agendas and by building and maintaining a national preventative safety and health culture.


`Five pillars` to support the implementation of a holistic culture of prevention were identified at the 2nd strategy conference (Dresden,2011)

1. Reducing work accidents and occupational diseases(Vision Zero)

2. Raising awareness, developing competencies and capacity building

3. Cooperation between public health and OSH

4. Health and safety as an integral part of lifestyle

5. Integrating prevention into the social security system

The focus in prevention had been widened from the traditional work safety approach to a broader prevention approach where H&S is seen as an integral part of work and lifestyle

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XI. Define XI. Define Prevention Prevention CultureCulture

XI. Define XI. Define Prevention Prevention CultureCulture

Salminen(2011) pointed out that as a preliminary definition it could include all elements in the culture of a company that supports the prevention of injuries and diseases

Schulte mentioned the importance of taking account of the impact of chronic disease, the need for integration into education, the importance of good job and the need to stop the differentiation between `work` and `the rest of living`

Von Vietinghoff-Scheel & Manescue highlighted the importance of appropriate communication between management and workers and the need for employees to accept help in dealing with psychosocial issues that could negatively impact on their H&S at work

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XII. BlendingXII. Blending the division between work and the division between work and homehome

XII. BlendingXII. Blending the division between work and the division between work and homehome

Prevention culture is a general and strategic rather than a scientific concept but it can be used as an `umbrella` term ( Salminen and Lee, 2013)

Hanson(2007) advocates looking beyond vision zero and `sending employees home healthier than when they came into work`

There needs to be an increased focus on health promotion at work but the traditional barrier between home and work needed to be overcome and that to achieve a culture of prevention we need to evolve a blended lifestyle; overall `well being` of the population being important as companies benefit from healthy people

XIII.XIII. Values support Prevention Values support Prevention CultureCulture

XIII.XIII. Values support Prevention Values support Prevention CultureCulture Core values that support a prevention culture(Zwetsloot)

☞ interconnectedness, participation and trust

☞ justice and responsibility

☞ growth and resilience

XIV.XIV. Promoting a Prevention Culture Promoting a Prevention CultureXIV.XIV. Promoting a Prevention Culture Promoting a Prevention Culture

The development of a Prevention Culture is based on the collaboration of all relevant stakeholders at a national level: The government, social partners, professional safety and health organisations and social security institutions

Three characteristics of prevention culture(Zwetsloot)

- Genuine management commitment and leadership

- learning, improving and trust

- being informed and having open communication

There are three characteristics of a Prevention Culture(Eichendorf)

- Mutual trust

- Shared awareness for the importance of OSH

- Confidence in the effectiveness of prevention measures


Bernd (2013) proposed four elements for promoting prevention culture

① reducing accidents and injuries(through a top down approach)

② improving organizational proficiency(and personal commitment)

③ encouraging behavioral norms, values and beliefs ④ taking safety and health prevention beyond the

workplace (societal level)


Key elements to prevention culture (Zwetsloot) - effectiveness of regulation

- enforcement of regulation and incentive

- participatory stepwise approaches

- leadership and genuine management commitment

- OSH training

- networking for zero accidents and harm

- safety climate

- organizational enforcement of compliance to essential rules or

principles (`life saving rules`)


To fully realize a culture of prevention, Schulte suggests six necessities(2013)

- reduce the tendency to separate work from the rest of life

- understand the value of good jobs to a culture of well-being

- integrate into educational systems a career-and job-readiness focus that promotes skills for risk prevention

- advance evolved notions of work, health, and prevention

- advance a preventative approach to chronic disease

- identify the means to make prevention- and well-being –an integral part of culture

Safety Culture - underlying more fundamental, and psychosocial concept - emphasize on the aspect of management principle - individual and organizational approach could be different

Preventative safety and health culture - dynamic, complex and general concept - focus on society as a whole - promote health, blending lifestyle, well-being, CSR - multidimensional and integrative approach※ The concept of Prevention Culture is implicitly based on the concept

of Safety Culture, however its concept is broader than safety culture

XV.XV. Safety Culture and Prevention Safety Culture and PreventionXV.XV. Safety Culture and Prevention Safety Culture and Prevention

XVIXVI.. Building a new global network for a culture of prevention Building a new global network for a culture of preventionXVIXVI.. Building a new global network for a culture of prevention Building a new global network for a culture of prevention

Prevention of Accidents and Occupational Diseases

Culture of prevention around the world

The Principles of the Seoul Declaration

The ISSA International Section for a Culture of

Prevention was established in June 2011

The objectives of the Section are;

1)To promote a preventative safety and health

culture through global collaboration

2)To provide a platform for cooperation in

enhancing a worldwide culture of prevention and

sharing knowledge and experience


The ISSA International Section for a Culture of Prevention

The Section will;

-arrange support to promote the value and objectives of the Seoul Declaration;

-organize conferences, symposia and seminars to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and experience on a culture of prevention;

-establish working groups to address relevant topics raised by its members;

-collect and disseminate information, knowledge, and publications regarding a culture of prevention at work, including information on Section`s activities.

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Chair : Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA), Korea

Vice Chairs

- German Social Accident Insurance, DGUV, German

- Institut Naional de Recherche et de Securite, INRS, France

- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FIOH, Finland

- National Safety Council of India, NSCI, India

- American Society of Safety Engineers, ASSE, U.S.A

Advisory Members

- Mr. Seiji Machida, Director of SafeWork, ILO

- Mr. Hans-Horst Konkolewsky, Secretary General, ISSA


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Members

- OSH related Governments

- employees’ Federations

- employers’ Federations

- OSH Institutes and Organizations

- multi-National Company

- social NGOs

※ 55 members in the Prevention Culture Section


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Date and VenueDate and Venue Date : May 31 ~ June 5, 2015 Venue : COEX Convention Center, Seoul, Korea

MottoMottoGlobal Harmony for Occupational Health : Bridge the World

OrganizersOrganizers

Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (KSOEM)

International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH)

The 31The 31stst ICOH Congress ICOH Congress(www.ICOH2015.org)(www.ICOH2015.org)

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An estimated number of participantsAn estimated number of participants Over 3,400 from around 120 countries

AttendeesAttendees

Representatives from International OrganizationsProfessionals in related sectorsPersons from associated groupsCEOs from associated organizations

Labor union groups, employers, politicians

Official LanguagesOfficial Languages Korean, English and French

The 31The 31stst ICOH Congress ICOH Congress(www.ICOH2015.org)(www.ICOH2015.org)

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Safety issues often require immediate attention, and substantial changes in an organisational culture may last 10 years, but substantial changes in a national culture could last as much as 25 to 50 years.

>>> Please get on board to change our culture toward safer and healthier one

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

Secretariat of Prevention Culture [email protected]

+82-52-7030-730

Thank you very much

mailto:[email protected]

1 『 cultural approach to address occupational safety and health 』 - network for a culture of...

Documents

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