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Chapter 4

Results and Discussions

Results and Discussions�

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4.1 Diversity study of lichens

One Hundred Eighty one species were recorded which belonged to 19 families and

41 genera, in the present study (Table 4). Distribution of lichen species in the sampling

quadrates as well as additional sites are tabulated in Table 5. As this is the first ever

lichenology work done from this part of India, all the species (181 species) are new record

for the region and about 86 are new records to Assam. At national level ca 13 are newly

added to India.

Table 4 Diversity of lichen families, genus and species

Families Genus Species

1 Arthoniaceae 4 17

2 Arthopyreniaceae 1 3

3 Chrysothricaceae 1 2

4 Collemataceae 1 2

5 Graphidaceae 7 46

6 Lecanoraceae 1 8

7 Malmideaceae 1 1

8 Letrouitiaceae 1 1

9 Parmeliaceae 2 5

10 Pertusariaceae 2 5

11 Physciaceae 9 24

12 Porinaceae 1 2

13 Pyrenulaceae 2 40

14 Ramalinaceae 1 7

15 Roccellaceae 3 8

16 Sphinctrinaceae 1 1

17 Stictidaceae 1 1

18 Teloschistaceae 1 2

19 Trypetheliaceae 1 6

Total 41 181


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Table 5 Distribution of lichen species in the quadrates sampled and additional sites

Sl. No. Code Name of the species GF

Additional sites Quadrate nos. NNP Sirajuli 4 5 6 9 17 20 21 22 23 25 26 27

Arthoniaceae 1 * Arthonia dispersula Nyl. C − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − − 2 @ A. inconspicua Stirt. C + − 2 1 1 1 1 1 − − 1 − − 1 3 * A. medusula (Pers.) Nyl. C − − − − − − 1 3 1 − 1 1 1 − 4 * A. polymorpha Ach. C − − − − 2 − 2 3 − − − 2 − − 5 * A. radiata (Pers.) Ach. C − − − − − − 3 − − − − − − − 6 @ A. recedens Stirt. C − − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − 7 * A. simplicascens Nyl. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 8 A. tumidula (Ach.) Ach. C − + 9 15 15 14 20 13 15 18 16 4 8 18 9 * Arthothelium abnorme (Ach.) Müll. Arg. C − − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 10 *** A. confertum (A.L. Smith) Makh. & Patw. C − − 2 − − − − 1 − 1 − − − 1 11 Cryptothecia effusa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. C + − − − − − − − − − − − − − 12 C. lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makhija & Patw. C − − − − − − − − 1 − 1 − − − 13 @ C. punctulata Makhija & Patw. C − − − − − − − − − − 1 − − − 14 * C. scripta G. Thor C + − − 4 − 6 1 12 5 − 3 6 1 11 15 @ C. subtecta Stirt. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − 1 16 @ Stirtonia dubia A. L. Sm. C − − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − Arthopyreniaceae

17 * Arthopyrenia alboatra (Kremp.) Müll. Arg. C − − − − − − 1 − − 1 − − − 1

18 * A. fraxinii Mass. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 19 @ A. keralensis Upreti & G. Pant C − − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − Chrysothricaceae 20 Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon L − − − − − − − − − − 1 − − − 21 * C. chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon L − − − − 1 − 2 4 − − − − − − Collemataceae 22 * Leptogium millegranum Sierk F + − − − − − − − − − − − − −


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23 * L. phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont. F + − − − − − − − − − − − − − Graphidaceae

24 Diorygma heiroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb in Kalb C + − − − − − − − − − − − − −

25 D. junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb & al. C + + 2 − − − − 3 − − − − 2 2 26 ** D. soozanum (Zahlbr.) Nakan. & Kashiw. C − − 1 − − − − 2 − − − − − − 27 @ D. megasporum Kalb & al. C + − − − − − − − − − − − − − 28 * Fissurina comparimuralis Staiger C − − − − 1 − 4 − − 1 2 − − − 29 @ F. longiramea Makhija & Adaw. C − − 3 − − 1 2 − 1 − 1 1 1 1 30 ** F. rubiginosa (Fée) Staiger C − − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − 31 * Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. C − + 8 3 1 3 6 8 7 − 7 2 1 2 32 * G. confluens Zenk. in Goebel & Kunze C − − 1 − 1 1 − − − 1 − − 1 − 33 @ Graphis ajarekarii Patw. & C.R. Kulk. C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − 1 34 * Gr. arecae Vain. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 35 * Gr. brahmanensis Aptroot C − − − − 1 − − − − − − − − 1 36 * Gr. caesiella Vain. C + − 20 7 16 10 18 20 12 8 11 5 11 8 37 @ Gr. chloroalba Makhija & Adaw. C − − − − − − 1 1 − − − − − − 38 Gr. chlorotica A. Massal & Kremp. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 39 * Gr. cincta (Pers.) Aptroot in A.W. Archer C − − 3 5 14 10 10 8 12 10 11 7 9 4 40 ** Gr. crebra Vain. C − − − 1 − 1 1 2 2 − 4 − − 1 41 * Gr. dendrogramma Nyl. in Cromb. C − − 4 6 9 9 22 4 4 11 8 2 6 16 42 ** Gr. elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach. C − − 3 − − − − − 1 − − − − − 43 * Gr. filiformis Adaw. & Makhija C − − 2 − − 1 1 3 1 − − − − 1 44 * Gr. furcata Fée C − − 2 − − 2 1 − − − − − − − 45 Gr. glaucescens Fée C − − − − 1 1 − 2 − − 1 − − 1 46 * Gr. handelii Zahlbr. in Hand.-Mazz. C − − 2 − − 2 5 2 3 − 1 − − 1

47 * Gr. insulana (Müll. Arg.) Lücking & Sipman in Lücking & al. C + − − − 1 − 3 − − − − − − −

48 * Gr. librata C. Knight C − − 2 − − 1 − 3 − 1 2 − − 2


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49 * Gr. lineola Ach. C − + 2 1 − − − 1 2 3 − 1 − 1 50 Gr. nigroglauca Leight. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 51 ** Gr. plumierae Vain. C − − 2 3 1 1 5 1 4 1 4 − 2 3 52 ** Gr. prunicola Vain. C − − − − − − − − 2 − − − − − 53 * Gr. pyrrhocheiloides Zahlbr. C − − 1 − − − − 1 1 − − − − − 54 Gr. scripta (L.) Ach. C − − − 1 1 1 − 1 − 1 2 − − 1

55 # Gr. sonitpurensis Nayaka, Daimari & Hoque sp. nov. C − − − − 4 − 1 2 2 − − − − 3

56 * Gr. stenotera Vain. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − −

57 ** Gr. submarginata Lücking C − − − − − − − − − − 1 − − −

58 @ Gr. sundarbanensis Jagadeesh & G.P. Sinha in Jagadeesh & al. C − − − 1 2 2 7 2 − 2 2 1 1 4

59 ** Gr. supracola A. W. Archer C − − − 2 2 − − 1 − 1 2 − − − 60 * Gr. tenella Ach. C − − − − − − − 1 1 − − − − − 61 * Gr. cf. vittata Müll. Arg. C − − − − − − − − − − 1 − − − 62 ** Gr. xanthospora Müll. Arg. C − − 1 1 5 − 1 − 1 1 1 − − − 63 * Phaeographis submaculata Zahlbr. C − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 −

64 # Sarcographa assamensis Nayaka, Daimari & Hoque sp. nov. C − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 −

65 ** S. fenicis (Vain.) Zahlbr. C − − 5 1 3 − 1 − − − − − − − 66 * S. heteroclita (Mont.) Zahlbr. C − − 2 − 4 2 1 1 − − 2 1 − 1 67 S. labyrinthica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. C − − 4 − − 1 − − − − − − − 1

68 Sarcographina subtorquescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − −

69 @ Thecaria austroindica (D.D. Awasthi & Upreti) Kr.P. Singh & G.P. Sinha C − − − − 1 − − 1 − − − − − 1

70 T. quassiicola Fée C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − − Lecanoraceae 71 L. sp. Ach. C − − 3 7 11 8 − − − 5 3 4 6 8 72 Lecanora achroa Nyl. C − − 4 3 − 1 28 9 13 2 13 1 4 − 73 * L. argentata (Ach.) Degel. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 74 L. helva Stizenb. C + − 1 5 2 6 15 5 7 3 9 2 3 2


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75 L. leprosa Fée C − − 1 − 1 − − − − 1 1 − 1 − 76 L. perplexa Brodo C + − − − − − − − − − − − − − 77 * L. saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. C − − − − − − − − − 3 − 1 − − 78 * L. tropica Zahlbr. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − 1 1 1 Malmideaceae

79 * Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Vain. in Hiern & al. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − −

Letrouitiaceae

80 * Letrouitia transgressa (Malme) Hafellner & Bellem. in Hafellner C − − − − − − − − − − 2 − − −

Parmeliaceae

81 * Bulbothrix isidiza (Makhija & Nagarkar) Aptroot & Sipman F + − − − − − − − − − − − − −

82 * Parmotrema mesotropum (Müll. Arg.) Hale F − − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − 83 P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale C − − − 1 1 − − 3 2 − 1 1 − 1 84 P. saccatilobum (Taylor) Hale C − − 4 1 − 2 3 1 8 1 5 1 6 8 85 P. tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale C + − − − 1 − − 1 1 − 1 − 2 − Pertusariaceae 86 * Ochrolechia subpallescens Verseghy C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 87 O. subviridis (Hoeg) Erichsen C − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 −

88 * Pertusaria albescens var. albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy & Werner in Werner C − + − − − − − − − − − − − −

89 * P. alpina Hepp in Ahles C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − − 90 * P. pertusella Müll. Arg. C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − − Physciaceae 91 * Baculifera curtisii (Tuck.) Marbach F + − − − − − − − − − − − − −

92 @ Buellia morehensis Kr.P. Singh & S.R. Singh C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − −

93 Cratiria lauricassiae (Fée) Marbach C − − 2 4 2 1 9 2 4 5 4 1 2 2 94 Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel.) Moore F + + 7 11 11 6 15 10 10 8 15 6 11 6

95 * D. applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi in D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal F − − 3 6 8 3 26 17 24 11 12 3 4 2

96 D. confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi F − − 1 1 − − 1 2 2 − 1 − − −


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97 D. consimilis (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi in D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal F − − 3 3 7 2 − 1 1 8 3 2 3 9

98 * D. papillulifera (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi F − + − 7 2 1 4 − − 2 4 − 2 2 99 D. picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shaer F − − 4 8 5 9 − − − 6 1 5 6 7

100 Heterodermia diademata (Taylor) D. D. Awasthi F + − − − − − − − − − − − − −

101 * Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) Mayerh. & Poelt F − − − − − − − − − − 2 − − −

102 * Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg. F + − − − − − − − − − − − 1 −

103 * P. pyrrhophora (Poelt) D. D. Awasthi & M. Joshi C + − − − − − − − − − − − − −

104 * Physcia crispa Nyl. F − + − − − − 1 − 2 − 1 − − − 105 * P. tribacoides Nyl. C − − − 5 − 6 − − − 1 − 2 1 − 106 * Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug F − − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 107 P. cocoes var. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. F + + 1 11 3 9 17 4 11 10 19 1 11 7

108 * P. cocoes var. prominula (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi in D.D. Awasthi & Upreti F − − − − − − − − − 4 2 − 1 −

109 * P. farinosa Kashiw. F − + − − − − − 2 6 − 1 − 1 − 110 P. meissnerina Nyl. F + − − 1 1 3 − − − 1 4 3 3 111 * P. reticulata (Vain.) Vain. F − − 1 2 1 2 − − − − 1 − − 2 112 * P. retirugella Nyl. F + − − 1 1 1 − − − − − 2 1 − 113 * P. sorediata (Ach.) Mont. in Sagra F − − − − − − 1 2 1 1 3 − 1 1 114 * P. subcinerea Stirt. F + − − − 1 1 − − − 1 1 3 2 − Porinaceae 115 * Porina interestes (Nyl.) Harm. C − − − − − − − − − − 1 − − − 116 P. internigrans (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. C − − − − − − − − − − 3 − − − Pyrenulaceae

117 @ Anthracotheciun austroindicum Ajay Singh in D.D. Awasthi C − − − − − − − − 2 − − − − −

118 * A. maculatum Nagarkar & Patw. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 119 A. variolosum (Pers.) Müll. Arg. C − − − − − − − − − − 1 − 1 − 120 Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) Vain. C − − 1 − − − − − − − − 1 1 − 121 P. arthoniotheca Upreti C − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 1


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122 * P. aspistea (Ach.) Ach. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 123 * P. bilirana Vain. C + − − − − − − − − − − − − − 124 P. brunnea Fée C − − − − − − − 2 2 − 1 − − − 125 P. cayenensis Müll. Arg. C − − − − 2 − − − − − − − − − 126 P. confinis (Nyl.) R.C. Harris C − − − − − 2 1 − 1 − − − − − 127 * P. cuyabensis (Malme) R.C. Harris C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 128 * P. decumbens (Müll. Arg.) Upreti C − − − − − − − − − − − 1 1 − 129 P. defosa Müll. Arg. C − − 3 − − − − − 1 1 − − − − 130 P. fuscoolivaceaVainio C − − − − − − − 2 1 − − − − − 131 * P. glabrescense Vain. C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 132 @ P. himalayana Upreti C − − − 1 1 − 4 − 3 6 2 1 2 2 133 * P. immersa Müll. Arg. C − − 2 1 − − − − − − − − − − 134 * P. impressa Müll. Arg. C − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 1 135 P. interducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C − − 2 − − − − 2 − − 1 − − − 136 P. introducta (Stirt.) Zahlbr. C − − − 1 − 1 − − 3 − 1 − 6 1 137 * P. leucostoma Ach. C − − − 2 1 − 4 2 4 3 3 1 4 1 138 @ P. leucotrypa (Nyl.) Upreti C − − 3 − − − 4 3 4 − 2 1 3 − 139 * P. macularis (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris C − − − − 1 − 7 2 3 2 1 − 3 − 140 @ P. mastophoriza (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C − − − − − − − 2 − − 1 − − − 141 * P. mastophorizans Müll. Arg. C − − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 142 @ P. nanospora (Ajay Singh) Upreti C − − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − 143 @ P. nodulata (Stirt.) Zahlbr. C − + 1 1 − − 1 − − − − − − 1 144 @ P. nuda Ajay Singh & Upreti C − − − − 2 − − − − − − − − − 145 P. ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. Harris C − − − − − 1 5 − − 1 − − 1 1 146 * P. ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 147 * P. oculata Ajay Singh & Upreti C − − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − 148 * P. oculifera Vain. in Hiern & al. C − − − 1 − − 1 − − − 2 − − 3 149 P. pinguis Fée C − − − − − 1 − 1 − − − − 1 − 150 @ P. subacutalis Upreti C − − − − 1 − − − − − − − − − 151 * P. subaggregata (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. C − − − − − − − − − − − − − 1


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152 * P. subandamanica Upreti C − − − 1 − − − − 3 − 2 − − − 153 @ P. subindica Upreti C − − − − − − − − − − − − − 1 154 @ P. sublaevigata (Patw. & Makhija) Upreti C − − − − − − − 2 4 − 2 1 − − 155 @ P. submastophora Ajay Singh & Upreti C − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 156 @ P. subnitidella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. C − − − 2 − 1 − − 1 2 − − − − Ramalinaceae 157 @ Bacidia incongruens (Stirt.) Zahlbr. C − − − − − 1 2 − − − − − − −

158 * B. laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Vain. in Zahlbr. C − − − − 1 − 2 − 2 2 6 − − −

159 B. medialis (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − −

160 * B. millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr. in Wawra & Beck C − − − − − − − − − − 1 − − −

161 * B. phaeolomoides (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 162 * B. rufescens (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 163 * B. submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr. C − − − 2 − − 1 − − − − − − − Roccellaceae 164 * Cresponea flava (Vain.) Egea & Torrente C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − 165 * Opegrapha dimidiata Müll. Arg. C − − 2 − − − 1 2 − 3 − − 1 1 166 ** O. microspora (Nagarkar & Patw.) Upreti C − − − − − − − − − − 2 − − 1 167 ** O. simplicior (Nyl.) Nyl. C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − 1 168 * O. varia Pers. C − − 1 − − − − 1 − − 1 − − −

169 * Enterographa divergens (Müll. Arg.) Redinger C − − − − − − − − 1 − − − − −

170 * E. mesomela Sparrius, Saipunkaew & Wolseley C − + 3 − 3 3 7 4 7 1 5 − 2 2

171 ** E. tropica Sparrius C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − − Sphinctrinaceae 172 Sphinctrina sp. C − − − − − − − − − − 1 − − − Stictidaceae 173 Stictis sp. C − − 2 − − − − − − − − − − − Teloschistaceae 174 Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex Ach.) Zahlbr. C − + − − − 1 − 1 3 5 5 1 1 1


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175 * C. pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr. C − − − − − − − − 1 − − − − − Trypetheliaceae 176 *** Trypethelium assimile Stirt. C − − 1 2 1 − 1 − − 2 1 − 1 3 177 * T. catervarium (Fée) Tuck. C − − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 3 178 T. eluteriae Spreng. C − − 5 1 7 3 5 − 1 1 6 − − 5 179 @ T. refertum Stirt. C − − 1 − − − − − − − − − − − 180 T. tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg. C − − − − − 1 − − − − − − 1 − 181 * T. ubianense (Vain.) Zahlbr. C − + − − − − − − − − − − − −

GF- Growth form, C- Crustose, F- Foliose, L- Leprose, NNP-Nameri National Park, ‘+’-present, ‘−’-absent, *New to Assam, **

New to India, *** Endemic to Assam, @ Endemic to Indian region, #Proposed new species


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Of the total lichen taxa 83% were found to be crustose lichens showing its

dominant character in the region followed by 16% foliose and 1% leprose (Fig. 8).

However, fruticose lichens were not found in the study area during the period of the study.

Among the lichen families, Graphidaceae and Pyrenulaceae were the most

dominant families representing 46 and 40 species respectively (Table 4). Physciaceae and

Arthoniaceae were other dominant families with 21and 17 species respectively. Rest of the

families comprised only one to eight species. Genera Pyrenula and Graphis have the

highest number of taxa with 37 and 30 species respectively. Pyxine encompasses 9 species

followed by Arthonia and Lecanora with 8 species each and Bacidia with seven species.

Genera Cryptothecia, Dirinaria and Trypethelium represented six species each. All other

genera comprised 5 or less species.

Fig. 8 Percentage distribution of lichen growth forms in Sonitpur district

83%

16%1%

Crustose

Foliose

Leprose


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4.1.1 Ecological parameters

The following parameters were studied for describing community structure of

individual lichen species in the study area and are presented in Table 5.

4.1.1.1 Alpha diversity

All the quadrates in general have rich diversity of lichen species (Fig. 9). Quadrate

no. 23 had the maximum diversity with 71 species, followed by Quadrate nos. 17 and 20

with 65 species each and Quadrate no. 27 (61 species). Number of species in other

quadrates ranges from 36–58 species.

Fig. 9 Alpha diversity of the sampling quadrates

Table 6 represents the diversity of lichen species at each sampling sites. Among the

sampling sites, Arimora had the highest lichen diversity with 35 species, followed by

Chariduar and No. 1 Miripothar (32 species each) and Hirajuli A and No. 2 Borpothar with

30 species each. No. 2 Murikhati had the lowest diversity (7 species), followed by

Hokhongaon with 11 species.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Q 4 Q 5 Q 6 Q 9 Q 17 Q 20 Q 21 Q 22 Q 23 Q 25 Q 26 Q 27

No.

of s

peci

es

Quadrate nos.


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Table 6 Diversity of lichen species at each sampling sites

Sl. No. Sampling sites No. of species Sl. No. Sampling sites No. of species

1 Arimora 35 31 Industry 19

2 Balipara 32 32 Napam 19

3 Chariduar 32 33 New Sirajuli 19

4 No. 1 Miripothar 32 34 Ratanjuli B 19

5 Hirajuli A 30 35 Singuri B 19

6 No. 2 Borpothar 30 36 Bindukuri 18

7 Deurigaon 29 37 Choibari 18

8 Balipara R.F. 28 38 Sigunphaleng 18

9 Beseria 28 39 Bazbera 17

10 Dharikati 28 40 No. 2 Bordikorai 17

11 Puthimari 28 41 Singuri A 17

12 Solagaon 28 42 Borghat 16

13 Borbhogia 27 43 Hirajuli B 16

14 Harigaon 27 44 Mitham Bengali 16

15 Tezpur 27 45 Monmohon 16

16 Sonaipam 26 46 Porowa 16

17 Burahgaon B 25 47 Bogabheel 15

18 Da-Parbatia 25 48 Burahgaon A 15

19 Panbari 25 49 Murhadol 15

20 Panigaon 25 50 No. 1 Murikhati 15

21 Borakata Bheel 24 51 No. 6 Ward 15

22 Sonabheel 24 52 Ratanjuli A 15

23 Bahbari 23 53 Sundara

Panigaon 15

24 Bali Chapari 23 54 Taubanga 15

25 Pithakhowa 23 55 Dighaldol 14

26 Udmari 22 56 Harchura 14

27 Dhekiajuli 21 57 Jamugurihat 14


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28 Missamari 21 58 Ajarguri 12

29 New Singuri 21 59 Hokhongaon 11

30 Dekargaon 20 60 No. 2 Murikhati 7

4.1.1.2 Beta diversity

Value of Whittaker’s β-diversity is found to be similar for almost all the quadrates

(Table 7). In general it indicates that all the quadrates are more or less similar in terms of

species diversity. Further we can draw that maximum similarity among the different

quadrates could be due to prevalence of similar climatic conditions, presence of suitable

habitat and comparatively less human interference of the area.

Table 7 Whittaker's measure for β-diversity between different sampling quadrates

Q4 Q5 Q6 Q9 Q17 Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23 Q25 Q26 Q27 Q4 1.00 Q5 0.63 1.00 Q6 0.68 0.55 1.00 Q9 0.64 0.55 0.61 1.00

Q17 0.69 0.66 0.65 0.67 1.00 Q20 0.67 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.67 1.00 Q21 0.69 0.66 0.74 0.69 0.65 0.59 1.00 Q22 0.65 0.55 0.52 0.57 0.67 0.69 0.65 1.00 Q23 0.68 0.58 0.57 0.62 0.64 0.58 0.57 0.59 1.00 Q25 0.73 0.58 0.65 0.60 0.73 0.67 0.68 0.61 0.66 1.00 Q26 0.67 0.64 0.64 0.56 0.70 0.67 0.68 0.52 0.58 0.49 1.00 Q27 0.62 0.57 0.60 0.51 0.63 0.61 0.73 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.62 1.00

The phorophyte/substrate on which lichen grow is one of the important factors that

determines their growth. Bark pH, texture, moisture condition, stability are some of the

important characters for lichen growth. Smooth barks are generally mostly preferred by

crustose lichens. In the present study, we have recognized the following tree species as

suitable for lichen growth with the maximum lichen species they hold within brackets:

Korsun (5–16), Bombax sp. (5–15), Neolamarckia cadamba (6–13), Lannea grandis (5–

11), Delonix regia (5–11), Mangifera indica (5–10), Melia azedarach (5–10), Talauma

phellocarpa (5–10), Plumeria sp. (7–9), Albizia sp. (5–9), Syzygium cuminii (9), Bauhinia

sp. (6–8), Coccos nucifera (6–8), Chickrassia tabularis (5–8), Ficus religiosa (5–8),


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Gmelina arborea (5–8), Alstonia scholaris (8), Embilica sp. (8), Michelia mannii (8),

Terminalia chebula (8).

4.1.1.3 Frequency

The frequency of lichen species ranged from 8.33–100% (Table 8). Of all the

species encountered, Arthonia tumidula, Cratiria lauri-cassiae, Dirinaria aegialita, D.

applanata, Graphis caesiella, G. cincta, G. dendrogramma, Lecanora helva and Pyxine

cocoes had the maximum frequency (100%) showing their wide range of distribution and

dispersion. Frequency of the other lichen species Dirinaria consimilis, Glyphis cicatricosa,

Graphis plumieriae and Parmotrema saccatilobum range from 90–99%. These are also

almost equally distributed within the sampling area. Raunkiaer’s classes of frequency (Fig.

10) reveals that less than 20 of the total species are mostly or constantly present, majority

of the species were found to be distributed rarely or are seldom present in the sampling

quadrates.

Fig. 10 Raunkiaer’s classes of frequency

4.1.1.4 Density

Density of lichen species ranged from 0.08–13.75 (Table 8). From the table it is

observed that the lichen species Arthonia tumidula had the maximum density (13.75/km2),

other species having density higher than 5 are Graphis caesiella (12.17/km2), Dirinaria

applanata (9.92/km2), D. aegialita (9.67/km2), Pyxine cocoes (8.67/km2), Graphis cincta

0102030405060708090

100

0–20 21–40 41–60 61–80 81–100

Rare Seldom present

Often present

Mostly present

Constantly present

No.

of s

peci

es


60

(8.58/km2), G. dendrogramma (8.42/km2), Lecanora achroa (6.5/km2) and L. helva

(5/km2).

4.1.1.5 Abundance

Range of abundance for the lichen species were 0.50–13.75 (Table 8). Lichen

species Graphis caesiella (12.17) is found to be the most abundant. Other abundant species

are Dirinaria applanata (9.92), D. aegialita (9.67), Pyxine cocoes (8.67), Graphis cincta

(8.58), G. dendrogramma (8.42), Lecanora achroa (7.8), L. sp. (6.11), D. picta (5.67),

Cryptothecia subnidulans (5.44) and L. helva (5).

Table 8 Ecological parameters for individual lichen species encountered

Sl. No. Name of the species Frequency Density Abundance

1 Anthracotheciun austroindicum 8.33 0.17 2.00

2 A. maculatum 8.33 0.08 1.00

3 A. variolosum 16.67 0.17 1.00

4 Arthonia dispersula 8.33 0.08 1.00

5 A. inconspicua 66.67 0.75 1.13

6 A. medusula 50.00 0.67 1.33

7 A. polymorpha 33.33 0.75 2.25

8 A. radiate 8.33 0.25 3.00

9 A. recedens 8.33 0.08 1.00

10 A. simplicascens 8.33 0.08 1.00

11 A. tumidula 100.00 13.75 13.75

12 Arthopyrenia alboatra 25.00 0.25 1.00

13 A. fraxinii 8.33 0.08 1.00

14 A. keralensis 8.33 0.08 1.00

15 Arthothelium abnorme 8.33 0.08 1.00

16 A. confertum 33.33 0.42 1.25

17 Bacidia incongruens 16.67 0.25 1.50

18 B. laurocerasi 41.67 1.08 2.60


61

19 B. medialis 8.33 0.08 1.00

20 B. millegrana 8.33 0.08 1.00

21 B. phaeolomoides 8.33 0.08 1.00

22 B. rufescens 8.33 0.08 1.00

23 B. submedialis 16.67 0.25 1.50

25 Buellia morehensis 8.33 0.08 1.00

27 Caloplaca bassiae 66.67 1.50 2.25

28 C. pyraceae 8.33 0.08 0.50

29 Chrysothrix candelaris 8.33 0.08 1.00

30 C. chlorina 25.00 0.58 2.33

31 Cresponea flava 8.33 0.08 1.00

33 C. lunulata 8.33 0.08 2.00

34 C. punctulata 8.33 0.08 1.00

36 C. scripta 75.00 4.08 5.44

37 C. subtecta 16.67 0.17 1.00

39 D. junghuhnii 33.33 0.75 2.25

40 D. soozanum 16.67 0.25 1.50

41 Cratiria lauri-cassiae 100.00 3.17 3.17

42 Dirinaria aegialita 100.00 9.67 9.67

43 D. applanata 100.00 9.92 9.92

44 D. confluens 50.00 0.67 1.33

45 D. consimilis 91.67 3.50 3.82

46 D. papillulifera 66.67 2.00 3.00

47 D. picta 75.00 4.25 5.67

48 Enterographa divergens 8.33 0.08 1.00

49 E. mesomela 83.33 3.08 3.70

50 E. tropica 8.33 0.08 1.00

51 Fissurina comparimuralis 33.33 0.67 2.00

52 F. longiramea 66.67 0.92 1.38

53 F. rubiginosa 8.33 0.08 1.00

54 Glyphis cicatricosa 91.67 4.00 4.36


62

55 G. confluens 41.67 0.42 1.00

56 Graphis ajarekarii 16.67 0.17 1.00

57 G. arecae 8.33 0.08 1.00

58 G. brahmanensis 16.67 0.17 1.00

59 G. caesiella 100.00 12.17 12.17

60 G. chloroalba 16.67 0.17 1.00

61 G. chlorotica 8.33 0.08 1.00

62 G. cincta 100.00 8.58 8.58

63 G. crebra 58.33 1.00 1.71

64 G. dendrogramma 100.00 8.42 8.42

65 G. elegans 16.67 0.33 2.00

66 G. filiformis 50.00 0.75 1.50

67 G. furcata 25.00 0.42 1.67

68 G. glaucescens 41.67 0.50 1.20

69 G. handelii 58.33 1.33 2.29

70 G. insulana 16.67 0.33 2.00

71 G. librata 50.00 0.92 1.83

72 G. lineola 58.33 0.92 1.57

73 G. nigroglauca 8.33 0.08 1.00

74 G. plumierae 91.67 2.25 2.45

75 G. prunicola 8.33 0.17 2.00

76 G. pyrrhocheiloides 25.00 0.25 1.00

77 G. scripta 58.33 0.67 1.14

78 G. sonitpurensis 41.67 1.00 2.40

79 G. stenotera 8.33 0.08 1.00

80 G. submarginata 8.33 0.08 1.00

81 G. sundarbanensis 83.33 2.00 2.40

82 G. supracola 41.67 0.67 1.60

83 G. tenella 16.67 0.17 1.00

84 G. cf. vittata 8.33 0.08 1.00

85 G. xanthospora 58.33 0.92 1.57


63

87 Hyperphyscia adglutinata 8.33 0.17 2.00

88 Lecanora sp. 75.00 4.58 6.11

89 L. achroa 83.33 6.50 7.80

90 L. argentata 8.33 0.08 1.00

91 L. helva 100.00 5.00 5.00

92 L. leprosa 33.33 0.33 1.25

94 L. saligna 16.67 0.33 2.00

95 L. tropica 33.33 0.33 1.00

96 Lecidea granifera 8.33 0.08 1.00

99 Letrouitia transgressa 8.33 0.17 2.00

100 Ochrolechia subpallescens 8.33 0.08 1.00

101 O. subviridis 8.33 0.08 1.00

102 Opegrapha dimidiata 50.00 0.83 1.67

103 O. microspora 16.67 0.25 1.50

104 O. simplicior 16.67 0.17 1.00

105 O. varia 25.00 0.25 1.00

106 Parmotrema mesotropum 8.33 0.08 1.00

107 P. praesorediosum 58.33 0.83 1.43

108 P. saccatilobum 91.67 3.33 3.64

109 P. tinctorum 33.33 0.42 1.50

111 P. alpina 8.33 0.08 1.00

112 P. pertusella 8.33 0.08 1.00

113 Phaeographis submaculata 8.33 0.08 1.00

114 Phaeophyscia hispidula 8.33 0.08 1.00

116 Physcia crispa 25.00 0.33 1.33

117 P. tribacoides 41.67 1.25 3.00

118 Porina interestes 8.33 0.08 1.00

119 P. internigrans 8.33 0.25 3.00

120 P. anomala 25.00 0.25 1.00

121 P. arthoniotheca 16.67 0.17 1.00

122 P. aspistea 8.33 0.08 1.00


64

123 P. bilirana 8.33 0.08 1.00

124 P. brunnea 25.00 0.42 1.67

125 P. cayenensis 8.33 0.17 2.00

126 P. confinis 25.00 0.33 1.33

127 P. cuyabensis 8.33 0.08 1.00

128 P. decumbens 16.67 0.17 1.00

129 P. defosa 25.00 0.42 1.67

130 P. fuscoolivacea 16.67 0.25 1.50

131 P. glabrescense 8.33 0.08 1.00

132 P. himalayana 75.00 1.83 2.44

133 P. immerse 16.67 0.25 1.50

134 P. impressa 16.67 0.17 1.00

135 P. interducta 25.00 0.42 1.67

136 P. introducta 50.00 1.08 2.17

137 P. leucostoma 83.33 2.08 2.50

138 P. leucotrypa 58.33 1.67 2.86

139 P. macularis 58.33 1.58 2.71

140 P. mastophoriza 16.67 0.25 1.50

141 P. mastophorizans 8.33 0.08 1.00

142 P. nanospora 8.33 0.08 1.00

143 P. nodulata 33.33 0.33 1.00

144 P. nuda 8.33 0.17 2.00

145 P. ochraceoflava 41.67 0.75 1.80

146 P. ochraceoflavens 8.33 0.08 1.00

147 P. oculata 8.33 0.08 1.00

148 P. oculifera 33.33 0.58 1.75

149 P. pinguis 25.00 0.25 1.00

150 P. subacutalis 8.33 0.08 1.00

151 P. subaggregata 8.33 0.08 1.00

152 P. subandamanica 25.00 0.50 2.00

153 P. subindica 8.33 0.08 1.00


65

154 P. sublaevigata 33.33 0.75 2.25

155 P. submastophora 8.33 0.08 1.00

156 P. subnitidella 33.33 0.50 1.50

157 Pyxine berteriana 8.33 0.08 1.00

158 P. cocoes 100.00 8.67 8.67

159 P. cocoes var. prominula 25.00 0.58 2.33

160 P. farinosa 33.33 0.83 2.50

161 P. meissnerina 58.33 1.33 2.29

162 P. reticulata 50.00 0.75 1.50

163 P. retirugella 41.67 0.50 1.20

164 P. sorediata 58.33 0.83 1.43

165 P. subcinerea 41.67 0.67 1.80

166 Sarcographa assamensis 8.33 0.08 1.00

167 S. fenicis 33.33 0.83 2.50

168 S. heteroclite 66.67 1.17 1.75

169 S. labyrinthica 25.00 0.50 2.00

170 Sarcographina subtorquescens 8.33 0.08 1.00

171 Sphinctrina sp. 8.33 0.08 1.00

172 Stictis sp. 8.33 0.17 2.00

173 Stirtonia dubia 8.33 0.08 1.00

174 Thecaria austroindica 25.00 0.25 1.00

175 T. quassiicola 8.33 0.08 1.00

176 Trypethelium assimile 66.67 1.00 1.50

177 T. catervarinum 16.67 0.33 2.00

178 T. eluteriae 75.00 2.83 3.78

179 T. refertum 8.33 0.08 1.00

180 T. tropicum 16.67 0.17 1.00

Dominance of crustose lichens is a common feature in India as well as Assam

biota. More than 60% of Indian lichens are crustose.15 During enumeration of lichen flora

of Barak valley, Southern Assam, Rout et al. 102, 103, 105 and Das et al. 104 found the region


66

to be dominated by crustose lichens. Similarly Dubey enumerated 130 species of lichen in

and around Along town, West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh of which 85% were

crustose lichens.4

Twenty nine lichen taxa from the present study are known to be endemic to Indian

region of which Pyrenula nodulata and Buellia morehensis are endemic to north-east India

and Trypethelium assimile to Assam. As mentioned earlier all the 2,303 lichen species

India recorded so far, 502 species (22.5%) are endemic to India and amongst the genera,

Graphis has the highest number of endemism in India.67 Lichenogeographically, the

Eastern Himalaya has the highest degree of endemism after the Andaman & Nicobar

Islands and Western Ghats.15 About 23 lichen species encountered during our study are

known to be endemic to Indian region and ca 2 to Assam. Arthothelium abnorme and

Pyrenula introducta encountered in the present study is endemic to the Indian region.181

Dominance of Graphidaceae and Pyrenulaceae in the present study coincides with

other studies from north-eastern region of India. Rout et al. found dominance of

Graphidaceae family followed by Pyrenulaceae in an Inner line reserve forest in Southern

Assam. 103 In another study Das et al. while exploring lichen diversity in Dargakona village

of Southern Assam observed dominance of Graphidaceae, Pyrenulaceae and

Arthoniaceae.104 The families Graphidaceae, Pyrenulaceae and Arthoniaceae were also

dominant in Along town, Arunachal Pradesh.4 Rout et al.103, 105 found Pyrenula as

dominant genus in their study areas however Das et al. found Graphis as the most

dominant genus followed by Pyrenula.104

In a study carried out in semi-evergreen and deciduous forests of the Sharavathi

river basin, situated in the middle of the Western Ghats of India, Nayaka and Upreti found

Pyrenocarpous, Graphidaceous and Thelotremataceous lichens as common and dominant

ones.77

Lichen flora of the Eastern Himalayas closely resembles the Western Ghats and

show closer affinity with Sino-Japanese and South-East Asian countries.15

In the present study, lichens more especially members of family Physciaceae was

observed to dominate roadside trees and was more luxuriant at the upper canopy.

Prevalence of Physciaceae in areas having anthropogenic disturbances such as urban sites

was documented by Saipunkaew et al. who observed presenc of lichen species Pyxine


67

cocoes along with Dirinaria picta in the polluted areas showing their tolerance to

pollution.182

Figure 11 represents the diversity of lichen species in the sampling quadrates

respectively. For diversity of species we considered quadrates having lichen species < 20

(low), 20–40 (moderate) and >40 (high). As each quadrates had species more than 20

species, diversity of lichen was found to be either moderate or high.

Fig. 11 Map showing diversity of lichen species in the quadrates sampled

Secondary metabolites produced by lichens are known to have various medicinal

values. They have been used as medicines since ancient times. Exploration of lichen

substances for medicinal applications is advancing. Some of the lichen species enumerated

in the present study known to have medicinal values are given in Table 9.


68

Table 9 Medicinal values of some lichen species encountered during our study

Sl. No. Lichen species Uses

1 Graphis pyrrhocheiloides Anti-oxidant (Behera et al.)183, 184

2 G. scripta Anti-oxidant (Yamamoto et al.)185

3 Heterodermia diademata Traditional medicine (Saklani and Upreti)186

4 Parmotrema praesorediosum Anti-microbial activity and anti-cancer (Balaji and

Hariharan)187

5 P. saccatilobum Anti-cancer (Yamamoto et al.)185

6 P. tinctorum Anti-cancer and anti-oxidant (Verma et al.)188

Like any other higher plants, lichens also face various threats, natural as well as

anthropogenic. There are many evidences from literature where lichen species disappears

or are replaced from their habitat due to changes in climatic conditions. Upreti et al. while

enumerating the lichens of Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah found common occurrence of

only five species to the earlier studies carried out hundred and forty years back.189 One of

the major and important factors for decrease in lichen diversity is habitat loss. During the

present study it was observed that the northern part of the district which is believed to be

covered by reserve forest lay barren as many areas have been cleared for human habitation.

These have resulted in great loss of forest as well as lichens. So, presence or absence of

suitable substrate and anthropogenic pressures might be the probable reason determining

diversity of lichen species in the present study as well.

As lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution, and disappearance of lichen

species due to air pollution is well recorded, there has always been a desire for taking up

measures for conservation of this resourceful group of plant. Therefore, plantation of trees

that support good number of lichen species may be preferred for by the environmentalist or

planners in terms of lichen conservation strategies.


69

4.1.2 Taxonomic treatment

4.1.2.1 Artificial key to the identification of lichen genera of Sonitpur district

1a Thallus leprose, granular, yellow to orange.................................................... Chrysothrix

1b Thallus crustose or foliose.................................................................................................2

2a Thallus crustose................................................................................................................ 3

2b Thallus foliose ............................................................................................................... 33

3a Ascocarp elongated, lirellate, apothecia, perithecia, mazaedium, chroodiscoid ............. 4

3b Ascocarp unorganized, resembling apothecia, not true apothecia ................................ 30

4a Ascocarp perithecia…………………………………………………………………..… 5

4b Ascocarp otherwise…………………………………………………………………….. 9

5a Perithecia in stroma, ascospores hyaline with lens shaped cells................... Trypethelium

5b Perithecia solitary or laterally fused................................................................................. 6

6a Ascospores hyaline, transversely septate .....................................................................…7

6b Ascospores brown transversely septate or muriform ...................................................... 8

7a Ascospores one septate, perithecia naked, black, small................................ Arthopyrenia

7b Ascospores multiseptate, perithecia externally covered by thallus……................. Porina

8a Ascospores large, multicelled muriform, lacking perispore ………...... Anthracothecium

8b Ascospores small, transversely septate or muriform, perispore present ……… Pyrenula

9a. Ascocarp mazaedium, stalked, ascospore with hyaline coat…….................. Sphinctrina

9b. Ascocarp otherwise ...................................................................................................... 10

10a Ascocarp chroodiscoid, deeply immersed in thallus, pruinose............................... Stictis

10b Ascocarp otherwise ..................................................................................................... 11

11a Ascocarp perithecioid apothecia, sunken in fertile verrucae........................... Pertusaria

11b Ascocarp otherwise ..................................................................................................... 12

12a Apothecia rounded ....................................................................................................... 13

12b Apothecia elongated, ellipsoid, lirellate ...................................................................... 22

13a Apothecia lecidine, ascospores brown ....................................................................... 14

13b Apothecia biotorine, lecanorine, ascospores hyaline................................................... 16

14a Exciple with outer and inner darker and middle paler layer............................... Cratiria

14b Exciple brown to black, lacking different layers ......................................................... 15

15a Norstictic acid always present, hymenium lacking oil globules..................... Baculifera


70

15b Norstictic acid, oil globules present or absent...................................................... Buellia

16a Thallus and or epihymenium K+ purple....................................................................... 17

16b Thallus and epihymenium otherwise ........................................................................... 18

17a Ascospores transversely septate to submuriform, locules lens shaped............ Letrouitia

17b Ascospores one septate, polaribilocular.......................................................... Caloplaca

18a Apothecial disc heavily yellowish green puinose........................................... Cresponea

18b Apothecia disc epruinose or slightly pruinose............................................................. 19

19a Ascospores transversely 2 to many septate, fusiform, baciliform or acicular..... Bacidia

19b Ascospores simple........................................................................................................ 20

20a Hypothecium brown and continuous with parathecium, thallus granular

verrucose................................................................................................................. Malmidea

20b Hypothecium hyaline, if brown not continuous with the parathecium ....................... 21

21a Exciple containing calcium oxalate crystals and algal cells, ascospores small, mostly 8

per asci..................................................................................................................... Lecanora

21b Exciple lacking calcium oxalte crystals, ascospores usually large, 2–8 per

asci....................................................................................................................... Ochrolechia

22a Lirellae present in stroma............................................................................................. 23

22b Lirellae not in stroma .................................................................................................. 24

23a Ascospores hyaline.............................................................................................. Glyphis

23b Ascospores brown....................................................................................... Sarcographa

24a Disc heavily white pruinose, ascospores muriform ………….....................…Diorygma

24b Disc epruinose or slightly pruinose ..............................................................................25

25a Lirellae immersed in thallus, exciple poorly developed .............................................. 26

25b Lirellae with well developed exciple .......................................................................... 27

26a Lirellae fissured, disc slit like, labia forming roof like structure above........... Fissurina

26b Lirellae not fissured, disc wide open......................................................... Enterographa

27a Exciple carbonized, externally not covered by thallus................................... Opegrapha

27b Exciple carbonized or not, externally covered by the thallus ..................................... 28

28a Hypothecium carbonized and thickening........................................................... Thecaria

28b Hypothecium non-carbonized...................................................................................... 29

29a Ascospores hyaline, I+ blue or violet.................................................................. Graphis

29b Ascospores greyish brown to brown, I+ red or red brown........................ Phaeographis


71

30a Ascocarp not organized, ascigerous tissue scattered, thallus ecorticated..................... 31

30b Ascocarp semi organized, resemble apothecia ............................................................ 32

31a Ascospores transversely septate......................................................................... Stirtonia

31b Ascospores submuriform to muriform........................................................ Cryptothecia

32a Ascospores transversely septate, ascocarp round to stellate.............................. Arthonia

32b Ascospores muriform, ascocarps round to irregular................................... Arthothelium

33a Photobiont a cyanobacteria, thallus lead grey .........………………...............Leptogium

33b Photobiont a green alga, thallus whitish grey to brownish ………………………..... 34

34a Lobes larger, rotund, thallus thick, leathery ……………………………………….... 35

34b Lobes smaller, narrow, thallus otherwise …………………………………………... 36

35a Lobe margin with bulbate cilia, rhizines present throughout the lower

surface………………………………………………………………………….... Bulbothrix

35b Lobe margin with simple cilia, rhizines restricted to centre of lower

surface…………………………………………………………………………. Parmotrema

36a Thallus closely attached to the substratum ………………………………………..… 37

36b Thallus somewhat loosely attached ……………………………………………...….. 39

37a Thallus lacking rhizines.................................................................................... Dirinaria

37b Thallus with rhizines.................................................................................................... 38

38a Thallus whitish grey, K+ yellow, UV+/UV− …………………………..………. Pyxine

38b Thallus greyish to brownish, thallus, K−, UV− …………………..…….. Hyperphyscia

39a Thallus greyish to brownish, rhizines projecting beyond the lobes........... Phaeophyscia

39b Thallus whitish grey, rhizines not projecting............................................................... 40

40a Thallus slightly pruinose, rhizines mostly paler................................................. Physcia

40b Thallus epruinose, rhizines black ......................................……………... Heterodermia


72

4.1.2.2 Morphological, anatomical, chemical and ecological descriptions of the lichen

species:

Anthracothecium Hampe ex A. Massal. (Family: Pyrenulaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, emaculate or with maculae; photobiont a green alga,

Trentepohlia. Ascocarp perithecia, may be singular or grouped; peridium black and

carbonaceous; paraphysis simple and free. Asci 1–8 spored, ascospores brown, multicelled

or muriform.

A. austroindicum A. Singh in D.D. Awasthi, Biblioth. Lichenol. 40, Addendum. 1991.

Plate-1 Fig. a

Thallus brown, emaculate; peridium not columellate, not spreading laterally,

centrum with abundant oil globules. Asci 2–5 spored, ascospores 183–246×32–63 μm with

32–45 transverse septa and 7–14 cells in each tier.

Chemistry: Colour test & TLC not done.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Mangifera indica in the residential

areas at an altitude of 74 m.

Distribution in India: Kerala (endemic)

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Solagaon, alt. 74

m on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0775,

TUH.

A. maculatum Nagarkar & Patw., Biovigyanam 7, 131. 1981.

Thallus yellowish to brown, white maculate, later turning into pseudocyphellae;

peridium not columellate, not spreading laterally, centrum with oil globules. Asci 2–4

spored, ascospores 94–208×25–48 μm with 18–22 transverse septa and 5–7 cells in each

tier.


Ecology: The species A. maculatum is found growing on the bark of Embilica sp., in the

reserve forest at an altitude of 96 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Manipur, Sikkim and West Bengal


73

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Balipara R. F.,

alt. 96 m, on Embilica sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0824,

TUH.

A. variolosum (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Linnaea 63, 44. 1880. Plate-1 Fig. b

Pyrenula variolosa Pers. in Gaudich. Voy. Uraine, 181. 1827.

Thallus grey, emaculate; peridium not columellate, slightly or not spreading

laterally, centrum with abundant oil globules. Asci 1-spored, ascospores 88–145×25–33

μm with 30–34 transverse septa and 6–10 cells in each tier.


Ecology: The species A. variolosum is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. and

Pysoxylum procerum, in the residential areas at an altitude of 64 m.

Distribution in India: Eastern Himalaya, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim and West

Bengal

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Da-Parbatia, 64

m, on Pysoxylum procerum, 16/02/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0306,

TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1150, TUH.

Arthonia Ach. (Family: Arthoniaceae)

Thallus, crustose, corticolous or foliicolous; photobiont, a green alga, Trentepohlia,

Phycopeltis or a member of Chlorococcaceae. Ascocarp may be sunken in the thallus or

adnate, round, irregular or stellate in outline; paraphysis may be branched and

anastomosing. Asci 2–8 spored, ascospores hyaline or brown and transversely septate.

A. dispersula Nyl., Flora 59, 285. 1876. Plate 1 Fig. c

Thallus white shiny; ascocarp black, irregular in shape. Asci 8-spored, ascospores

hyaline, 1-septate, 15–16× 4–5 μm.


Ecology: The species A. dispersula is found growing on the bark of Ficus bengalensis in

the residential areas at an altitude of 68 m.

Distribution in India: Sikkim and West Bengal–plains.


74

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Bahbari, alt. 68

m, on Ficus bengalensis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1407, TUH.

A. inconspicua Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 11, 319. 1879. Plate-1 Fig. d

Thallus greyish white. Ascocarp yellowish to pale brown, round with white pruina.

Asci 6–8 spored, ascospores hyaline, 2–5 septate, 17–23×6–9 μm with one end cell

enlarged.


Ecology: The species A. inconspicua is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Gmelina arborea and Lannea grandis, Melia

azadarach and Neolamarckia cadamba in the residential areas, River island and National

Park at altitude between 55 to 118 m.

Distribution in India: Tamil Nadu-Nilgiri Hills (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Bali Chapari,

alt. 55 m, on Lannea grandis, 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0342, TUH; Balipara R.F., alt. 96 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0825, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Lannea grandis,

25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 12-0410, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on

Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1244, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia

sp. 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1681, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1517, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on

Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1606, TUH; Nameri National Park, alt. 85 m,

on Bombax sp. 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S. Handique, P. Deka & K.

Hussain, 10-0072, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1766, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1904, TUH.

A. medusala (Pers.) Nyl., Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 5, 132. 1857. Plate-1 Fig. e

Opegrapha medusula Pers., Ann. Wetterauischen Ges. Gesammte Naturk. 2, 15, 1811.

Thallus greyish white. Ascocarp black with white pruina and radiating. Ascospores

hyaline, 3–5 septate, 11–16×2–5 μm.


75


Ecology: The species A. medusala is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax

sp., Coccos nucifera, Ficus religiosa and Mangifera indica, in the residential areas, road

sides and river islands at altitude between 70 to 85 m.

Distribution in India: Peninsular India

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Ajarguri, alt. 85

m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2133, TUH; Balipara, alt.

82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2248,

TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Ficus religiosa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1101, TUH;

Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0928, TUH;

Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0642, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Mangifera indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari

& P. Borah, 12-1062, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on bark, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D.

Mosahary, 13-2187, TUH.

A. polymorpha Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 7. 1814. Plate-1 Fig. f

Thallus white to ashy white. Ascocarp black, epruinose, rounded, angular to

irregular in shape. Ascospores hyaline, brown when mature, 3–5 septate, 12–17×4–6 μm.


Ecology: The species A. polymorpha is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Bombax sp., Cedrus sp., Embilica sp., Ficus bengalensis, Lannea grandis and Zizyphus

mauritiana in the residential areas and reserve forest at altitude between 66 to 135 m.

Distribution in India: Manipur.


alt. 96 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-

0826, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66m, on Ficus bengalensis, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari &

K.D. Mosahary, 12-0412, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on Zizyphus mauritiana,

29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2144, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on

Cedrus sp., 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1876, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Lannea

grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1063, TUH.


76

A. radiata (Pers.) Ach., Kongl. Vetensk. .Akad. Nya Handl. 131. 1808. Plate-2 Fig. a

Opegrapha radiata Pers., Neue Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 1, 29, 1794.

Thallus brownish white. Ascocarp black, shortly lirellate to stellately branched.

Ascospores hyaline, 3–5 septate, 9–18×4–6 μm.


Ecology: The species A. radiata is found growing on the bark of Ficus religiosa in the

residential areas at altitude of 54 and 62 m.

Distribution in India: N. W. Himalaya and West Bengal –plains.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Arimora, alt. 54

m, on Ficus religiosa, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0517,

TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Ficus religiosa, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P.

J. Borah, 12-0586, TUH.

A. recedens Stirt., Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 11, 319. 1879. Plate-2 Fig. b

Thallus whitish. Ascocarp black, faveolate and irregular. Ascospores hyaline, 5–9

septate, 18–30×7–10 μm.


Ecology: The species A. recedens is found growing on the bark of Neolamarckia cadamba

in the residential areas at an altitude of 70 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and West Bengal (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Burahgaon B,

alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0872, TUH.

A. simplicascens Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 26 (10), 20. 1900. Plate-3 Fig. c

Thallus greyish white. Ascocarp white to pale and irregular. Ascospores hyaline, 4–

7 septate, 15–18×5–7 μm.


Ecology: The species A. simplicascens is found growing on the bark in the residential area

at an altitude of 54 m.

Distribution in India: Tamil Nadu.


m, on bark, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0812, TUH.


77

A. tumidula (Ach.) Ach., Neues J. Bot. 1, 11. 1806. Plate-2 Fig. d

Spiloma tumidula Ach., Methodus 11, 1803.

Thallus white and thin. Ascocarp red to red brown, oblong, linear to stellate.

Ascospores hyaline to brown, 3–5 septate, one end cell larger, 13–23×6–9 μm.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Adenanthera pavonina,

Albizia sp, Albizzia lucida, Alstonia scholaris, Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus,

Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp. Cedrela toona, Cedrus sp., Citrus maxima, Cocos nucifera,

Delonix regia, Ficus sp., Ficus hispida, Ficus religiosa, Garuga pinnata, Gmelina

arborea, ‘Koron’, Lannea grandis, Magnolia sp., Magnolia champaca, Mangifera indica,

Mesua ferrea, Neolamarckia cadamba, Oroxylum indicum, Plumeria sp., ‘Som kothal’,

Streblus asper, Syzygium cuminii, Tabernaemontana coronaria in the residential areas,

road sides, river islands, National Park and tea gardens at altitude between 54 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu-Nilgiri Hills and

West Bengal-plains.


m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2130, TUH;

Arimora, alt. 54 m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah,

12-0518, TUH; Bahbari, alt. 68 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1408,

TUH; Bali chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0343, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0687, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Lannea grandis,

21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0828, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on

Cedrela toona, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1432, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0587, TUH; Bindukuri,

alt. 75 m, on Adenanthera pavonina, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1461, TUH; Bogabheel, alt.

81 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1103, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66

m, on Cocos nucifera, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 12-0416, TUH; No. 2

Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 13-1338, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Albizzia lucida, 26/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1246, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Amoora rohituka, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1966, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Plumeria sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-


78

1277, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0875, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0873, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on

Streblus asper, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0930, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m,

on Albizzia lucida, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0307, TUH;

Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1990, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Bombax sp., 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah,

12-0224, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1542,

TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1493, TUH;

Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Albizzia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0753, TUH;

Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis,15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0267, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1682, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1725, TUH;

Industry, alt. 82 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1573, TUH;

No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1151, TUH;

Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1519, TUH;

Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1607, TUH;

Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on Mesua ferrea, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1746, TUH;

Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1382, TUH; Napam,

alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2027, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on

Syzygium cuminii, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2366, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on

Bombax sp., 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0643, TUH; Porowa,

alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2062, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on

Alstonia scholaris, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0458, TUH;

Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1817,

TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Tabernaemontana coronaria, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1849, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1796, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on Cedrus sp., 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1877, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1905, TUH; Singuri B, alt.146 m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1938,

TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m, on Bombax sp., 15/1/2011, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 11-

0107, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Bauhinia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1633,


79

TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on ‘Koron’, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0777, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari

& P. Borah, 12-1021, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R.

Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1064, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Albizia sp.,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1200, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Magnolia sp., 30/5/2013, R.

Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2188, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Citrus maxima,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2092, TUH; Ward No.6, alt. 72 m, on Amoora rohituka,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1659, TUH.

Arthopyrenia A. Massal. (Family: Arthopyreniaceae)

Thallus crustose, foliicolous; photobiont a green alga Trentepohlia; ascocarp

perithecia, simple, sunken to adnate, globular to hemispherical, ostiole erect, ; peridium

brown to blackish brown; paraphysis thick, free, gelatinized, sometimes branched and

anastomosed. Asci usually 8-spored, ascospores hyaline, oval-ellipsoid, with 1–5

transverse septa.

A. alboatra (Kremp.) Mull. Arg. Flora 66, 306. 1883. Plate-2 Fig. e

Verrucaria alboatra Kremp. in Nyl., Flora 50, 8. 1867.

Thallus greyish; perithecia black, globular to hemispherical, peridium incomplete,

absent at the base. Ascospores 1-septate, 10–17×5–6 μm


Ecology: The species A. alboatra is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

‘Korsun’ and Lannea grandis, in the residential areas and river islands at an altitude

between 54 to 83 m.

Distribution in India: Calcutta.


m, on ‘Korsun’, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0520, TUH;

Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1249, TUH;

Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Albizia sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1995, TUH.

A. fraxinii Mass. Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost. (Verona), 167. 1852. Plate-2 Fig. f


80

Thallus brownish grey, smooth; ascomata solitary or an aggregate of 3–5, convex-

hemispherical, naked, shining or covered with corticiform layer of thallus; ostioles

indistinct, plane to depressed umbonate; peridium brown-black, slightly spreading

laterally, conical, indistinct at base; centrum I−. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 8-spored;

Ascospores hyaline, 1-septate, 16–28×4–8 μm.


Ecology: The species A. fraxinii is found growing on the bark of Michelia mannii in the

river island at an altitude of 54 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman Island, Karnataka and Kerala


m, on Michelia mannii, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0521,

TUH.

A. keralensis Upreti & Pant. Bryologist 96 (2), 230. 1993.

Thallus greyish white, smooth, endophloeodal; ascomata black, solitary or in

aggregate of 2–3, conical-semiglobose, naked or covered with corticiform layer of thallus;

ostioles indistinct, slightly depressed; peridium globose, slightly spreading laterally, thin at

base; centrum I−. Asci clavate–cylindrical, 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline, 1-septate, 19–28

x 10–14 μm, one end cell broad and rounded, other end cell short and triangular.


Ecology: The species A. keralensis is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the

residential area at an altitude of 82 m.

Distribution in India: Kerala (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Balipara, alt. 82

m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0693, TUH.

Arthothelium A. Massal. (Family: Arthoniaceae) Thallus crustose, ecorticated; photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia; ascocarp

peritheciod, round to irregular; pruinose or epruinose, excipuloid tissue absent, paraphyses

branched and anastomosing. Asci thick walled, bilayered, 8-spored, ascospores hyaline,

multicelled–muriform.


81

A. abnorme (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Flora 63, 287. 1880. Plate-3 Fig. a

Opegrapha abnormis Ach., Lichenogr. Universalis 259. 1810.

Thallus greyish white; ascocarp black, stellate, epruinose, in aggregate. Ascospores

oblong, muriform with 7–10 transverse and 2–4 vertical septa, 17–22×7–10 μm.


Ecology: The species A. abnorme is found growing on the bark of Plumeria sp., in the


Distribution in India: Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal -

plains

Representative specimen examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, No. 2 Borpothar,

alt. 63 m, on Plumeria sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1282, TUH.

A. confertum (A. L. Smith) Makh. & Patw. Biovigyanam 11 (1), 9. 1985. Plate-3 Fig. b

Cryptothecia conferta A.L. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 11, 194. 1926.

Thallus pale brown; ascocarp black, rounded to angular, epruinose. Asci 8-spored.

Ascospores ovoid, muriform, 18–32×10–14 μm.


Ecology: The species A. confertum is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp. Bauhinia

sp., Ficus religiosa and Lannea grandis, in the residential areas and tea garden at an

altitude between 64 to 112 m.

Distribution in India: Assam (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Borbhogia, alt.

64 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1250; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on

Ficus religiosa, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0878, ;

Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Albizia sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1996, TUH; Hirajuli B,

alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1727, TUH; Monmohon, alt. 112 m,

on bark, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1747, TUH.

Bacidia De Not., (Family: Ramalinaceae)

Thallus crustose, ecorticated, corticolous, saxicolous or foliicolous; photobiont is a

green alga, member of Chlorococcaceae; apothecia rounded and sessile. Asci 8-spored.


82

Ascospores hyaline, acicular, ellipsoid or bacillar in shape, with 1–many transverse

septation.

B. incongruens (Stirton) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4, 208. 1926. Plate-3 Fig. c

Lecidea incongruens Stirt., Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 2, 314. 1879.

Thallus grey to greyish brown; apothecia yellow–orange; hypothecium pale yellow,

K−, epihymenium and hymenium hyaline. Ascospores fusiform to rod shaped with 1–5

transverse septa, 13–18×3–3.2 μm.


Ecology: The species B. incongruens is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Adenanthera pavonina, Bombax sp. and Lannea grandis in the residential areas at altitude

between 54 to 75 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal-plains (Endemic).


m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0522, TUH;

Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Adenanthera pavonina, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1463, TUH;

Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0465, TUH.

B. laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Vain. in Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4, 213. 1926. Plate-3

Fig. d

Patellaria laurocerasi Delise ex Duby, Bot. Gall. 2, 653. 1830.

Thallus yellowish grey to brownish grey; apothecial disc brown to brownish black;

epithecium blackish-green, K−, hymenium hyaline, hypothecium pale yellow to brown.

Ascospores acicular or bacillar, 8–13 septate, 43–72×2–3 μm.


Ecology: The species B. laurocerasi is found growing on the bark of trees such as Amoora

rohituka, Artocarpus lakoocha, Bombax sp., Gmelina arborea, Lannea grandis, Melia

azedarach and Plumeria sp., in the residential areas, river-islands, tea gardens and road

sides at an altitude between 54 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Manipur, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand.


83


m, on Gmelina arborea, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0523,

TUH; Bali chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0346, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Artocarpus lakoocha, 23/3/2013, R.

Daimari,13-1969, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Bombax sp., 15/2/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0227, TUH; Harchura TE, alt. 107 m, on Plumeria sp.,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0755, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2029, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis,

24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0466, TUH; Singuri TE, alt. 146

m, on Melia azedarach, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1939, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m on

Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0778, TUH; Tezpur,

alt. 74 m, on Lannea grandis, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2190, TUH.

B. medialis (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr., Denskchr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-

Naturwiss. Kl. 83, 127. 1909.

Lecidea medialis Tuck. ex Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 19, 346. 1863.

Thallus greyish brown, granulose; apothecia yellow brown to red brown.

Ascospores rod shaped, 2–5 septate, 17–31× 2–3 μm.


Ecology: The species B. medialis is found growing on the bark of Michelia mannii in the


Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, W.

Bengal-West Bengal.


m, on Michelia mannii, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0524,

TUH.

B. millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr. in Wawra & Beck, Itin. Princip. Coburg. 2, 152. 1888.

Plate-3 Fig. e

Lecanora millegrana Taylor in Hook., Lond. J. Bot. 6, 159. 1847.


84

Thallus brown, granulose to verrucose; apothecial disc brown to dark brown,

slightly pruinose with a distinct persistent margin; epithecium K−. Ascospores acicular or

bacillar, 9–16 septate, 40–74×3–4 μm.


Ecology: The species B. millegrana is found growing on the bark of Michelia mannii in


Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Tezpur, alt. 74

m, on Michelia mannii, 5/8/2009, R. Daimari & P. Deka, 09-0013, TUH.

B. phaeolomoides (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4, 232. 1926. Plate-3 Fig. f

Patellaria phaeolomoides Müll. Arg., Flora 67, 467. 1884.

Thallus greyish white; apothecial disc brown to dark-brown, margin blackish

brown to black; hypothecium pale brown. Ascospores 10–19 septate, 52–85×2–3μm.


Ecology: The species B. phaeolomoides is found growing on the bark in the river island at

an altitude of 54 m.

Distribution in India: Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal−hills.


m, on bark, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2320, TUH.

B. rufescens (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4, 239. 1926.

Patellaria rufescens Müll. Arg., Flora 67, 467. 1884.

Thallus greyish brown, rugulose to subverucose; apothecial disc reddish-brown to

dark brown, margin red brown to brown; hypothecium pale. Ascospores rod shaped, 3–5

septate, 20–28×2–3 μm.


Ecology: The species B. rufescens is found growing on the bark of tree ‘Korsun’, in the

residential areas at an altitude of 54 m.

Distribution in India: Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Tamil Nadu.


85


m, on Korsun, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0525, TUH.

B. submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4, 243. 1926. Plate-4 Fig. a

Lecidea submedialis Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 26 (10), 14. 1900.

Thallus greyish; apothecial disc-brown, margin pale brown; hypothecium pale

yellow. Ascospores fusiform to acicular, 7 septate, 33–52×3 μm.


Ecology: The species B. submedialis is found growing on the bark of trees such as Delonix

regia and Lannea grandis in the residential areas and roadsides at an altitude of 62 to 148

m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,

Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Beseria, alt. 62

m, on Lannea grandis, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0589, TUH;

New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Delonix regia, 02/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1636, TUH.

Baculifera Marbach & Kalb (Family: Caliciaceae) Thallus crustose, corticolous; photobiont a green alga Trebouxia; ascocarp

apothecia dark brown to black, lecidine. Exciple distinctly cellular, epihymenium brown,

oil globules absent in hymenium, hypothecium hyaline to brown, paraphyses

conglutinated. Asci 8-16 spored. Ascospore brown, 1-septate, wall uniformly thickened,

surface smooth or ornamented. Norstictic acid present.

B. curtisii (Tuch.) Marbach, Biblioth. Lichenol. 74, 119. 2000. Plate-4 Fig. b

Gyrostomum curtisii Tuck., Amer. J. Sci. Arts. 2, 25, 430. 1858.

Thallus crustose, rimose to rimose-verruculose, thin, greyish white to dark grey.

Apothecia lecideine, sessile, disc black, epruinose, epihymenium brown, pigments

present, hymenium hyaline, hypothecium deep reddish brown; paraphyses simple to

moderately branched, apically swollen, with brown pigments. Asci clavate, Bacidia-type,

8-spored. Ascospores brown when mature, 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, with pointed

ends, 15−22x5−9 µm.


86

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow to orange red (needle shaped crystals under compound

microscope); TLC: Norstictic acid present.

Ecology: The species B. curtisii is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the

National Park at an altitude of 85 m.

Distribution in India: Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Tamil Nadu.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Nameri

National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp. 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S.

Handique, P. Deka & K. Hussain, 10-0075, TUH.

Buellia De Not., (Physciaceae) Thallus crustose, smooth to granulose-verrucose, corticolous, muscicolous or

saxicolous; photobiont a green alga Trebouxia; apothecia round, sessile,dark brown to

black, lecidine, exciple distinctly cellular; epithecium brown to olive-brown, hymenium

with or without oil globules, hypothecium brown; paraphyses conglutinated. Asci 8-

spored, rarely 16 spored, ascospores pale brown to dark-brown, 1-septate to submuriform,

spore wall smooth or ornamented, wall uniformly or unevenly thickened.

B. morehensis Kr. P. Singh & S. R. Singh, Geophytology, 12 (1), 126. 1982. Plate-4 Fig.

c

Thallus grey, verruculose, apothecial disc plane to convex, exciple dark brown,

exciple K+ red crystals, hymenium not inpersed with oil globules. Asci 8-spored,

ascospores 20–21×7–9 μm, ornamented on the surface.

Chemistry: Medulla K+ red, P+ yellow; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species B. morehensis is found growing on the bark of Melia azadarach in

the tea garden at an altitude of 104 m.

Distribution in India: Manipur (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Panbari, alt.

104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1767, TUH.

Bulbothrix Hale (Family-Parmeliaceae) Thallus foliose, corticolous, saxicolous or terricolous, heteromerous, corticated on

both sides; photobiont a green alga, closely adnate, lobes irregular, margins with bulbate


87

cilia, medulla white, upper side grey; lower side pale brown to black, rhizines simple to

dichotomously branched; apothecia laminal, lecanorine. Asci 8-spored, ascospores hyaline,

simple.

B. isidiza (Nyl.) Hale, Phytologia 28, 480. 1974. Plate-4 Fig. d

Parmelia isidiza Nyl. in Henriq., Bol. Soc. Brot. 3,130. 1884

Thallus adnate; lobes 8 mm wide, sparse, bulbate cilia along margins, upper side

with dense, simple, and coralloid isidia; lower side pale brown to brown.

Chemistry: Medulla white, K+ yellow turning red, C−, P+ orange-red. TLC: Atranorin,

salazinic acid

Ecology: The species B. isidiza is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,

Uttarakhand, Uttaranchal, West Bengal- foot hills.




Caloplaca Th. Fr. (Family: Teloschistaceae) Thallus crustose, corticolous, muscicolous, saxicolous or terricolous; photobiont a

green alga, Trebouxia; apothecia lecanorine or biatorine, round, apothecial disc orange,

orange-red, rust-brown to black; hypothecium hyaline; paraphysis simple, septate or

capitate. Asci 8-spored, ascospores hyaline, polaribilocular, rarely 3-loculed.

C. bassiae (Willd. ex Ach.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 7, 78. 1930. Plate-4 Fig. e

Lepraria bassiae Willd. ex Ach., Methodus 5. 1803.

Thallus crustose, pale brownish to yellowish green, cylindrical isidia present;

apothecia round, disc orange to yellow; hymenium inspersed with oil droplets. Ascospores

8 per ascus, polaribilocular, 11–23 × 7–8 µm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ purple.TLC: Parietin.


88

Ecology: The species C. bassiae is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp., Bombax sp.,

Delonix regia, Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica and Plumeria sp. in the

residential areas, river islands, roadsides and tea garden at altitude between 55 to 117 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal

Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and

Uttar Pradesh.

Representative specimen examined: Bahbari, alt. 68 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1409, TUH; Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0349, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp.,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0694, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on

Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1968, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on

Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1283, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax

sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0932, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Ficus

religiosa, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0270, TUH; No.1

Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &K.D. Mosahary, 13-2160,

TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2030, TUH; Porowa,

alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2067, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m,

on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 11-0115, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74

m, on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0779,

TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Delonix regia, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-

1025, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari & K.D.


C. pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr., Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 7 (2), 25. 1867. Plate-4

Fig. f

Parmelia cerina var. pyracea Ach., Methodus 176. 1803.

Thallus greyish white, granular, apothecia yellow-orange, margin crenulate.

Ascospores polaribilocular, 10–13×5–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus and medulla K−, C−,P−; epihymenium K+ pink.TLC: Parietin present.

Ecology: The species C. pyracea is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis, in the


Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand


89


m, on Lannea grandis, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0695, TUH.

Chrysothrix Mont. (Family: Chrysothricaceae) Thallus leprose or crustose-leprose, thin or thick, yellow to yellowish-green

composed of convex or spherical granules, corticolous, lignicolous or saxicolous,

photobiont a green alga, paraphysis septate, anastomosing above. Asci 8-spored,

ascospores hyaline, 1–3 septate, ovoid to ellipsoid.

C. candelaris (L.) Laundon, Lichenologist 13(2), 110. 1981. Plate-5 Fig. a

Byssus candelaris L., Sp. Pl. 2, 1169. 1753.

Thallus thin, leprose, yellow with slight orange tinge and minute granules upto 0.2

mm in diameter. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, KC+ orange-red, P+ orange; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species C. candelaris is found growing on the bark of Gmelina arborea in

the University campus at an altitude of 75 m.

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Tezpur

University, Tezpur, alt. 75 m on Gmelina arborea, 20/3/2009, R. Daimari, 09-0001, TUH.

C. chlorina (Ach.) Laundon, Lichenologist 13 (2), 106. 1981. Plate-5 Fig. b

Lichen chlorinus Ach., Lichenogr. Suec. Prodr. 6. 1798.

Thallus thicker, leprose, primary yellow in colour, granules larger, 0.1−0.2 mm in

diameter. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ faint orange, C−, KC+ red, P−, ; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species C. chlorina is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax

sp., Delonix regia, Lannea grandis, Melia azedarach and Neolamarckia cadamba in the

residential areas, road sides and tea gardens at an altitude between 62 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim.


m, on bark , 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-090, TUH;

Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0933, TUH;


90

Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Melia azedarach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1366,

TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Delonix regia, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0467, TUH; Singuri B, alt.146 m, on Melia azedarach, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1940, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Melia azedarach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P.

Borah, 12-1070, TUH.

Cratiria Marbach (Family: Caliciaceae) Thallus crustose, corticolous, whitish grey, yellow to yellow brown, corticated,

thick, verruculose; isidia granular to coralloid or absent. Apothecia lecidine, adnate to

sessile, disc black or reddish black, pruinose or epruinose; exciple with outer and inner

darker layers , paler middle layer; epihymenium yellowish, hymenium hyaline, with or

without oil globules, hypothecium pale brown to dark brown. Paraphysis simple or

sparingly branched, apical cells enlarged usually pigmented. Asci clavate, 4–8 spored,

ascospores, brown, 1–3-septate, ellipsoidal, thick-walled.

C. lauri-cassiae (Fée) Marbach, Bibliotheca Lichenologica 74, 160.2000. Plate-5 Fig. c

Lecidea lauricassiae Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. Suppl. 101, 1837.

Syn. D. lauricassiae (Fée) Szat.

Thallus grey to glaucous grey, verrucose to cracked. Ascospores brown, 1−4

septate, 19−23×4−9 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red, P+ yellow. TLC: norstictic acid.

Ecology: The species C. lauricassiae is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Alstonia scholaris, Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha,

Azadirachta indica, Bombax sp., Cascabela sp., Coccos nucifera, Delonix regia, Gmelina

arborea, ‘Korsun’, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica, Magnolia champaca, Melia

azadarach, Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria sp., Syzygium sp., Talauma phellocarpa, in

the residential areas, road sides, river island and tea gardens at an altitude between 54 to

146 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.


m, on Gmelina arborea, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0527, TUH; Balipara,

alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0696, TUH; Beseria,


91

alt. 62 m, on Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0591, TUH;

Borakata Beel, alt. 66m, on Azadirachta indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary,

12-0417, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R.

Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1341, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0883, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m,

on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-0937, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma

phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1117, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Albizia sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1997, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Delonix regia, 15/2/2012,

R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0230, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1373, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Lannea grandis,

1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1498, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R.

Daimari, 12-0756, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary, 12-0273, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1683, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1578, TUH; Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m, on Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

0976, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1608, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2033, TUH;

Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1768, TUH;

Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on bark, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2239, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70

m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0649, TUH;

Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Alstonia scholaris, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-

0469, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Magnolia champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1909, TUH; Singuri B, alt.146 m, on Melia azadarach, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1941,

TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1027, TUH;

Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1209, TUH;

Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Mangifera indica, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2191,

TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Cascabela sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2096, TUH.

Cresponea Egea & Torrente (Family: Roccellaceae)

C. flava (Vain.) Egea and Torrente, Mycotaxon 48, 314. 1993. Plate-5 Fig. d

Lecanactis flava Vain. in Hiern & al., Cat. Afr. Pl. 2(2), 430. 1901.


92

Thallus greyish white, verruculose; apothecia black, round, sessile to

subsessile,disc with yellowish green pruina; exciple lecidine, carbonaceous, hypothecium

brown to dark brown, hymenium hyaline to yellowish,I+ reddish, epihymenium olive

brown, paraphysis branched at tips, apical cell swollen and pigmented. Asci 8-spored,

ascospores hyaline, fusiform to narrowly ellipsoid, 3–5 septate, 13–20×3–5 μm.

Chemistry: Colour test and TLC not done.

Ecology: The species C. flava is found growing on the bark of Coccos nucifera in the


Distribution in India: West Bengal -plains

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Pithakhowa, alt.

70 m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0648,

TUH.

Cryptothecia Stirt. (Family: Arthoniaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, rarely foliicolous; photobiont a green alga,

Trentepohlia; hypothallus well developed, white or brownish; ascocarps not organized.

Asci 1–8 spored, ascospores hyaline, submuriform to multicelled-muriform.

C. effusa (Mull.Arg.) R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1), 64. 1952. Plate-5 Fig. e

Phlyctis effusa Müll. Arg., Flora 63, 286. 1880.

Thallus greenish grey, effuse, esorediate; fertile areas yellowish. Asci 8-spored,

ascospores oval-ellipsoid to subglobose, 35–57× 18–34 μm with 8–12 transverse and 2–5

vertical septa.

Chemistry: Thallus C+ red, KC+ red; TLC: gyrophoric acid.

Ecology: The species C. effusa is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the National

Park at an altitude of 85 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, E. Himalayas, West Bengal-hills.





93

C. lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makh. & Patw., Biovigyanam 11(1), 6. 1985. Plate-5 Fig. f

Arthothelium lunulatum Zahlbr. in Rech., Denkschirf. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math. -

Naturwiss. Kl. 88, 17. 1911.

Thallus greenish-white, esorediate; fertile areas whitish. Asci 2–8 spored,

ascospores ellipsoid, curved, 35–54×12–17 μm with 7–9 transverse and 1–2 vertical septa.

Chemistry: Thallus C+ red. TLC: Gyrophoric and barbatic acids present.

Ecology: The species C. lunulata is found growing on the bark in the recreational park at


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal-plains.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Tezpur, alt. 48

m, on bark, 16/8/2009, R. Daimari & G. Dutta, 09-0023, TUH.

C. punctulata Makhi. & Patw. Biovigyanam 13 (2), 47. 1987. Plate-6 Fig. a

Thallus greyish-white, esorediate; fertile areas whitish. Asci 4 spored, Ascospores

ellipsoid, curved, 51–68×17–28 μm with 8–12 transverse and 1–4 vertical septa.

Chemistry: Thallus C+ red.TLC: Gyrophoric and barbatic acids present.

Ecology: The species C. punctulata is found growing on the bark of Ficus religiosa in the


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal-plains (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Harigaon, alt.

69 m, on Ficus religiosa, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0271,

TUH.

C. scripta G. Thor., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 32(1), 285. 1997. Plate-6 Fig. b

Thallus whitish; hypothallus fimbriate, fertile areas in verrucae. Asci 2-spored,

ascospores ovoid to oblong, 52–83×21–40 μm with 8–22 transverse and 3–6 vertical septa.

Chemistry: Thallus C+ red; TLC: Gyrophoric acid.


94

Ecology: The species C. scripta is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West

Bengal.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Bazbera, alt. 99

m, on Bombax sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2273, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1464, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on

Sreblus asper, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2278, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on

Coccos nucifera, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1339, TUH; No. 2

Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1284, TUH; Burahgaon

A, alt. 66 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-0881, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R.

Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0879, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Ficus hispidula,

21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0934, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on

Pysoxylum procerum, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0312,

TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Mangifera indica, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary

& P. J. Borah, 12-0229, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R.

Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1367, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-2306, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Ficus religiosa, 15/2/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0272, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on

Zizyphus mauritiana, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2271, TUH;

Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m, on Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-0972, TUH;


Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2296, TUH; No.

2 Murikhuti, alt. 131 m, on Ficus religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary,

13-1334, TUH; Nameri National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp., 28/11/2010, R.

Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S. Handique, P. Deka & K. Hussain, 10-0074, TUH; Panigaon,

alt. 75 m, on Oroxylum indicum, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2238, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63


New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Bauhinia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2297, TUH;

Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0781, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Delonix regia, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari &


95

P. J. Borah, 12-1026, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Mangifera indica, 28/3/2012, R.

Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1071, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Lannea grandis,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2275, TUH; Ward No.6, alt. 72 m, on Mangifera indica,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2299, TUH.

C. subtecta Stirt. Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 11, 320. 1897. Plate-6 Fig. c

Thallus greyish white, fertile areas in verrucae, indistinct. Asci 5–8 spored,

ascospores ovoid to subglobose, 54–78×29–39 μm with 4–7 transverse and 2–3 vertical

septa.

Chemistry: Thallus C−, KC−; TLC: Gangleodin.

Ecology: The species C. subtecta is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis and

Melia azadirach in the residential areas at an altitude of 63 and 84 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, E. Himalayas, Karnataka and West

Bengal (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, No. 2

Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2282, TUH;

Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Melia azadirach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1074,

TUH.

Diorygma Eschw. (Family: Graphidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous or saxicolous, photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia;

apothecia lirellelate, branched with heavily pruinose disc; paraphyses anastomosed with a

thick gelatinous wall; paraphysis tips reticulately interwoven, hymenium hyaline, inpersed

or not inspersed. Asci 1–8 spored (Graphis-type), ascospores hyaline, rarely brownish,

transversely septate with lenticular spore locules or muriform.

D. heiroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb in Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 85, 151. 2002.

Plate-6 Fig. d

Opegrapha hieroglyphica Pers., Ann. Wetterauischen Ges. Gesammte Naturk. 2, 16. 1811.

Thallus greyish yellow, cracked, shining; lirellae stellately branched; hymenium

not inspersed, laterally dark, centrally pale, I+ blue laterally. Asci 1–2 spored, ascospores

muriform, 102–180×25–52 μm.


96

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, P+ red; TLC: Stictic acid complex

Ecology: The species D. heiroglyphicum is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in

the National Park at an altitude of 85 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Maharashtra.


National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp. 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary, S.


D. junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb Staiger & Elix., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 34(1), 157.

2004. Plate-6 Fig. e

Ustalia junghuhnii Mont. & Bosch. in Jungh., Pl. Jungh. 4, 477. 1855.

Thallus yellowish grey, smooth; lirellae short, variously branched, semi emergent,

apothecial disc wide, white pruinose; labia entire, non-carbonized, hymenium I+ blue. Asci

1–2 spored, ascospores hyaline, muriform, 89–112×25–32 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red, P+ orange; TLC: Norstictic acid, Constictic acid (trace), and

stictic acid.

Ecology: The species D. junghuhnii is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizzia

lucida, Bombax sp., Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea, and Lannea grandis, in the

residential areas, National Park, road sides and tea garden at an altitude between 63 to 128

m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala,

Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu.


alt. 96 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0830, TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Ficus religiosa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2274,

TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Albizzia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1252, TUH;

No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1286, TUH;

Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1370,

TUH; Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on bark, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1748, TUH; Nameri

National Park, alt. 85 m on Bombax sp., 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S.

Handique, P. Deka & K. Hussain, 10-0078, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m, on Bombax sp.,

15/01/2011, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Lannea


97

grandis, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1797, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp.,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2277, TUH.

D. megasporum Kalb & al., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 34 (1), 160. 2004. Plate-6 Fig. f

Thallus greenish grey, cracked; lirellae long, variously branched, slightly

immersed, apothecial disc wide, white pruinose. Asci 1–2 spored, ascospores hyaline,

muriformed 85–130 × 20–50 μm.

Chemistry: Colour test not done; TLC: Stictic acid complex

Ecology: The species D. megasporum is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: West Bengal and Maharashtra (Endemic).


National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp., 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S.


D. soozanum (Zahlbr.) Nakan. & Kashiw., Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B (Botany)

29(2),

86, 2003. Plate-7 Fig. a

Graphina soozana Zahlbr., Fedde, Repert. 31, 215, 1933.

Thallus pale pinkish, smooth; lirellae short to long, variously branched, labia entire,

non-carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Asci 1–2 spored, ascospores hyaline, muriform,

71–86×29–42 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red, P+ orange; TLC: Norstictic acid complex with constictic and

Stictic acid

Ecology: The species D. soozanum is found growing on the bark of Mesua ferrea and

Plumeria sp., in the residential areas and tea gardens at an altitude of 81 and 112 m.

Distribution in India: It is a new record for India, also known from China, Japan and

Taiwan.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Dharikati, alt.

81 m, on Plumeria sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1371, TUH; Monmohon,

alt. 112 m, on Mesua ferrea, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1749, TUH.


98

Dirinaria (Tuck.) Clem. (Family: Physciaceae)

Thallus placodioid-foliose, corticolous, saxicolous; photobiont a green alga,

Trebouxia; adnate, heteromerous, corticated on both sides, upper cortex

paraplectenchymatous; lobes dichotomously to pinnately divided, usually flabellate-

plicate, confluent in centre, grey to darker grey, with or without isidia and soredia; rhizines

absent; medulla white or pigmented; apothecia laminal, lecanorine, usually black, pruinose

or epruinose; epithecium pale brownish, K−, hypothecium brown to brown-black. Asci 8-

spored, ascopores brown, 2-celled, thick walled. Atranorin present in upper cortex.

D. aegialita (Afz. in Ach.) Moore, Bryologist 71, 248, 1968.

Parmelia aegialita Afzel. in Ach., Methodus 191, 1803.

Thallus lobes 0.5–1.5 mm wide, flabellate, plicate, centrally confluent, upper side

grey with thick isidia or dactyls becoming apically crateriform and sorediate; medulla

white. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C−, P−; TLC: Atranorin, divaricatic acid and triterpenoids.

Ecology: The species D. aegialita is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Albizzia lucida, Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Bombax

sp., Cedrela toona, Chickrassia tabularis, Cocos nucifera, Delonix regia, Eucalyptus sp.,

Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea, ‘Korsun’, Lannea grandis, Magnolia champaca,

Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria sp., Shorea

robusta, Syzygium sp., Tabernaemontana coronaria and Zizyphus mauritiana in the

residential areas, roadsides, river islands, reserve forest and tea gardens at altitude between

54 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,

Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.


m, on Ficus religiosa, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0529, TUH; Bali-

chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0353, TUH;

Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0697,

TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Shorea robusta, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary, 12-0832, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Bombax sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1436, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary


99

& P. J. Borah, 12-0594, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 1/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1465, TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on bark, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1104, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Albizzia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1253,

TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &

K. D. Mosahary, 13-1342, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1970, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1287, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary, 12-0594, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba,

21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0885, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0884, TUH; Chariduar,

alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-0938, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on

Chickrassia tabularis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1120, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on

Albizzia lucida, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0313, TUH; Dekargaon, alt.

83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1998, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on

Delonix regia, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0231, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81

m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-1374, TUH;

Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1546, TUH; Dighaldol,

alt. 88 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1499, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m,

on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-0757, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea

grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0274, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on

Albizzia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1684, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp.,

20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1728, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on Zizyphus mauritiana,

29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2146, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1579, TUH; Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m,

on Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-0977, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m,

on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1154, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m,

on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1521, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt.

76 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1612, TUH; Monmohon, alt.

112 m, on Albizzia sp. and bark, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1751, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti,

alt. 95 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2162, TUH; Nalbari,

Gohpur, alt. 73 m, on Bombax, sp., 16/11/2010, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 10-0068a,

TUH; Nameri National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp., 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K.D.


100

Mosahary, S. Handique, P. Deka, K. Hussain, 10-0084, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on

Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2036, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia

azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1769, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on bark,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2240, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Coccos nucifera,

18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0650, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Albizia sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari , K.D. Mosahary, 13-2068, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Delonix

regia, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0471, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1820, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m,

on Tabernaemontana coronaria, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1852, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73

m, on Bombax sp., 15/1/2011, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 11-0111, TUH; Sigunphaleng,

alt.128 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1798, TUH; Singuri A,

alt. 135 m, on Ficus religiosa, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1881, TUH; New Singuri, alt.

118 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1911, TUH; Singuri T.E., alt. 146

m, on, Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1942, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on

Eucalyptus sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1637, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Mangifera

indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0782, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on

Delonix regia, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1028, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m,

on Mangifera indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1075, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78

m, on Albizia sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1203, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax

sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-1227, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea

grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2097, TUH; Ward No. 6, alt. 72 m, on Mangifera

indica, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1661, TUH.

D. applanata (Fée) D. D. Awasthi, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 49, 135, 1970. Plate-7 Fig. b

Parmelia applanata Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc.: 126. 1824

Thallus lobes 1.5–2.0 mm wide, flabellate, plicate, confluent, upper side greyish

white, sorediate, soralia globose, capitate or soredia granular; medulla white. Apothecia

not found.


Ecology: The species D. applanata is found growing on bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Albizzia lucida, Alstonia scholaris, Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus,

Artocarpus lakoocha, Atlas sp., Azadirachta indica, Bombax sp., ‘Bor gos,’ Cedrela toona,


101

Cedrus sp., Citrus maxima, Chickrassia tabularis, Coccos nucifera, Delonix regia,

Embilica sp., Ficus hispida, Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea, ‘Korsun’, Lannea grandis,

Litchi chinensis, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Michelia mannii, Neolamarckia

cadamba, Oroxylum indicum, Plumeria sp., Pongamia pinnata, Streblus asper, Syzygium

sp., Talauma phellocarpa and Zizyphus mauritiana in the residential areas, roadsides,

river islands, reserve forest and tea gardens at an altitude between 54 to 135 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal-

plains.


m, on Michelia mannii, 17/3/12, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0532, ; Bahbari, alt. 68

m, on Ficus religiosa,1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1410, TUH; Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m, on

Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0358, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m,

on Lannea grandis, 20/3/2012, , R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0700, TUH; Balipara R.

F., alt. 96 m, on Mangifera indica, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0833, TUH;

Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1437, TUH; No.

2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 13-1344, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary, 12-0597, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus,

1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1466, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Litchi chinensis,

25/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0419, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Amoora

rohituka, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1972, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax

sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1289, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0886, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m,

on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0889, TUH;

Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-0939, TUH;

Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Chickrassia tabularis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1122, TUH; Da-

Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Albizzia lucida, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0317,

TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2001, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Bombax sp., 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0233,

TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Melia azedarach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-0984, TUH;

Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1547, TUH; Halem T. E.,


102

alt. 71 m, on Bombax sp., 14/11/2010, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 10-0052a, TUH;

Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-0758, TUH; Harigaon,

alt. 69 m, on Ficus religiosa, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0278, TUH;

Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1685, TUH; Hokhongaon,

alt. 78 m, on Zizyphus mauritiana, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2147, TUH;

Industry, alt. 82 m, on Streblus asper, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1582, TUH;


Kusumtola, Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1614, TUH; Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on bark, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1753, TUH; No.

1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1157, TUH; No. 1

Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on bark, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2164, TUH;

Napam, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2037, TUH; Panbari

T.E., alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1770, TUH;

Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-

0653, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2069, TUH;

Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Alstonia scholaris, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-

0477, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1822, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Amoora rohituka, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1853, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on Cedrus sp. 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1885, TUH;

New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Mangifera indica, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1912, TUH;

Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-

0784, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Delonix regia, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1031,

TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Mangifera indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1078, TUH;

Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2098, TUH; Ward No.

6, alt. 72 m, on Mangifera indica , 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1663, TUH.

D. confluens (Fr.) D. D. Awasthi, Biblioth. Lichenol. 2, 28, 1975.

Parmelia confluens Fr., Syst. Orb. Veg. 1, 284. 1825.

Thallus lobes upto 2 mm wide, flabellate, plicate and confluent, upper side

glaucous white to grey, isidia and soredia absent; medulla white. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C−, P−; TLC: Atranorin, divaricatic acid and triterpenoids

present.


103

Ecology: The species D. confluens var. confluens is found growing on the bark of trees

such as Bombax sp., Citrus maxima, ‘Korsun’, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica and

Plumeria sp., in the residential areas, roadsides, reserve forests and tea gardens at an


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka,

Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu-and Uttar

Pradesh.


m, on ‘Korsun’, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari and K.D. Mosahary, 12-0538, TUH; Balipara, alt.

82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0705, TUH;

Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari and K.D. Mosahary,

12-0840, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Citrus maxima, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari and K.D.

Mosahary, 12-0235, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Bombax sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari,

12-0987, TUH; Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on bark, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1754, TUH;

New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Plumeria sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1639, TUH;

Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Mangifera indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1036, TUH.

D. consimilis (Stirton) D. D. Awasthi, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 49, 135, 1970. Plate-7 Fig. c

Physcia consimilis Stirt., Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 11, 310, 1879.

Thallus lobes 1–2 mm wide, flabellate, plicate, upper side grey, soredia present,

soralia capitate with granular soredia; medulla white. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C−, P−; TLC: Atranorin and Sekikaic acid.

Ecology: The species D. consimilis is found growing on bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Albizzia lucida, Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Delonix regia,

Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Garuga pinnata, Lannea grandis, Magnolia champaca,

Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Neolamarckia cadamba, Oroxylum indicum, Plumeria

sp., Spondias mangifera, Streblus asper, Syzygium cuminii and Talauma phellocarpa in

the residential areas, road sides, reserve forest and tea gardens at an altitude between 60 to

148 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya

Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.


104


m, on Ficus bengalensis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1411, TUH; Balipara R.F., alt. 96 m,

on Mangifera indica, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0841, TUH; Borbhogia,

alt. 64 m, on Streblus asper, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1254, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m,

on Artocarpus lakoocha, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1974, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63

m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1290, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1376, TUH; Choibari,

alt. 81 m, on Talauma phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1125, TUH; Dekargaon,

alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2003, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m,

on Artocarpus lakoocha, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0236, TUH;

Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1548, TUH; Hirajuli A,

alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1686, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on

Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1729, TUH; Jamugurihat, alt. 60m, on Amoora

rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-0980, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax

sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1158, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1523, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Garuga

pinnata, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1388, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on Ficus

religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2165, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on

Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2039, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Lannea

grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2241, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Albizia sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2073, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1825, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1800, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135, on

Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1886, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on

Magnolia champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1914, TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m, on

Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1944, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on

Bauhinia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1640, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias

mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2193, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on

Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2101, TUH; Ward No. 6, alt. 72 m, on

Mangifera indica, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1665, TUH.


105

D. papillulifera (Nyl.) D. D. Awasthi, Bryologist 67, 369, 1964. Plate-7 Fig. d

Physcia papillulifera Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 26 (10), 9. 1900.

Thallus lobes 1.5 mm wide, upper side grey-white, isidiate, isidia, filiform, simple

or branched. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C−, P−. TLC not done.

Ecology: The species D. papillulifera is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp., Delonix regia,

Lannea grandis, Magnolia champaca, Plumeria sp. and Talauma phellocarpa in the

residential areas, river islands, road sides at an altitude between 54 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,

West Bengal-plains


m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0539, TUH; Bahbari, alt.

68 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1412, TUH; Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m,

on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0364, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m,

on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0604, TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81

m, on bark, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1105, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Bombax sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1975, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma phellocarpa,

25/2/2013 R. Daimari, 13-1126, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-2006, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R.

Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0279, TUH; Jamuguruhat, alt. 60 m, on Amoora rohituka,

26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2284, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1619, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2074, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis,

24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0483, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on

Magnolia champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1887, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on

Lannea grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1915, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m, on Bombax

sp., 15/1/2011, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 11-0112, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on

Delonix regia, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1642, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Lannea

grandis, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2195, TUH.


106

D. picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shear, Gen. Fungi 323, 1931. Plate-7 Fig. e

Lichen pictus Sw., Prodr. 146, 1788.

Thallus lobes upto 1.5 mm wide, radiating, pinnatified, not plicate, upper side grey,

soredia present, soralia capitate with farinose soredia; medulla white. Apothecia not

found.


Ecology: The species D. picta is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp., Cascabela sp.,

Cedrela toona, Cedrus sp., Chickrassia tabularis, Citrus maxima, Eucalyptus sp., Ficus

religiosa, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Neolamarckia cadamba,

Plumeria sp., Spondias mangifera and Talauma phellocarpa in the residential areas,

roadsides and tea gardens at an altitude between 60 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,

Lakshadweep, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.


m, 1/3/2013, on Albizia sp., R. Daimari, 13-1413, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, 1/3/2013, on

Cedrela toona, R. Daimari, 13-1438, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1467, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1345, TUH; No. 2

Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1291, TUH; Choibari,

alt. 81 m, on Chickrassia tabularis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1127, TUH; Dekargaon,

alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp. 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2007, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on

Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1549, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Lannea

grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1501, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Melia azedarach,

20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1688, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1730, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on Spondias mangifera, 29/5/2013,

R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2148, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1583, TUH; Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m, on Amoora

rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2286, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1524, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1160, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on

Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1390, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on


107

Ficus religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2167, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m,

on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2041, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on bark,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2243, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Mangifera indica,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1826, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on Lannea grandis,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1888, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Lannea grandis,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1916, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Eucalyptus sp.,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1643, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Bombax sp.,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1207, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias mangifera,

30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2196, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Citrus

maxima, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2099, TUH; Ward No.6, alt. 72 m, on Mangifera

indica, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1666, TUH.

Enterographa Fée (Family: Roccellaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, foliicolous; photobiont green alga Trentepohlia or

Phycopeltis; ascomata elongate to irregular, adnate or immersed; paraphysis branched and

anastomosing. Asci thick walled, 8–spored, ascospores hyaline, ovoid, fusiform or

acicular, transversely septate.

E. divergens (Müll. Arg.) Redinger, Feddes Repert. 43, 62, 1938. Plate-78 Fig. f

Chiodecton divergens Müll. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 1, 62, 1893.

Thallus greyish white, verruculose, black prothallus present; ascomata narrowly

ellipsoidal, reddish brown to blackish, epruinose; hypothecium and hymenium hyaline.

Asci 8-spored, ascospores fusiform, 18–23×2–3 μm with 3–6 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K+yellowish, C−, PD−; TLC: not done.

Ecology: The species E. divergens is found growing on the bark of Mangifera indica in the


Distribution in India: Tamil Nadu and West Bengal–plains.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Solagaon, alt. 74

m, on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-1377,

TUH.


108

E. mesomela Sparrius, Saipunkaew & Wolseley, Lichenologist 38, 31, 2006. Plate-8

Fig. a

Thallus greyish green, cracked; ascomata immersed, rounded to ellipsoidal, black

with pale pseudothalline margin. Asci 8-spored, ascospores fusiform-acicular, tapering at

one end, 18–23×2–3 μm with 3–6 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, PD−, UV+whitish; TLC: confluentic acid.

Ecology: The species E. mesomela is found growing on the bark of Korsun Albizia sp.,

Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Delonix regia, Lannea grandis,

Mangifera indica, on Melia azadirach, Neolamarckia cadamba, Spondias mangifera,

Syzygium sp., Syzygium cuminii and Terminalia chebula, in the residential areas, road sides

and tea gardens, at altitude between 54 and 108 m.

Distribution in India: West Bengal–plains.


m, on Korsun, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2313, TUH;

Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-2319, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-2304, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mangifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari &

K. D. Mosahary, 12-2305, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on bark, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari,

13-2280, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-1364, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on


alt. 84 m, on Syzygium cuminii, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0940, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Mangifera indica, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P.

J. Borah, 12-2231, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Delonix regia, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari,

K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2226, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Albizia sp.,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah12-2317, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea

grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2234, TUH; No. 1

Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2273, TUH; Missamari,

alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2309, TUH; Napam, alt.

62 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1848, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on

Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2287, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on

Terminalia chebula, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2305, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on


109

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2306, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m,

on Amoora rohituka, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2312, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m, on

Bombax sp., 15/1/2011, R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 11-0192, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m,

on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-1378,

TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Melia azadirach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-

2327, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Amoora rohituka, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari,

13-2276, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.


E. tropica Sparrius, Bibliotheca Licheologica 89, 61, 2004. Plate-8 Fig. b

Thallus greyish white, thin, smooth; ascomata dark brown, shortly lirellate, with

white rim. Asci 8-spored, ascospores fusiform-acicular, 35–39×3–5 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus C−, P−, UV−; TLC:

Ecology: The species E. tropica growing on the bark of Lannea grandis in the residential

area at an altitude of 63 m.

Distribution in India: It is a new record to India.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Puthimari, alt.

63 m, on Lannea grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0484,

TUH.

Fissurina Fée (Family: Graphidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, saxicolous; ascomata lirreline, fissurine like a slit,

exciples poorly developed, non-carbonised or weakly carbonized, paraphysis tips warty.

Asci 1-8 spored, ascospores hyaline, rounded, usually thick walled, transversely septate or

muriform.

F. comparimuralis Staiger, Bibliotheca Lichenologica 85, 134, 2002. Plate-8 Fig. c

Thallus crustose, greyish brown to olive brown, smooth, ascocarps elongate,

immersed in the thallus; margins thin, pale brown with inner carbonized layer, almost

completely covering the disc below like a roof; hymenium, hyaline. Asci 8-spored,

ascospores submuriform, I+ dark blue, 22–24× 5–6 μm with 5–6 transverse and 1–2

vertical septa.


110

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, P−, KC−; TLC: No lichen substance

Ecology: The species F. comparimuralis is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis,

Magnolia champaca, Streblus asper and Syzygium sp. in the residential areas, river island

at an altitude between 54 to 135 m.

Distribution in India: Uttar Pradesh.


m, on Streblus asper, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2315, ;

Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-2322, ; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 12-2323, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0242, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on

Magnolia champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2313, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Lannea

grandis, 13-227030/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on

Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2184, TUH.

F. longiramea Makhija & Adawadkar, Lichenologist 39 (2), 178, 2007. Plate-8 Fig. d

Thallus pale brown, yellow, rough, slightly glossy, thick, craked, delimited by a

thin black hypothallus; ascocarp lirelline, simple to dichotomously branched, concolorous

to the thallus, immersed to slightly emergent with acute ends, disc narrow, slit like, dark

brown, pruinose. Exciple present below, non straite, broad at apex, flattened at the base,

non carbonized, brownish. Asci 8 per asci, ascospores submuriform, 13–21× 4–6 μm with

5–6 transverse and 1–2 longitudinal septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, KC−, P−; TLC: No lichen substance

Ecology: The species F. longiramea is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp., Albizia

lucida, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp., Dillenia indica, Lannea

grandis, Neolamarckia cadamba and Plumeria sp. in the residential areas and tea garden at

an altitude between 62 to 128 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Karnataka (Endemic).


m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2301, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-02321,

TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Albizia sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2283, TUH;


111

Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Albizia lucida, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-2227, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Plumeria sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

2318, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2319, TUH;

No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2274, TUH; No. 2

Murikhuti, alt. 131 m, on Dillenia indica, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-

1328, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-02325, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2293, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Albizia sp.,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-1381, TUH.

F. rubiginosa (Fée) Staiger, Bibliotheca Lichenologica 85,148, 2002. Plate-8 Fig. e

Graphis rubiginosa Fée, 1824.

Thallus crustose, greenish grey, smooth, glossy; ascocarps elongate, simple to

branched, immersed in the thallus; margins thick, almost flat, concolorous with the thallus

with yellowish rim, completely covering the disc; hymenium hyaline. Ascospores 8 per

ascus, muriform, I−, 15–26×10–13 μm, with 7–9 transverse and 4–5 longitudinal septa.


Ecology: The species F. rubiginosa is found growing on the bark of Bauhinia sp. in the


Distribution in India: It is a new record to India.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, New Sirajuli,

alt. 148 m, on Bauhinia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2298, TUH.

Glyphis Ach. (Family: Graphidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous; photobiont a green alga Trentepohlia; apothecia

sunken in stroma, radially crowded, simple or branched, linear lirellate or round, disc open,

paraphysis simple and free. Asci 4–8 spored, ascospores hyaline, elongate, ellipsoid to

fusiform, 3–11 septate.


112

G. cicatricosa Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 107, 1814. Plate-8 Fig. f

Thallus yellowish-white to brownish; stroma grey to greyish white; apothecia,

round to oblong elongate, branched and radiate, ends rounded. Ascospores 17–49 ×6–10

μm, 4–13 septate.


Ecology: The species G. cicatricosa is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Citrus maxima, Delonix regia, Ficus religiosa,

‘Koron’, ‘Korsun’, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica, Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria

sp., Shorea robusta and Terminalia chebula in the residential areas, road sides, river

islands and tea gardens at altitude between 54 to 128 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim,

Tamil Nadu, W. Bengal- hills.


m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2134, TUH; Arimora,

alt. 54 m, on ‘Korsun’, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0541, TUH;

Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0366, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-706, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Lannea grandis,

21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0842, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0605,

TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1470, TUH;

Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mangifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary,

12-0422, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0892, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0893, TUH; Da-

Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Delonix regia, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah,

12-0320, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Delonix regia, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0237, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0988, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp.,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1551, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1502, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Delonix regia, 20/3/2012, R.


113

Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0760, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012,

R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0280, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Melia

azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1692, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1162, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76

m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1621, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m,

on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &K.D. Mosahary, 13-2168, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104

m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1771, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on

Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2245, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Delonix

regia, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0485, TUH; Ratanjuli B,

alt. 108 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1855, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt.

128 m, on Lannea grandis, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1803, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m,

on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1037, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m,

on Bombax sp., 15/01/2011, R. Daimari, 11-0109, TUH.

G. confluens Zenker, Pharmazeut. Waarekunde 1, 163, 1827. Plate-9 Fig. a

Thallus yellowish brown; stromata grey to greyish white; apothecia linear,

elongate, well branched and confluent. Ascospores 25–46×8–10 μm, 5–11 septate.


Ecology: The species G. confluens is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Delonix regia, Ficus bengalensis, Lannea grandis and Plumeria sp. in the residential

areas and tea gardens at an altitude between 62 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Sikkim,

Tamil Nadu.


m, on Ficus bengalensis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1414, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on

Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2044, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Albizia sp.,

20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1773, TUH; Singuri B, alt.146 m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1948, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1211, TUH.


114

Graphis Adans. (Family: Graphidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, rarely foliicolous; photobiont a green algae,

Trentepohlia; apothecia lirellate, usually elongated, simple or variously branched,

immersed in the thallus or emergent, sessile; exciple complete (closed) or dimidiate

(deficient at base), completely or partially carbonised, brown, yellow or hyaline, labia of

exciple entire or crenate-sulcate, paraphysis simple. Asci 1–8 spored, ascospores hyaline,

oblong-ellipsoid to fusiform, with 3–many transverse septa, locules lentiform.

Gr. ajarekarii Patw. & C. R. Kulk., Norweg. J. Bot. 26 (1), 45, 1979. Plate-9 Fig. b

Thallus greenish-grey; lirellae elongated, disc narrow, epruinose. Labia entire,

excipulum laterally carbonized, hymenium hyaline. Ascospores transversely septate, 13–

42×7–9 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, P+ orange; TLC: Norstictic acid (major) and stictic acid

(trace)

Ecology: The species Gr. ajarekarii, is found growing on the bark of Melia azedarach and

Terminalia chebula in the residential areas at an altitude of 75 and 87 m.

Distribution in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Hirajuli A, alt.

87 m, on Melia azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1693, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on

Terminalia chebula, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2246, TUH.

Gr. arecae Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15 (6), 240, 1921. Plate-9 Fig. c

Thallus lirellate, lirellae very long, stellately branched, immersed in the thallus with

lateral thalline margin. Labia entire, excipulum apically carbonized hymenium hyaline.

Ascospores transversely septate, 17–38×5–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow; TLC: Stictic acid

Ecology: The species Gr. arecae is found growing on the bark of Artocarpus

heterophyllus in the residential areas at an altitude of 70 m.

Distribution in India: Kerala and Tamil Nadu.


70 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah,

12-0655, TUH.


115

Gr. brahmanensis Aptroot, Lichenologist 41 (4), 434, 2009. Plate-9 Fig. d

Thallus greyish white; lirellae erumpent with basal thalline margin, crenate

externally, elongate and irregularly branched. Labia striate, excipulum laterally carbonized,

hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores transversely septate, 18–26×4–5 μm.


Ecology: The species Gr. brahmanensis is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis

and Magnolia champaca in the residential areas at an altitude of 64 and 135m.

Distribution in India:


64 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1256, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m,

on Magnolia champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1890, TUH.

Gr. caesiella Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Finn. 7, 122. 1890. Plate-9 Fig. e

Thallus greyish white; lirellae elongated, irregularly branched, immersed in the

thallus, disc narrow, pruinose. Labia entire, excipulum laterally carbonized, hymenium not

inspersed. Ascospores 28–39×7–9 μm with 4–7 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC: Norstictic & Stictic acid (trace).

Ecology: The species Gr. caesiella is found growing on the bark of trees auch as Albizia

sp., Alstonia scholaris, Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha,

Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp., Cedrela toona, Cedrus sp., Citrus maxima, Delonix regia, Ficus

religiosa, Gmelina arborea, ‘Horua’, Lannea grandis, Magnolia sp., Mangifera indica,

Melia azedarach, Michelia mannii, Neolamarckia cadamba, Oroxylum indicum, Streblus

asper, Syzygium sp., Syzygium cuminii and Talauma phellocarpa in the residential areas,

river islands, tea garden at altitude between 54 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Lakshadweep


m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2135, TUH; Arimora, alt.

54 m, on Michelia mannii, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0543,

TUH; Bahbari, alt. 68 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1415, TUH; Bali

Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Lannea grandis, 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.


116

Borah, 12-0367, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0708, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Gmelina arborea,

21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0845, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1440, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on

Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0606, TUH;

Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1471, TUH;

Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1106, TUH;

Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mangifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary,

12-0423, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Streblus asper, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1257,

TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &

K. D. Mosahary, 13-1348, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1978, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Plumeria sp., 26/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1294, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2012,

R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0897, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on


alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-0941, TUH;

Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1129, TUH; Da-

Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Delonix sp., 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah,

12-0321, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2008,

TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Citrus maxima, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary &

P. Borah, 12-0240, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Melia azadirach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari

& P. Borah, 12-0989, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1553, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah,

12-0762, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Ficus religiosa, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0282, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Melia azedarach,

20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1695, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1731, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1586, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1163, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1526, TUH; Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-13-1755, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Syzygium cuminii, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1391, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &K.D.


117

Mosahary, 13-2169, TUH; No. 2 Murikhuti, alt. 131 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R.

Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-1329, TUH; Nameri National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax

sp. 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary, S. Handique, P. Deka & K. Hussain, 10-

0078, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1774, TUH;

Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2248, TUH;

Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Bombax sp., 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0656, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

2075, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Alstonia scholaris, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0492a, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1828, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Amoora

rohituka, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1856, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Artocarpus

lakoocha, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1804, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on Cedrus sp.,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1891, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1917, TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m, on Delonix regia,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1949, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Delonix regia,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1644, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0794, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Cedrela

toona, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1038, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on

Mangifera indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1081, TUH; Sundara Panigaon,

alt. 78 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1212, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m,

on Mangifera indica, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2197, TUH; Udmari,

alt. 76 m, on Citrus maxima, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2102, TUH.

Gr. chloroalba Makhija & Adaw., Mycotaxon 91, 373, 2005. Plate-9 Fig. f

Thallus, corticated, lirellae short to long, crenate externally, disc narrow, pruinose.

Labia striate, excipulum apically carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores

transversely septate, 19–24×4–5 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, KC−, P−; TLC: no lichen substance

Ecology: The species Gr. chloroalba is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. and

Lannea grandis in the residential areas and reserve forest at an altitude of 70 and 96 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Endemic).


118



0850, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Bombax sp., 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0658, TUH.

Gr. chlorotica A. Massal., Verh. K. K. Zool. -Bot. Ges. Wein. 21, 865. 1871. Plate-10 Fig.

a

Thallus, corticated, lirellae erumpent, short to elongate, sparsely to irregularly

branched, crenate externally, with lateral thalline margin, disc narrow, epruinose. Labia

striate, excipulum apically carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Asci 4–8 spored,

ascospores 26–42x7–10 μm, with 8–11 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, KC−, P−; TLC: no lichen substance.

Ecology: The species Gr. chlorotica is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim

and West Bengal.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Chariduar, alt.

84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0944, TUH.

Gr. cincta (Pers.) Aptroot, Fl. Australia 57, 651, 2009. Plate-10 Fig. b

Opegrapha cincta Pers., Ann. Wetter. Ges. 2: 15, tab. 10, fig. 4. 1811

Thallus greyish white; lirellae short to elongate, sparsely to dichotomously

branched, erumpent, disc narrow, epruinose sometimes slightly pruinose with basal to

thick lateral thalline margin. Labia entire, laterally carbonized, hymenium inspersed.

Ascospores 16–41×6–7 μm with 7–11 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC: Norstictic (major) and constictic acid.

Ecology: The species Gr. cincta is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Delonix regia, Ficus sp., Ficus bengalensis, Ficus

religiosa, Gmelina arborea, Lannea grandis, Magnolia champaca, Melia azedarach,

Michelia mannii, Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria sp., Spondias mangifera,

Tabernaemontana coronaria and Talauma phellocarpa in the residential areas, river

islands, reserve forest and tea gardens at altitude between 54 to 146 m.


119

Distribution in India: Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.


m, on Michelia mannii, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0547,

TUH; Bahbari, alt. 68 m, on Ficus bengalensis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1417, TUH;

Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0370, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0710, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Gmelina arborea,

21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0851, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m,

on Bombax sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1442, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0610, TUH;

Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1475, TUH;

Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Ficus religiosa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1107, TUH;

Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-

0427, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R.

Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1350, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Bombax sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1979, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Plumeria sp.,

26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1296, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0902, TUH;

Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah,

12-0901, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J.

Borah, 12-0945, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1132, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Albizia sp., 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.

D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0323, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2009, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Bombax sp., 15/2/2012,

R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0243, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Melia

azadirach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0996, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on

Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1554, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Lannea

grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1504, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Plumeria sp.,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0766, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea

grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0283, TUH; Hirajuli

A, alt. 87 m, on Melia azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1670, TUH; Hokhongaon,

alt. 78 m, on Spondias mangifera, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2149,


120

TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1589, TUH; No.

1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1168,

TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1528,

TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1622,

TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1392, TUH;

No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &K. D. Mosahary, 13-

2170, TUH; No. 2 Murikhuti, alt. 131 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 13-1330, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1778, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2249,

TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Albizia sp., 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P.

J. Borah, 12-0659, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

2078, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Delonix regia, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0490, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1836, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on

Tabernaemontana coronaria, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1860, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt.

128 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1808, TUH; Singuri A,

alt. 135 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1892, TUH; New Singuri, alt.

118 m, on Magnolia champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1918, TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146

m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1951, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on bark,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0795, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117

m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1041, TUH; Sonaipam,

alt. 84 m, on Ficus sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1084, TUH; Sundara

Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1213, TUH; Tezpur,

alt. 74 m, on Lannea grandis, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2200, TUH;

Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2105, TUH.

Gr. crebra Vain., Hedwigia 38, 256, 1899. Plate-10 Fig. c

Thallus greyish white; lirellae erumpent, short to elongate, sparsely to irregularly

branched, disc wide, pruinose, with lateral thalline margin. Labia entire, laterally

carbonized, hymenium inspersed. Asci 8-spored, ascospores 25–29x 6–8 μm, transversely

5–11 septate.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC: Norstictic acid


121

Ecology: The species Gr. crebra is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp., Artocarpus

heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Cedrela toona, Delonix regia, Lannea grandis, Neolamarckia

cadamba and Plumeria sp. in the residential areas, river islands, tea gardens at altitude

between 55 and 117 m.

Distribution in India: It is not recorded to India.


alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0376,

TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0611, TUH; Burahgaon, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0903, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on

Albizia sp., 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0325, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Delonix regia, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-2232, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 28/3/2012, R.

Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1000, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1556, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Plumeria sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari &

P. J. Borah, 12-0768, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0284, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1529, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on

bark, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1393, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Cedrela toona,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1040, TUH.

Gr. dendrogramma Nyl. in Cromb., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16, 226, 1878. Plate-10 Fig. d

Thallus grey, lirellae semi-immersed, elongated, radiately branched, disc narrow,

pruinose. Labia entire, laterally carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Asci 6–8 spored,


Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow; TLC: Stictic acid complex.

Ecology: The species Gr. dendrogramma is found growing on the bark of Adenanthera

pavonina, Albizia sp., Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Bombax

sp., Cedrela toona, Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica Michelia mannii,

Neolamarckia cadamba, Oroxylum indicum, Plumeria sp., Syzygium cuminii and

Tabernaemontana coronaria in the residential areas, river island roadsides and tea gardens

at altitude between 54 to 148 m.


122

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Sikkim and West Bengal



TUH; Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary &

P. J. Borah, 12-0377, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Cedrela toona, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1446, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.

D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0616, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Adenanthera

pavonina, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1477, TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1110, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Lannea grandis,

25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-0429, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on

Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1261, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on


Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Plumeria sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1298, TUH; Burahgaon

B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0904,

TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-

0946, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Albizia sp., 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0326, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2011, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-557, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1506, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0285, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1735, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1591, TUH; Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m, on Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

2288, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1169, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1530, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1394, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2045, TUH;

Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Syzygium cuminii, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2250, TUH;

Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Bombax sp., 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.



Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0496, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus


123

heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1838, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on

Tabernaemontana coronaria, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1862, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt.

128 m, on Lannea grandis, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1809, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m,

on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1895, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on

Lannea grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1922, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on

Bauhinia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1647, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on bark,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0799, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84

m, on Oroxylum indicum, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1085, TUH; Sundara

Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1216, TUH; Udmari,

alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2108, TUH; Ward No.6, alt. 72

m, on Mangifera indica, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1668, TUH.

Gr. elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 85, 1814. Plate-10 Fig. e

Thallus greyish white; lirellae erumpent to prominent, short and sparsely branched,

crenate externally, with basal thalline margin, disc narrow, epruinose. Labia striate,

excipulum laterally carbonized, hymenium hyaline. Ascospores 33–45×7–11μm with 5–8

transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC: Norstictic in trace.

Ecology: The species Gr. elegans is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp., Ficus

religiosa and Melia azadarach in the residential areas and tea gardens at an altitude

between 70 to 112 m.



alt.70 m, on Ficus religiosa, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0905, TUH; Hirajuli

A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-701, TUH; Monmohon, alt. 112 m,

on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1757, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia

azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1779, TUH.

Gr. filiformis Adw. & Makhija, Mycotaxon 99, 314, 2007. Plate-10 Fig. f

Thallus greyish white; lirellae elongate to very long, irregularly to radiately

branched, disc narrow, epruinose. Labia entire, laterally carbonized, hymenium not

inspersed. Ascospores small, 22–27×6–8 μm with 3–4 transverse septa.


124

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC: Norstictic acid complex (major) with constictic and

stictic acid (trace).

Ecology: The species Gr. filiformis is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp., Bauhinia

sp., Bombax sp., Embilica sp., Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria sp. and Tectona grandis

in the residential areas, road sides, river island and tea gardens at altitude between 54 to

104 m.

Distribution in India: Karnataka.


m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0555, TUH;

Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-0712, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Embilica sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0852, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1479, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Plumeria

sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1302, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Tectona grandis,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1001, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia

sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1738, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1780, TUH.

Gr. furcata Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. 40, 1824. Plate-11 Fig. a

Thallus, corticated to ecorticated; lirellae erumpent, short to elongate, with lateral

thalline margin, disc narrow, epruinose to slightly pruinose. Labia entire, excipulum

laterally carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Asci 8-spored, ascospores 18–31×5–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, KC−, P−; TLC: no lichen substance

Ecology: The species Gr. furcata is found growing on the bark of trees such as Artocarpus

heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Melia azedarach and Streblus asper in the residential areas,

river islands and tea garden at altitude between 54 to 87 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands.


m, on Streblus asper, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0556,

TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1480,

TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Melia azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1702, TUH;

Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1739, TUH.


125

Gr. glaucescens Fee, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. 36, 1824. Plate-11 Fig. b

Thallus glaucous grey, ecorticated; lirellae long, sparsely to irregularly branched.

Labia striate, excipulum apically carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Ascospore 20–

39×7–10 μm with 7–10 transverse septa.


Ecology: The species Gr. glaucescens is found growing on the bark of Albizia lucida,

Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp. and Mangifera indica in the residential areas, river

island and reserve forest at an altitude between 55 to 106 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil

Nadu,

Uttarakhand, West Bengal-plains, N. W. Himalaya



TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Mangifera indica, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0853, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Albizia lucida,

26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1263, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2311, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1842, TUH.

Gr. handelii Zahlbr., Symb. Sin. 3, 44, 1930. Plate-11 Fig. c

Thallus greyish white; lirellae erumpent with lateral thalline margin, short to

elongate, sparsely to irregularly branched, disc wide, epruinose. Labia entire, excipulum

laterally carbonized, hymenium inspersed. Ascospores 12–17×6–8 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC: Norstictic acid.

Ecology: The species Gr. handelii is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp., Cedrela toona, Lannea grandis,

Melia azadarach, Neolamarckia cadamba and Streblus asper in the residential areas, river

island and tea gardens at an altitude between 54 to 117 m.

Distribution in India: West Bengal–plains.


m, on Lannea grandis, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0558,

TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.


126

Borah, 12-0617, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2012, R.


Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0907, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on bark, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0244, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P.

J. Borah, 12-1003, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1507, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1740,

TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1399, TUH;

Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1781, TUH;

Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0497, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Streblus asper, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.

D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0802, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Cedrela toona,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1044, TUH.

Gr. insulana (Müll. Arg.) Lücking & Sipman, Fieldiana, Bot. 84, 2008. Plate-11 Fig. d

Graphina insulana Müll. Arg., Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik Pflanzengeschichte

und Pflanzengeographie 4, 56, 1883.

Thallus lirellate, lirellae erumpent, with thick lateral to complete thalline margin,

short to elongate, sparsely to irregularly branched, disc narrow. Labia entire, excipulum

laterally carbonized, hymenium inspersed. Ascospores muriform, 51–81 ×13–21μm.


Ecology: The species Gr. insulana is found growing on the bark of trees such as Delonix

regia and Ficus religiosa in the residential areas at altitude between 62 m to 135 m.

Distribution in India: Karnataka and Maharashtra.


m, on Ficus religiosa, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2227,

TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Delonix regia, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-2326, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-2314, TUH.

Gr. librata C. Knight, Trans. New Zealand Inst. 16, 404, 1884. Plate-11 Fig. e


127

Thallus greyish white; lirellae short to elongated, sparsely branched, disc narrow

epruinose. Labia entire, excipulum laterally carbonized, hymenium not inspersed.

Ascospores 17–22×4–7 μm with transverse septa.


Ecology: The species Gr. librata is found growing on the bark of trees such as Lannea

grandis, Magnolia sp., Melia azadarach and Shorea robusta in the residential areas,

reserve forest and tea garden at an altitude between 62 to 104 m.

Distribution in India: Maharashtra.


m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1418, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on

Shorea robusta, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0855, TUH;

Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1264, TUH;

Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Melia azadirach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1004,

TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Melia azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1703, TUH;

Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1400, TUH; Panbari,

alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1782, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m,

on Magnolia sp., 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2202, TUH; Udmari, alt.

76 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2111, TUH.

Gr. lineola Ach. Lichenogr. Universalis, 264, 1810. Plate-11 Fig. f

Thallus greyish brown, smooth; lirellae erumpent, short, thick, with lateral thalline

margin, sparsely to variously branched, disc narrow epruinose; labia entire, laterally

carbonized, hymenium inspersed. Ascospores 25–28×5–9 μm with 3 transverse septa.


Ecology: The species Gr. lineola is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp., Lannea grandis and Plumeria sp. in

the residential areas, road sides and tea gardens at altitude between 62 to 117 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West

Bengal –hills.


m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2136,


128

TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0713, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

2015, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Albizia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-558, TUH;

Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1704, TUH; Hirajuli B,

alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1741, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m,

on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1401, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m, on Bombax

sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari, 11-0108, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Lannea grandis,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1045, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Lannea

grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1087, TUH.

Gr. nigroglauca Leighton, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27, 174. 1869.

Thallus lirellate, lirellae erumpent, lacking thalline margin, elongate and irregularly

branched; labia striate, disc narrow, pruinose; excipulum apically carbonized, hymenium

hyaline. Ascospores 28–55×6–8 μm, with 6–9 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow–red; TLC: Norstictic acid.

Ecology: The species Gr. nigroglauca is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis in

the reserve forest at an altitude of 96 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Goa, Nagaland, and Tamil Nadu.



0856, TUH.

Gr. plumierae Vain., Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae 6 (7), 161, 1915. Plate-12

Fig. a

Thallus greyish white; lirellae elongated, irregularly branched, with lateral thalline

margin, disc narrow, pruinose. Labia entire, laterally carbonized, hymenium inspersed.


Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC: Norstictic and constictic acid (in trace)

Ecology: The species Gr. plumierae is found growing on the bark of trees such as Alstonia

scholaris, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Atlas sp., Bombax sp., Chickrassia tabularis, Coccos

nucifera, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Neolamarckia cadamba,


129

Plumeria sp., Spondias mangifera, Syzygium sp. and Terminalia chebula, in the residential

areas, river islands and tea garden at altitude between 54 to 148 m.




Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.


Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-714, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0619, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on

Coccos nucifera, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-0432, TUH; Borbhogia,

alt. 64 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1265, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar,

alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1303, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m,

on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0908, TUH;

Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0948,

TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Chickrassia tabularis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1134,

TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Terminalia chebula, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0245, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1705, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1172, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1532, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2047, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Alstonia scholaris,

24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0492c, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt.

128 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1810, TUH; Singuri B,

alt. 146 m, on Melia azedarach, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1954, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt.

148 m, on Plumeria sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1648, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on

Atlas sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1046, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on

Spondias mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2203, TUH; Ward

No.6, alt. 72 m, on Mangifera indica, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1669, TUH.

Gr. prunicola Vain., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo). 35, 73, 1921. Plate-12 Fig. b

Thallus lirellate, lirellae prominent with lateral thalline margin, elongate and

irregularly branched, disc narrow epruinose or slightly pruinose. Labia entire, excipulum


130

laterally carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores 25–32× 9–11 μm with 3–5

transverse septa.


Ecology: The speices Gr. prunicola is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp., in the




m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0716, TUH.

Gr. pyrrhocheiloides Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 2, 321, 1923. Plate-12 Fig. c

Thallus lirellate, lirellae elongate, irregularly branched, with lateral thalline margin,

disc wide, pruinose. Labia entire, excipulum laterally carbonized, hymenium not inspersed.

Ascospores 22–37 × 6–9 μm.


Ecology: The species Gr. pyrrhocheiloides is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp.,

Melia azadarach and Shorea robusta in the residential area, reserve forest and tea garden

at an altitude between 82 to 104 m.

Distribution in India: Karnataka, Maharashtra and West Bengal-hills.



Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Shorea robusta, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P.

J. Borah, 12-0857, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1783, TUH.

Gr. scripta (L.) Ach., Vetensk.-Akad. Nya Handl. (Stockholm),145, 1809. Plate-12 Fig. d

Lichen scriptus L., Sp. Pl. 1140, 1753.

Thallus greyish; lirellae elongated, irregularly to radiately branched with lateral

thalline margin, disc narrow to wide, pruinose. Labia entire, excipulum laterally

carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores 18–47×5–8 μm with 5–11 transverse

septa.

Chemistry: Thallus….TLC: no lichen substance.


131

Ecology: The species Gr. scripta is found growing on the bark of trees such as Delonix

regia, Lannea grandis and Syzygium cuminii in the residential areas, reserve forest and tea

garden at an altitude between 69 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,

Kerala,

Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.


m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1419, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on

Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0858, TUH;

Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0287, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1594, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Syzygium cuminii, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2254,

TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1955, TUH;

Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on bark, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2204, TUH;

Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2112, TUH.

Gr. sonitpurensis Nayaka, Daimari & Hoque sp. nov. Plate-12 Fig. e

Thallus whitish grey to greenish grey, ecorticated, sometimes eroded; prothallus

absent or indistinct. Lirellae emergent, crenate towards the centre of the thallus, black,

elongated, subdichotomously to irregularly branched, subdendroidically to irregularly

grouped, ends blunt to acute, thalline margin lateral to basal; disc mostly concealed,

sometimes slightly open in the centre of the thallus, pruinose, pruina slight to dense;

exciple laterally carbonized, base hyaline or brownish, labia upto 2 crenate, epihymenium

granular, brownish, hymenium clear, paraphysis simple. Asci 8 spored, ascospores hyaline,

ellipsoid, transversely 3–8 septate, locules lenticular, 12–28×4–8 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow-red, P+ yellow, C−, KC−; TLC: Norstictic acid (major),

sometimes with traces of stictic and constictic acids.

Ecology: The species Gr. sonitpurensis is found growing of the bark of trees such as

Albizia sp., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Delonix regia, Ficus religiosa, Lannea

grandis, Mangifera indica, Melia azadirach, Plumeria sp. and Syzygium cuminii in the

residential areas, tea gardens at an altitude between 64 to 146 m.



132


64 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1266, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on

Plumeria sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1006, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m,

on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0769, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m,

on Syzygium cuminii, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2255, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on

Bombax sp., 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0665, TUH;

Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1843,

TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1956, TUH;

Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Ficus religiosa, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0803, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Melia azadirach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari &

P. J. Borah, 12-2272, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Mangifera indica, 21/3/2013, R.


Gr. stenotera Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15 (6), 243, 1921. Plate-12 Fig. f

Thallus lirellate; lirellae erumpent to prominent, crenate externally, short and

sparsely branched, lacking thalline margin. Labia striate, excipulum apically carbonized,

hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores 20–40×5–7 μm with 4–5 transverse septa.


Ecology: The species Gr. stenotera is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis in the

reserve forest at an altitude of 96 m.

Distribution in India: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.



0859, TUH.

Gr. submarginata Lücking, Fieldiana Botany 46 (1), 112, 2008. Plate-13 Fig. a

Thallus lirellate, lirellae erumpent, irregularly to radiately branched, with lateral

thalline margin, disc wide, pruinose. Labia entire excipulum, laterally carbonized,

hymenium inspersed. Ascospores 21–26 × 4–6 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, TLC: no lichen substance.

Ecology: The species Gr. submarginata is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis in



133



69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0288,

TUH.

Gr. sundarbanensis Jagadeesh Ram & G. P. Sinha., Lichenologist 39 (3), 231, 2007.

Plate-13 Fig. b

Thallus greyish white; lirellae immersed in the thallus, elongate to very long,

irregularly to radiately branched, with basal to lateral thalline margin, disc wide, pruinose.

Labia entire, excipulum laterally carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores 20–

25×5–7 μm, with 6–9 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, P+ yellow: TLC: Stictic acid complex.

Ecology: The species Gr. sundarbanensis is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Albizia lucida, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Cascabela sp., Citrus maxima,

Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea, Lannea grandis and Mangifera indica in the residential

areas s at an altitude between 54 to 108 m.

Distribution in India: West Bengal (Endemic).


m, on Lannea grandis, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2137, TUH;

Arimora, alt. 54 m, on Ficus religiosa, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0561, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1449, TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1111,

TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mangifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 12-0433, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Albizia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1268, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1305, TUH; Burahgaon, alt. 66 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0909, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Lannea grandis,

16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0329, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69


12-0289, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1595,


TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2256, TUH;


134

Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0666, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Mangifera indica,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1844, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Citrus maxima,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1863, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Mangifera indica,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1088, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Cascabela sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2113, TUH.

Gr. supracola A. W. Archer, Australian Systematic Botany 14 (2), 267, 2001. Plate-13

Fig. c

Thallus grey; lirellae erumpent to immersed, short to elongate, irregularly to

radiately branched, disc narrow, white pruinose; labia entire, excipulum laterally

carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores 16–19×5-6 μm with 3–4 transverse

septa.

Chemistry: Thallus P+ yellow, TLC: Protocetraric acid

Ecology: The species Gr. supracola is found gowing on the bark of trees such as Bombax

sp., Citrus maxima, Lannea grandis, Magnolia champaca, Syzygium cuminii and

Terminalia chebula in the residential areas and reserve forest at an altitude between 76 to

118 m.



alt. 96 m, on Syzygium cuminii, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0860, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Terminalia chebula, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0246, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1559, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0290, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on

Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1623, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Citrus

maxima, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1864, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Magnolia

champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1925, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2115, TUH.

Gr. tenella Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 81, 1814. Plate-13 Fig. d


135

Thallus greyish white; lirellae erumpent, crenate externally, with lateral thalline

margin, short and sparsely branched, disc narrow, epruinose; labia striate, excipulum

laterally carbonized, hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores 15–19×4-6 μm with 3–4

transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, P−, TLC: No lichen substance

Ecology: The species Gr. tenella is found growing on the bark of trees such as Mangifera

indica and Neolamarckia cadamba in the residential areas at altitude of 70 and 84 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Manipur, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu.


alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0910, TUH;

Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Mangifera indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1089,

TUH.

Gr. cf. vittata Müll. Arg., Flora 65, 335, 1882.

Thallus lirellae erumpent, elongated, sparsely to irregularly branched with lateral

thalline margin, disc epruinose, labia striate, excipulum apically carbonized, hymenium

hyaline. Ascospores 25–35×6–8 μm. Septation.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, TLC: Stictic acid

Ecology: The species Gr. cf. vittata is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the

river island at an altitude of 55 m.

Distribution in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Sikkim and E.

Himalayan region.



TUH.

Gr. xanthospora Müll. Arg., Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 3, 320, 1895. Plate-13 Fig. e

Thallus white, corticated; lirellae immersed, elongate, irregularly branched with

apically thin thalline margin, disc narrow, pruinose. Labia entire, apically carbonized,

hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores 22–24×8–9 μm with 4-6 transverse septa.

Chemistry: TLC: No lichen substance


136

Ecology: The species Gr. xanthospora is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Artocarpus heterophyllus, Lannea grandis, Plumeria sp. and Pysoxylum procerum in the

residential areas at an altitude between 63 to 128 m.



alt.70 m, on bark, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0911, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt.

64 m, on Pysoxylum procerum, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0330, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2018,

TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1596,

TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary &

P. Borah, 12-0498, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1845, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Lannea grandis,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1865, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1811a, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on


Heterodermia Trevis. em. Poelt (Family: Physiaceae)

Thallus corticolous or saxicolous, foliose, adnate, suberect, rosulate to pendulose;

lobes dichotomously or irregularly branched, heteromerous, corticated on both sides or

only on the upper part, rhizines develop from corticated areas. Photobiont is a green alga.

Apothecia laminal, sessile to pedicellate, lecanorine. Asci-8 spored. Ascospores 2-celled,

thick walled, brown. Atranorin always present in upper cortex.

H. diademata (Taylor) D. D. Awasthi, Geophytology 3, 113, 1973. Plate-13 Fig. f

Parmelia diademata Taylor, London J. Bot. 6, 165, 1847.

Thallus branched; lobes linear upto 2.5 mm wide, corticated on both sides, upper

side grey to grey-white, isidia and soredia absent; lower side pale brown to concolorous,

sparse rhizines present. Apothecia absent.

Chemistry: Medulla K+ yellow, C−, P+ pale yellow or P−; TLC: Zeorin present

Ecology: The species H. diademata is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp., in the



137

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,

Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland,

Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu- Uttarakhand and West Bengal.


National Park, alt. 85 m on Bombax sp., 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S.

Handique, P. Deka and K. Hussain, 10-0085, TUH.

Hyperphyscia Müll. Arg. (Family: Physciaceae)

Thallus corticolous, foliose, grey-brown, adnate closely; lobes small and narrow,

lower side often agglutinated to substratum, rhizines absent or short when present. Thallus

heteromerous, corticated on both sides, upper cortex paraplectenchymatous; photobiont a

green alga, Trebouxia-type; medulla of loose hyphae, lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous.

Apothecia not found.

H. adglutinata (Flörke) Mayerh. & Poelt, Herzogia 5, 62, 1979.

Lecanora aduglutinata Florke, Deutschl. Lich. Gessam. Anmerk. 4, Lief Rostoch. 7, 1819.

Thallus lobes 2 mm wide, soralia maculiform, capitates or globose, soredia laminal;

medulla white. Apothecia and pycnidia not found.

Chemistry: Colour test and TLC not done

Ecology: The species H. adglutinata is found growing on the bark of Areca catechu, in the


Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand.


69 m, on Areca catechu, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0292,

TUH.

Lecanora Ach. (Family: Lecanoraceae)

Thallus corticolous, crustose to effigurate or squamulose, photobiont a green algae,

Trebouxia, apothecia-lecanorine, amphithecium with or without crystals of Ca-oxalate.

Ascospores simple and hyaline,

L. achroa Nyl. in Cromb. J. Bot. 14, 263, 1876. Plate-14 Fig. a


138

Thallus crustose, grey to greenish grey, smooth to slightly verruculose. Apothecia

epruinose to slightly pruinose, margin smooth to verruculose, concolorous to the thallus;

epihymenium yellowish brown, pigments dissolving in K, hymenium and hypothecium

hyaline, amphithecium with large crystals; paraphysis sparingly branched with swollen

apical cells. Ascus clavate, 8-spores ascospores, ellipsoidal, 9–16×6–8 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ Yellow, C−, P+ yellow; TLC: Atranorin, Perlatolic and Usnic

acids.

Ecology: The species L. achroa is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp., Artocarpus

heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Cedrela toona, Coccos nucifera, Delonix sp., Dillenia indica,

Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica, Melia azadarach, Michelia mannii, Plumieria sp.,

Spondias mangifera, Syzygium sp. and Talauma phellocarpa in the residential areas,

reserve forest, river island and tea gardens at an altitude between 54 to 104 m.

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh.




P. J. Borah, 12-0383, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 20/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0719, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on


Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Cedrela toona, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1450, TUH; Beseria, alt.

62 m, on Syzygium sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0621,

TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mangifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 12-0435, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R.

Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0949, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma phellocarpa,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1135, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Delonix sp., 16/2/2012,

R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0331, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on

Bombax sp., 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0247, TUH;

Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1007,

TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1565, TUH;

Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Plumieria sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0770,

TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary &

P. J. Borah, 12-0293, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari,


139

13-1706, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1597, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1173, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1624, TUH; No. 1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on Dillenia indica, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &K. D.

Mosahary, 13-2172, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

2048, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1784,

TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0668, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis,

24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0505, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt.

128 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1806b, TUH; Solagaon,

alt. 74 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0804,

TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-

1090, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.


L. argentata (Ach.) Degel., Ark. Bot. 24 A 78, 1931. Plate-14 Fig. b

Parmelia subfusca f. argentata Ach., Meth. Lich. 169, 1803.

Thallus crustose, smooth to verruculose, whitish grey to yellowish grey. Apothecia

sessile, constricted at base; disc pale brown to dark brown, epruinose, margin entire to

crenulate, concolorous with the thallus; epihymenium reddish brown, pigments not

dissolving in K, hymenium and hypothecium hyaline, amphithecium with large crystals;

paraphyses sparingly branched apically, apical cell slightly swollen, reddish brown

pigmented. Asci 8 spored Ascospore ellipsoidal, 7–12×6–8 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, C−, KC−, PD−; TLC: Atranorin and gangleodin.

Ecology: The species L. argentata is found growing on the bark of Coccos nucifera in the


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,

Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Uttarakhand and West Bengal-plains.


70 m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0671,

TUH.


140

L. sp. Plate-14 Fig. c

Thallus crustose, verrucose to verruculose, greyish to yellowish grey, epruinose;

apothecia sessile, subimmersed to constricted at base, disc yellowish orange to brown,

slightly pruinose; margin entire, concolours with the thallus; epihymenium yellowish

brown, pigmentation dissolving in K, hymenium and hypothecium hyaline, amphithecium

with large crystals, paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, apical cell not or slightly

swollen, often with brown pigments.Asci clavates 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 9–11 x

5–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus and apothecial margin K+ yellow, C–, KC–, PD+ pale yellow; TLC:

Atranorin.

Ecology: The species L. sp. is found growing on the bark of Albizia lucida, Artocarpus

heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Cedrus sp., Delonix regia, Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis,

Mangifera indica, Melia azadarach, Neolamarckia cadamba and Spondias mangifera in

the residential areas and tea gardens at altitude between 62 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Bindukuri, alt.

75 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1482, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on

Albizia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1269, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on


Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1307, TUH; Dhekiajuli,

alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1561, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on

Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1509, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on

Spondias mangifera, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2151, TUH; Industry,

alt. 82 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1598, TUH; No. 1

Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1174, TUH;


Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1402, TUH; Panbari,

alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1786, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75

m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2257, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on

Lannea grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1866, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1813, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m,


141

on Cedrus sp., 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1897, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on

Mangifera indica, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1927, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on

Delonix regia, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1650, TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m, on Delonix

regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1957, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Bombax

sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1218, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias mangifera,

30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2206, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on

Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1228, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m,

on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2116, TUH.

L. helva Stizenb., Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1888/1889, 218, 1890.

Plate-14 Fig. d

Thallus crustose, thin to thick, smooth to verruculose, yellowish white to yellowish

green. Apothecia numerous, crowded, immersed when immature later become sessile, disc

pale brown, epruinose or slightly pruinose; margin thin, entire, concolorous with the

thallus; epihymenium pale yellowish to brown pigment dissolving in K, hymenium and

hypothecium hyaline, amphithecium with large crystals, paraphyses sparingly branched,

apical cell not or slightly swollen. Asci 8 spored. Ascopore ellipsoidal, 8–10x4–5 µm.

Chemistry: Thallus and apothecial margin K+ yellow, C–, KC–, PD+ pale yellow to

orange, ; TLC: Atranorin & Perlatolic acid.

Ecology: The species L. helva is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Areca catechu, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha, Bombax sp., Coccos

nucifera, Delonix regia, Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea, Lannea grandis, Mangifera

indica, Melia azadarach, Michelia mannii, Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria sp.,

Spondias Mangifera and Talauma phellocarpa in the residential areas, National Park, river

islands, reserve forest and tea gardens at altitude between 54 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,

Maharastra and Tamil Nadu



TUH; Bahbari, alt. 68 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1420, TUH; Bali

Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,


142

12-0388, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.

D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0864, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Lannea grandis,

1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1451, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0625, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on

Mangifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-0440, TUH; No. 2


Mosahary, 13-1356, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Artocarpus lakoocha, 23/3/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1981, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R.



alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0953, TUH;

Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1138, TUH; Da-

Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Delonix regia, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0334, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

2019, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Albizia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1560, TUH;

Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Plumeria sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0773,

TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1599, TUH; No. 1

Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1176, TUH; Missamari,

alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1535, TUH; Mitham

Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1625, TUH; Murhadol,

alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1403, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt.

95 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari &K. D. Mosahary, 13-2173, TUH; Nameri


Handique, K. Hussain & P. Deka, 10-0081, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia

azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1788, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on bark,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2259, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Coccos nucifera,

18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0672, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m,

on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2083, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea

grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0506, TUH; Singuri B,

alt. 146 m, on Melia azadarach, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1960, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74

m, on bark, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0807, TUH;

Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1047,


143

TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Areca catechu, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-

1091, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.


L. leprosa Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. 118, 1824. Plate-14 Fig. e

Thallus crustose, smooth to dispersed verrucose, yellowish grey to greenish grey.

Apothecia numerous, immersed when immature later become sessile; disc yellowish brown

to pale orange, epruinose to slightly pruinose; margin entire to crenulate, concolorous with

the thallus; epihymenium pale yellow, pigments dissolving in K, hymenium hyaline,

hypothecium hyaline or yellowish, amphithecium with large crystals, paraphyses sparingly

branched, apical cell swollen. Asci-8 spored. Ascospore narrow to oval ellipsoidal, 10–

12x4–6 µm.

Chemistry: Thallus and apothecial margin K+ yellow, C–, KC–, PD+ yellow; TLC:

Atranorin and gangleodin.

Ecology: The species L. leprosa is found growing on the bark of trees auch as Artocarpus

heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Gmelina arborea and Magnolia champaca in the residential

areas at altitude between 48 to 128 m.

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil

Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Borghat, alt. 61

m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1982, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1814, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118

m, on Magnolia champaca, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1930, TUH; Sundara Panigaon,

alt. 78 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1221, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 48 m, on

Gmelina arborea, 5/8/2009, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 09-0008, TUH.

L. perplexa Brodo, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79, 148–150, 1984.

Thallus crustose, rough, granular to slightly verrucose, whitish grey to greenish

grey. Apothecia sparse to numerous, crowded when numerous, sessile, constricted at the

base; disc reddish brown to dark brown, epruinose, shining; margin thick, entire,

concolours with the thallus, epihymenium pale yellow to red brown, pigments not

dissolving in K, hymenium and hypothecium hyaline, amphithecium with large crystals;


144

paraphyses sparingly branched, apical cell swollen, hyaline. Asci 8 spored. Ascospore

ellipsoidal, 12–14x6–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus and apothecia margin K+ yellow, C–, KC–, PD+ pale yellow; TLC:

Atranorin and zeorin.

Ecology: The species L. perplexa is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala,

Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.



Handique, K. Hussain & P. Deka, 10-0082, TUH.

L. saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 5, 536, 1928. Plate-14 Fig. f

Lichen salignus Schrad., Spic. Fl. Germ. 1, 84, 1794.

Thallus crustose, dispersed to verrucose, yellowish grey to greenish grey.

Apothecia frequent, sessile, constricted at base; disc pale brown to red brown, slightly

pruinose or epruinose when young; margin prominent, smooth to verrucose, entire to

flexuose, concolours with thallus; epihymenium pale brown to reddish brown, granular,

with small crystals, pigmentation dissolving in K, hymenium and hypothecium hyaline;

paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, apical cell swollen, hyaline. Asci clavate 8-

spored. Ascospore ellipsoidal, 5–11x5–6 µm.

Chemistry: Thallus and apothecial margin K–, C–, KC–, PD–; TLC: usnic acid.

Ecology: The species L. saligna is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.

Neolamarckia cadamba and Plumeria sp. in the residential areas at an altitude between 62

to 83 m.

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh and W. Bengal.



Mosahary, 13-1357, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Albizia sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari,

13-2020, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2051, TUH.

L. tropica Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 5, 589, 1928. Plate-15 Fig. a


145

Lecanora subfusca var. subcrenulata Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 5, 7: 310 (1867).

Thallus crustose, rough, verrucose to verruculose, whitish grey to yellowish grey.

Apothecia numerous, crowded, sessile, disc pale to dark red-brown, epruinose, margin

thick, verrucose to verruculose, concolorous with the thallus; epihymenium reddish brown,

pigment dissolving in K, amphithecium with large and small crystals, hymenium and

hypothecium hyaline, paraphyses sparingly branched, apical cell ± swollen, hyaline. Asci

clavat 8 spored. Ascospore ellipsoidal, 8–15x5–8 µm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+yellow, P+pale yellow, TLC: Atranorin & Zeorin

Ecology: The species L. tropica is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp., Ficus

religiosa and Lannea grandis in the residential areas at altitude between 63 to 131 m.

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Sikkim

Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, W. Bengal-plains.


84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0954, TUH; No. 2

Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1311, TUH; No. 2

Murikhuti, alt. 131 m, on Ficus religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-

1331, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.


Malmidea Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (Family: Malmideaceae)

Thallus corticolous or foliicolous, crustose, smooth to verrucose, granulose or

pustulate, grey; photobiont a green algae, Chlorococcoid; apothecia sessile ± rounded;

hymenium I+ blue, hypothecium hylaline or brown to dark brown, paraphysis simple or

sparsely branched. Asci elongate-clavate 4-8 spored, Ascospores ellipsoid to oblong,

hyaline simple.

Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, Biblioth. Lichenol. 106, 165,

2011 Plate-15 Fig. e

Lecanora granifera Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 164, 1814.

Thallus slightly verrucose, greyish yellow; apothecia sessile, constricted at the

base, round to irregular, margin thick, smooth to verrucose, concolorous with the thallus,

disc plane to convex, slightly pruinose; Epihymenium brown, hypothecium brown


146

continuous with parathecium, Paraphysis branched with apical cells swollen and

pigmented. Asci 8 spored, Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, simple, 11–18×5–13 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, C−, KC−, P+ yellowish; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species L. granifera is found growing on the bark of Plumeria sp. in the


Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh,

Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and W. Bengal.


81 m, on Plumeria sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1008, TUH.

Leptogium (Ach.) Gray (Family: Collemataceae)

Thallus corticolous saxicolous, foliose; upper side lead-grey, greenish brown, olive

grey to black, smooth to wrinkled, with or without isidia, soredia absent; lower side

concolorous to upper side or paler, smooth or wrinkled, with or without tufts of hyphal

hairs or densely tomentose. Thallus corticated on both sides by isodiametric cells in a

single layer, homoiomerous between cortices, photobiont a green alga, Nostoc; Apothecia

sessile, pedicellate, lecanorine, disc orange-red, red-brown to black, epithecium yellow-

brown, hypothecium hyaline, hymenium I+ blue. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline,

acicular, transversely septate or muriform and ellipsoid-fusiform. Pycnoconidia short and

straight. Lichen substance usually absent.

L. millegranum Sierk, Bryologist 67, 290, 1964. Plate-15 Fig. b

Thallus adnate, upto 3 cm across; lobes orbicular, anastomosing, 4 mm wide, upper

side olive-grey, strongly longitudinally wrinkled; isidia marginal, globular to cylindrical;

lower side wrinkled, etomentose. Apothecia absent.

Chemistry: Colour spot test and TLC not done.

Ecology: The species L. millegranum is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp., in the

National Park at an altitude 85 m.

Distribution in India: Manipur and Tamil Nadu.





147

L. phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 3, 10, 134, 1848. Plate-15 Fig. c

Collema phyllocarpum Pers. in Gaudich., Voy. Uraine 204, 1827.

Thallus loosely adnate, upto 4 cm across; lobes rotund to elongate, anastomosing,

2–3 mm wide; upper side dark grey to lead grey, longitudinally wrinkled, isidia absent;

lower side paler, wrinkled etomentose. Apothecia present.

Chemistry: Colour spot test and TLC not done.

Ecology: The species L. phyllocarpum is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp., in the

National Park at an altitude 85 m.

Distribution in India: Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu.




Letrouitia Hafellner & Bellem (Family: Letrouitiaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, pale-yellow to greenish-yellow, sometimes isidiate,

photobiont, a green alga; apothecia sessile with yellow-orange to orange or brownish disc

and a prominent pale orange margin lighter than the disc; paraphysis slightly branched and

anastomosing. Asci 1–8 spored, ascospores hyaline, transversely septate with lenticular

locules or muriform to submuriform.

Letrouitia transgressa (Malme) Haf. & Bellem. Nova Hedwigia 35, 710, 1983. Plate-15

Fig. d

Bombyliospora domingensis f. transgressa Malme, Ark. Bot. 18 (12), 5, 1923.

Thallus greenish yellow. Apothecial margin yellow orange, dis brown. Asci 4

spored. Ascospores submuriform with 5–11 transverse septa and 1–4 vertical septa, 23–

58×10–21μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ violet-purple, apothecia K+ purple; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species Letrouitia transgressa is found growing on the bark of Streblus

asper in the residential areas at an altitude of 80 m.

Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, E. Himalaya, Karnataka,

Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh and W. Bengal-hills.


148

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Deurigaon, alt.

80 m, on Streblus asper, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0249,

TUH.

Ochrolechia A. Massal. (Family: Pertusariaceae)

Thallus corticolous, crustose, often verrucose, corticolous, terricolous or

saxicolous, ; often densely covered with soft, branched, coralloid, cylindrical isidia or

breaking down into granular soralia, photobion, a protoccocoid green alga. Apothecia

rarely present, round, adnate to sessile, lecanorine, thick margined, paraphysis branched

and compact. Asci 2–8 spored, ascospores hyaline, large and simple.

O. subpallescens Vers., Beih. Nova Hedwigia 1, 118, 1962.

Thallus ashy-white and granular, lacking isidia or soredia. Apothecia sessile, disc

pale yellow, margin thick ascospores 30–60× 22–30 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus C+ red to rose-red, KC+ red, apothecia C+ red. TLC: Gyrophoric acid

present

Ecology: The species O. subpallescens is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis in


Distribution in India: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Puthimari, alt.

63 m, on Lannea grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0507,

TUH.

O. subviridis (Hoeg) Erichsen, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 72: 3. 1930. Plate-

15 Fig. f

Pertusaria subviridis Hoeg, Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 61: 150. 1924.

Thallus smooth to granular or warted, densely covered with soft, granular,

branched, coralloid cylindrical isidia, breaking into soralia in the centre. Apothecia absent.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C+red, KC+red, Pd−; TLC: Gyrophoric acid present.

Ecology: The species O. subviridis is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis in the



149

Distribution in India: Karnataka.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Bogabheel, alt.


Opegrapha Ach. (Family: Roccellaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous rarely follicolous; photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia or

Phycopeltis; apothecia sessile, round to elongate, disc narrow or widened; excipuloid tissue

black-carbonaceous, paraphysis branched and anastomosing. Asci bitunicate, 8-spored.

Ascospores hyaline, dark later, ellipsoid to elongate, straight or curved, transversely 1–17

septate.

O. dimidiata Müll. Arg. Flora 65, 322, 1882. Plate-16 Fig. a

Thallus whitish grey; ascocarp sessile, emergent, lirellate, disc narrow; labia entire,

laterally carbonized, hymenium inspersed with oil globules. Ascospore hyaline, 15–21× 4–

5 μm, 5 septate.

Chemistry: Colour test not done; TLC: no lichen substance.

Ecology: The species O. dimidiata is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Bombax sp., Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis, Plumeria sp. and Tectona grandis in the

residential areas and tea garden at altitude between 62 to 112 m.

Distribution in India: Jammu & Kashmir.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Bogabheel, alt.

81 m, on Ficus religiosa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1112, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63

m, on Plumeria sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1312, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on

Tectona grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1009, TUH; Monmohon, alt.

112 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1758, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on

Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2052, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Lannea

grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2084, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp.,

24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0508, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on


O. microspora Müll. Arg., Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 11, 467, 1882. Plate-16 Fig. b


150

Thallus smooth, pale brown; ascocarp sessile, emergent, lirellate, disc narrow,

numerous, white pruinose; labia entire, completely carbonized; hymenium not inspersed

with oil globules, hypothecium absent, epihymenium dark brown. Ascospore 12–15× 3–4

μm, 3–4 septate.

Chemistry: Colour test not done; TLC: no lichen substance

Ecology: The species O. microspora is found growing on the bark of Albizia lucida,

Artocarpus lakoocha and Delonix regia in the residential areas at altitude between 64 to 80

m.



64 m, on Albizia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1270, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on

Delonix regia, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0335, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Artocarpus lakoocha, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary &

P. J. Borah, 12-0251, TUH.

O. simplicior (Nyl.) Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér. 22, 94, 1868. Plate-16 Fig. c

Opegrapha atra f. simplicior Nyl., 1861.

Thallus greyish white, smooth, ascocarp sessile, rarely in group, semi emerged to

emergent, lirellate, lirellae short to long, disc narrow, evenly distributed in the thallus;

labia entire, completely carbonized, hymenium not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospore

simple 12–15× 3–4 μm, 3–4 septate.


Ecology: The species O. simplicior is found growing on the bark of Bauhinia sp. and

Oroxylum indicum in the residential areas and tea garden at an altitude of 73 and 75 m.


Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Hirajuli B, alt.

73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1742, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on

Oroxylum indicum, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2260, TUH.

O. varia Pers., Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 1, 30, 1794. Plate-16 Fig. d


151

Thallus brown, verrucose, lirellae short, simple to variously branched, emergent,

disc-wide epruinose; hymenium hyaline, exciple laterally carbonized with striations in the

older lirellae. Ascospores 17–24×4–6 μm, with 4–5 transverse septa.


Ecology: The species O. varia is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp. and Lannea

grandis in the residential areas and tea garden at an altitude between 80 and 112 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Kerala and West Bengal –plains.


80 m, on bark, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0252, TUH;

Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1760, TUH; Sonaipam,

alt. 84 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1092, TUH.

Parmotrema A. Massal. (Family: Parmeliaceae)

Thallus corticolous or saxicolous, foliose, loosely attached to the substratum, lobes

large, apically rotund, marginal, simple or branched, cilia present or absent; upper side

pale-grey to grey-green, with or without white-maculae, isidia and soredia; lower side

brown to black, rhizines simple or branched, mostly in the central part. Photobiont a green

alga, Trebouxia; medulla white or pigmented. Apothecia laminal, lacanorine, pedicellate,

disc brown, entire or perforate; epithecium brownish, hypothecium and hymenium hyaline,

I+ blue. Asci 8-spored, Ascospores hyaline, simple, ellipsoid, thick walled. Pycnidia

laminal, pycnoconidia sublageniform, filiform or baciliform.

P. mesotropum (Müll. Arg.) Hale, Phytologia 28, 337, 1974. Plate-16 Fig. e

Parmelia mesotropa Müll. Arg., Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 10, 55, 1888.

Thallus adnate, upto 6 cm across; lobes upto 5 mm wide, eciliate, upper side of the

lobe grey, emaculate, cracked in older parts, soredia or isidia absent; lower side centrally

black, narrow zone along the margin brown, nude; medulla white; apothecia absent.

Chemistry: Medulla P−, K−, C−, KC−; TLC: Caperatic acid present.

Ecology: The species P. mesotropum is found growing on the bark of Mangifera indica in

the residential area at an altitude of 72 m.


152

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya

Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Ward No. 6, alt.

72 m, on Mangifera indica, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1671, TUH.

P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale, Phytologia 28, 338, 1974. Plate-16 Fig. f

Parmelia praesorediosa Nyl., Sert. Lich. Trop. 18, 1891

Thallus adnate, upto 10 cm across; lobes 5-8 mm wide, eciliate, upper side grey to

darker, emaculate; soralia usually marginal, linear, crescent-shaped, soredia granular;

lower side centrally black, narrow marginal zone lighter tan, nude; medulla white,

apothecia absent.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C−, KC−, P−; TLC: Fatty acids present.

Ecology: The species P. praesorediosum is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Cocos nucifera, Delonix regia, Eucalyptus sp., Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea,

Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Mussaenda sp., Neolamarckia cadamba and Plumeria

sp. in the residential areas, road sides and reserve forest at an altitude between 63 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,

Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagalnd, Orissa, Rajasthan,

Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.


alt. 96 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0866, TUH;

No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Coccos nucifera, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 13-1358, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Plumeria sp., 26/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1316, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012,

R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0915, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Mangifera indica,

15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0253, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1011, TUH; Halem T.E., Singuri A,

alt. 135 m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1901, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148

m, on Eucalyptus sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1651, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Ficus

religiosa, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0810, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on

Melia azedarach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari, 12-1093, TUH; Tezpur, alt. on Mussaenda sp.,

14/4/2009, R. Daimari & K. Hussain, 09-0004, TUH.


153

P. saccatilobum (Taylor) Hale, Phytologia 28, 339, 1974. Plate-17 Fig. a

Parmelia saccatiloba Taylor in Hook. f., London J. Bot. 6, 174, 1847

Thallus upto 10 cm across, lobes 5–10 mm wide, eciliate; upper side grey,

emaculate, cracked at the centre; isidia granular or filiform, simple rarely branched; lower

side centrally black, marginal zone brown, nude; medulla white, apothecia absent.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C−, KC+ reddish, P+ red; TLC: Protocetraric acid present.

Ecology: The species P. saccatilobum is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Albizia sp., Amoora rohituka, Areca catechu, Bombax sp., Chickrassia tabularis,

Eucalyptus sp., Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea, ‘Horua’, Lannea grandis, Mangifera

indica, Melia azedarach, Mussaenda sp., Neolamarckia cadamba, Oroxylum indicum,

Talauma phellocarpa, Zizyphus mauritiana in the residential areas, reserve forest, road

sides and tea gardens at an altitude between 60 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra,

Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal plains.


m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1424, TUH; Bali Chapari, alt. 55 m, on


Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah,

12-0726, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0867, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Bombax sp., 1/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1452, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0629, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Lannea grandis,

26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1271, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on Coccos nucifera,

29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1359, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on

bark, Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1313, TUH; Burahgaon A, alt. 66 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0916,

TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J.

Borah, 12-0918, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P.

Borah, 12-0955, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Chickrassia tabularis, 25/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1140, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Melia azedarach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari

& P. Borah, 12-1012, TUH; Halem T. E., alt. on , 14/11/2010, R. Daimari & K.D.


154

Mosahary, 10-0049a, 10-0050, TUH; Harchura, alt. 107 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R.

Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-774, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012,

R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0295, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia

sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1707, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp.,

20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1743, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on Zizyphus mauritiana,

29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2153, TUH; Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m, on

Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2289, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on

Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1177, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on Ficus

religiosa 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2176, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m,

on Oroxylum indicum, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2261, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on

Albizia sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2085, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Amoora

rohituka, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Eucalyptus sp.,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1652, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on ‘Mangifera indica,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0811, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m,

on Oroxylum indicum, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1094, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74

m, on Mangifera indica, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-2210, TUH;

Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 13-1230,

TUH.

P. tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale, Phytologia 28, 339, 1974. Plate-17 Fig. b

Parmelia tinctoria Despr. ex Nyl., Flora 55, 547, 1872

Thallus lobes 10−20 mm wide, eciliate, upper side grey to darker, emaculate; isidia

granular to filiform, becoming coralloid, rarely flattened; lower side centrally black, wide

marginal zone tan to brown, nude; medulla white, apothecia absent.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C+ red, KC+ red, P−; TLC: Lecanoric acid, traces of orsollinic

acid.

Ecology: The species P. tinctorum is found growing on the bark of trees such as Areca

catechu, Bombax sp., Chickrassia tabularis and Mussaenda sp. in the residential areas,

National Park and tea gardens at an altitude between 75 to 84 m.

Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh,

Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,


155

Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu,

Uttarakhand and West Bengal.


alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0920, TUH;

Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Chickrassia tabularis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1143, TUH;

Halem T. E., alt. on , 14//11/2010, R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 10-0049a, TUH;

Nameri National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp., 15/10/2011, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary, S. Handique, K. Hussain, P. Deka, 11-0199, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on

Amoora rohituka, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1867, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Areca

catechu, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1096, TUH; Tezpur, alt. on Mussaenda

sp., 16/8/2009, R. Daimari & K. Hussain, 09-0028, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on

Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-1232, TUH.

Pertusaria DC. (Family: Pertusariaceae)

Thallus corticolous, crustose, smooth, granular or verrucose, fissured or areolate,

corticolous. Photobiont, a green alga, Trebouxia. Apothecia generally elevated and innate

in fertile verrucae, single or in group in each verrucae, disc wide, lecanorine, or small,

punctiform with ostiole. Exciple weakly developed. Paraphysis branched and

anastomosing. Asci thick walled, 1–8 spored, ascospores hyaline, generally large, oval

ellipsoid, thick walled, single, double to triple layered.

P. albescens var. albescens (Huds.) Choisy & Wern. in Wern., Cavanillesia 5, 165,

1932.

Lichen albescens Huds. Fl. Angl., ed. 1, 445, 1762

Thallus grey to dark grey; sorediate, apothecia present in verucae later turning into

soredia, verucae constricted at base. Asci 1–spored, ascospores single walled 119-298×43-

112 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, P−, C−, KC−; TLC: no lichen substances.

Ecology: The species P. albescens is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the

roadsides at an altitude of 73 m.

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka and Uttarakhand.


156

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Sirajuli, alt. 73

m, on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari, 11-0110, TUH.

P. alpina Hepp. Pertus. Contr. 12, 1860. Plate-17 Fig. c

Thallus greyish brown, cracked; fertile verrucae with upto 4 brown ostioles.

Ascospores 8 per ascus, 52–84× 23-36 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ pale yellow, P+ yellow-orange; TLC: Stictic acid complex.

Ecology: The species P. alpina is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp. in the


Distribution in India: Manipur, Nagaland and West Bengal –hills.


87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1710, TUH.

P. pertusella Müll. Arg., Flora 67, 283, 1884. Plate-17 Fig. d

Thallus greenish grey; apothecia in fertile hemispherical verucae, slightly depressed

at the apex, ostioles with brown rim and upto 8 in each verruca. Asci 2–4 spored,

ascospores 96– 114× 36–39 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow-orange, P+ orange; TLC: Stictic acid complex

Ecology: The species P. pertusella is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp. in the tea

garden at an altitude of 112 m.

Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, N. W.

Himalayas, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur and Nagaland.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Monmohon, alt.


Phaeographis Müll. Arg. (Family: Graphidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous; photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia, apothecia

lirellate rarely oblong, immersed or emergent, simple or branched, disc narrow to wide.

Exciple carbonized or weakly carbonized or uncarbonized, labia poorly developed. Asci 8

spored, Ascospores brown, with 3–15 transverse septation or muriform, I+ red brown or

brown violet.


157

P. submaculata Zahlbr. Ann. Mycol. 30, 433, 1932. Plate-17 Fig. e

Thallus greyish brown with white maculae; apothecia lirellate, lirellae short to long,

variously branched, disc wide, pruinose; exciple entire, brown to black. Ascospores oblong

to ellipsoid with 3–6 transverse septation.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red, P+ orange; TLC: Norstictic acid

Ecology: The species P. submaculata is found growing on the bark of Neolamarckia

cadamba in the residential areas at an altitude of 64 m.

Distribution in India: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.


Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1178, TUH.

Phaeophyscia Moberg (Family: Physciaceae)

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely adnate; lobes radiating, sometimes fruticose,

upper side greenish brown to brown; lower side brown to black; rhizines present,

projecting beyond the lobes; photobiont a green alga, Trebouxia-type; medulla white;

apothecia laminal, lecanorine, mostly rhizinate at base, disc brown to black, hymenium and

hypothecium hyaline, paraphysis apically thick. Asci 8 spored, ascospores brown, 2-celled;

pycnidia laminal, pycnoconidia ellipsoid, less than 4 μm long. Atranorin absent in cortex.

P. hispidula (Ach.) Moberg, Bot. Not. 131, 260, 1978. Plate-17 Fig. f

Parmelia hispidula Ach., Lichenogr. Universalis 468, 1810.

Thallus upto 8 cm across, lobes 2–5 mm wide, with rounded apices, upper side

grey-brown; soralia laminal, capitate, often upto margin, rarely granular; lower side black,

rhizines black, projecting beyond the lobes; medulla white. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Colour test not done; TLC: No lichen substance present.

Ecology: The species P. hispidula is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax

sp. and Lannea grandis in the residential areas and National Park at an altitude of 75 and

85 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and

Uttarakhand.


158


National Park, alt. 85 m on Bombax sp., 28/11/2010, R Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S.

Handique, P. Deka, K. Hussain, 10-0086, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Lannea grandis,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-1233, TUH.

P. pyrrhophora (Poelt) D. D. Awasthi & M. Joshi, Indian J. Mycol. Res. 16 (2), 278,

1978. Plate-18 Fig. a

Physcia pyrrhophora Poelt, Khumbu Himal 6 (2), 84, 1974.

Thallus upto 10 cm across, lobes 2–5 mm wide, upper side greenish grey to brown,

lacking isidia and soredia; lower side black, densely rhizinate; medulla yellowish in upper

part, orange-red in lower part. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K+ red-violet; TLC: Skyrin present.

Ecology: The species P. pyrrhophora is found growing on the bark of tree Bombax sp., in

the National Park at an altitude 85 m.

Distribution in India: Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur,

Nagaland, Sikkim and Uttarakhand.



Handique, P. Deka, K. Hussain, 10-0087, TUH.

Physcia (Schreb.) Mich. (Family: Physciaceae)

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely attached to the substratum; lobes radiating,

upper side pale grey to darker, with or without isidia or soredia; lower side pale brown to

black, with concolorous rhizines; medulla white; photobiont a green alga Trebouxia-type;

apothecia laminal, lecanorine, disc brown to black; hymenium and hypothecium hyaline,

paraphyses branched, brown at apices. Asci 8 spored, ascospores brown, 2-celled,

ellipsoid; pycnidia laminal, pycnoconidia subcylindrical, 4–6 μm. Atranorin present in

upper cortex.


159

P. crispa Nyl., Syn. Meth., Lich. 1(2), 432, 1860. Plate-18 Fig. b

Thallus upto 3 cm across; lobes 1 mm wide, crenulate, with small protrusions

becoming isidia-like and breaking into soredia, upper side grey to bluish grey; lower side

whitish, rhizines pale, lower cortex paraplectenchymatous. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K−; TLC: not done.

Ecology: The species P. crispa is found growing on the bark of trees such as Artocarpus

lakoocha, Bombax sp., Delonix regia, Lannea grandis and Mangifera indica in the

residential areas and tea garden at an altitude between 63 to 117 m.

Distribution in India: Uttarakhand.



Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Artocarpus lakoocha, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary &

P. Borah, 12-0254, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Delonix regia, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0509, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m, on Bombax sp., 15/01/11,

R. Daimari & K.D. Mosahary, 11-0113, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Mangifera

indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1048, TUH.

P. tribacoides Nyl., Flora 57, 307, 1874. Plate-18 Fig. c

Thallus upto 5 cm across; lobes 3 –10 mm wide, lobulate to crenate at tips; upper

side grey, pruinose, soralia marginal, later expanded; lower side grey, lower cortex

paraplectenchymatous, thick walled. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K+ yellow; TLC: Zeorin and unidentified substance present

Ecology: The species P. tribacoides is found growing on the bark of trees suh as Albizia

sp., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha, Bauhinia sp., Bombax sp., Cedrela

toona, Mangifera indica, Neolamarckia cadamba and ‘Som kothal’, in the residential areas

and roadsides at altitude between 61 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu.


m, on Bombax sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1453, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on

Mangifera indica, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1486, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on

Artocarpus lakoocha, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1983, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on


160

Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1566, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, ‘Som kothal’, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1179, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1537, TUH; No. 2 Murikhuti, alt. 131

m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1332, TUH; New Sirajuli,

alt. 148 m, on Bauhinia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1653, TUH; Ward No.6, alt. 72 m,

on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1673, TUH.

Porina Ach. (Family: Porinaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, foliicolous rarely saxicolous; photobiont a green alga,

Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis; ascocarp perithecia, solitary, completely covered by the

thalline cover, ostiole-hyaline or dark, semiglobose to globular, erect and punctiform;

peridium wall not differentiated, paraphysis simple and free. Asci 6–8 spored, ascospores

hyaline, elongate, spindle shape, fusiform or needle shaped with 1–many transverse septa.

Porina interestes (Nyl.) Harm.

Thallus greyish yellow, smooth to rugulose; perithecia dark brown, ostiole

yellowish black. Ascospores 28–42×3–5 μm with 7 transverse septations.


Ecology: The species Porina interestes is found growing on the bark of Murraya koenigii


Distribution in India: Andaman Islands.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Da-Parbatia,

alt. 64 m, on Murraya koenigii, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0336, TUH.

Porina internigrans (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Rep. Australas. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1895, 452,

1895. Plate-18 Fig. d

Verrucaria mastoidea var. internigrans Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 2, 2: 123.

1868.

Thallus greyish yellow smooth shiny, perithecia brownish black. Ascospores 48–

62×5–18 μm with 8–10 transverse septa.


161


Ecology: The species Porina internigrans is found growing on the bark of Streblus asper


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa,

Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal –hills.


80 m, on Streblus asper, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0255,

TUH.

Pyrenula Ach. (Family: Pyrenulaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, foliicolous; photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia;

perithecia, solitary or fused laterally, immersed or emergent, covered with thallus or naked

in upper part, globose to hemispherical; ostiole apical or lateral, depressed to umbonate.

Peridium carbonized, spreading or not spreading laterally, sometimes columellate;

paraphysis generally simple rarely branched. Asci 8 spored; ascospores brown, thick

walled, ellipsoidal, fusiform to ovoid, septate to muriform; locules lentiform, rhomboidal,

triangular to octagonal.

P. anomala (Ach.) Vainio, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 6, 189, 1915. Plate-18 Fig. e

Trypethelium anomalum Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 105, 1814.

Thallus yellow to greyish brown, smooth; densely pseudocyphellate; perithecia

depressed, in pseudostroma of 2–20 carpic, ostioles apical, punctate, irregular; peridium

not spreading laterally, hymenium inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores 3-septate with

lenticular locules, 13–29×6–13 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species P. anomala is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.

and Bombax sp. in the residential areas at altitude between 75 to 87 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh.


87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1711, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on

bark, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2154, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on

Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1234, TUH.


162

P. arthoniotheca Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3-4) 566, 1998. Plate-18 Fig. f

Thallus brown, smooth, pseudocyphellae indistinct; perithecia emergent,

aggregated in ± rounded to irregularly shaped poly carpic pseudostroma, ostiole apical;

peridium spreading laterally, hymenium not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores

brown, ovate, 3-septate, locules lenticular or subglobose, 11–25×6–10 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K–, P–; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species P. arthoniotheca is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Bombax sp. and Lannea grandis in the residential areas at altitude of 64 and 75 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam.


Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1180, TUH; Panigaon,

alt. 75 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2262, TUH.

P. aspistea (Ach.) Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 123, 1814. Plate-19 Fig. a

Verrucaria aspistea Afzel. in Ach., Methodus 121, 1803.

Thallus brownish orange, smooth to slightly verrucose, pseudocyphellae absent;

perithecia solitary; peridium spreading laterally, not columellate, hymenium not inspersed

with oil globules. Ascospores 3-septate, 11–13×6–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K-, P-; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species P. aspistea is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the river

island at an altitude of 54 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh,

Goa, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.



P. bilirana Vain, Lich. Ins. Phil. 333, 1918. Plate-19 Fig. b

Thallus grey, smooth-rough, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary or 3–4

aggregated, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., ostiole umbonate, black; peridium laterally spreading,

conical; hymenium I−, not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ablong-ellipsoid, 3-




163

Ecology: The species P. bilirana is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax sp.

in the National Park at an altitude of 85 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh.


National Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp., 28/11/2010, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary, S.


P. brunnea Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. Suppl. 81, 1837. Plate-19 Fig. c

Thallus grey, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary or 2–3

aggregated, 0.6–1.0 mm in diam., depressed-conical-semiglobose, ostiole indistinct or

sometimes slightly papillate, peridium spreading laterally, conical; hymenium I−, not

inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ablong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 13–17×4–7 μm.


Ecology: The species P. brunnea is found growing on the bark of trees such as Artocarpua

heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Gmelina arborea, Mangifera indica and Murraya koenigii in

the residential areas and reserve forest at altitude between 64 to 96 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya.


alt. 96 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0869, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Artocarpua heterophyllus, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari

& P. J. Borah, 12-021, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari

& P. J. Borah, 12-0956, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Murraya koenigii, 16/2/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0337, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on

Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0813, TUH.

P. cayenensis Müll. Arg., Flora 67, 662, 1884. Plate-19 Fig. d

Thallus brownish to grey, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary,

peridium not columellate, not spreading laterally; hymenium inspersed with oil globules.

Ascospores ellipsoid-oval, 3-septate, 13–15×5–7 μm.


Ecology: The species P. cayennensis is found growing on the bark of Citrus maxima in the



164

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Island, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka,

Kerala, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Ratanjuli B, alt.

108 m, on Citrus maxima, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1868, TUH.

P. confinis (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, More Florida Lichens 109, 1995. Plate-19 Fig. e

Verrucaria confinis Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 3, 174, 1855.

Thallus yellowish brown, smooth, UV+ yellow; perithecia solitary, dark brown,

slightly shining, verrucose, 0.3–0.5 mm diam.; peridium hemispherical, completely

covered with corticiform thallus, not spreading laterally; hymenium not inspersed with oil

globules I−. Ascospores uni or biseriate, muriform, 13–22×7–12 μm.


Ecology: The species P. confinis is found growing on the bark of trees such as Alstonia

scholaris, Lannea grandis and Mangifera indica in the residential areas at altitude between

63 to 82 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and

West Bengal-plains.



TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Mangifera indica, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1487, TUH;

Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Alstonia scholaris, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P.

J. Borah, 12-0510, TUH.

P. cuyabensis (Malme) R. C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49, 91, 1989. Plate-19

Fig. f

Parathelium cuyabense Malme, Ark. Bot. 19 (1), 18, 1924.

Thallus whitish grey, smooth, rugose; perithecia dull black, solitary, verrucae

forming, 0.5–1.0 mm diam., immersed in thalline verrucae, or emerging, covered with

corticiform layer, ostioles plain; hymenium I−, not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores

uni- or biseriate, fusiform, 3 septate, middle locules rhomboidal, end locules triangular,

21–27×10–12 μm.



165

Ecology: The species P. cuyabensis is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: Kerala, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu.


84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0957, TUH.

P. decumbens (Müll. Arg.) Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3–4), 568, 1998. Plate-20 Fig. a

Parathelium decumbens Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 32 (2), 134, 1893.

Thallus brownish, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary, globose to

subglobose, ostiole lateral; peridium not spreading laterally, hymenium slightly inspersed

or not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores 3-septate, end cells triangular with the base

of the triangle towards the end of the spore, 15–18× 9–10 μm.


Ecology: The species P. decumbens is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. and

Neolamarckia cadamba in the residential areas at altitude of 64 and 81 m.




Mosahary, 13-1360, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R.


P. defossa Müll. Arg., Flora (Regensburg) 65 (33), 518, 1882. Plate-20 Fig. b

Thallus buff, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia depressed, solitary or 2–3

coalescing, 0.2–0.5 mm in diam., peridium not spreading laterally, hymenium not

inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, thick walled, not papillate, middle two

locules papillate towards adjoining locules and end locules papillate towards the middle

locules, 28–35×12–18 μm.


Ecology: The species P. defossa is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Bombax sp., Lannea grandis and Melia azedarach in the residential areas and tea garden at




166



TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1984, TUH; Hirajuli

A, alt. 87 m, on Melia azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1713, TUH; Monmohon, alt.


P. fusco-olivacea Vainio, Lich. Ins. Phil. 3, 339, 1918. Plate-20 Fig. c

Thallus olive-yellow to golden-yellow, smooth shining, pseudocyphellae absent;

perithecia solitary, 0.4–1.0 mm in diam., depressed-conical, naked, dull black, ostiole

indistinct to plain; peridium hemispherical, not spreading laterally; hymenium I−, not

inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores uniseriate, oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 21–25×10–

13 μm.


Ecology: The species P. fusco-olivacea is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis

and Mangifera indica in the residential areas at altitude of 74 and 84 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala.


84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0958, TUH; Solagaon,

alt. 74 m, on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0814, TUH.

P. glabrescens Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 6, 191, 1915. Plate-20 Fig. d

Thallus dark-yellow to brownish, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia

solitary, 0.5–1.0 mm in diam., depressed-conical, hemispherical, naked, dull black, ostiole

indistinct to plain, ; peridium spreading laterally, hymenium I−, not inspersed with oil

globules. Ascospores oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 18–25×10–14 μm.


Ecology: The species P. glabrescens is found growing on the bark of Plumeria sp. in the


Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala.


81 m, on Plumeria sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1016, TUH.


167

P. himalayana Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3-4), 568, 1998. Plate-20 Fig. e

Thallus yellowish white to straw coloured, smooth to verrucose, psedocyphellae

present; perithecia 0.5–0.8 mm in diam., globose to subglobose, solitary, immersed in the

thallus, peridium not spreading laterally, ostiole apical; hymenium not inspersed with oil

globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, muriform, thick walled, not papillate, with 5–7 transverse

tiers, 1–3 cells in each tiers, 17–41×10–14 μm.


Ecology: The species P. himalayana is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Lannea grandis, Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria

sp., and Streblus asper in the residential areas and river island at an altitude between 55

to108 m.

Distribution in India: Uttarakhand (endemic)


m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2138,


P. J. Borah, 12-0396, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.

D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0732, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Bombax sp.,


Streblus asper, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1272, TUH; Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Bombax sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1985, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on bark, 26/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1317, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012,

R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0922, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Plumeria sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2021, TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1627, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Bombax sp., 18/3/2012,

R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0674, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Lannea

grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2086, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Lannea

grandis, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1870, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on Bombax

sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1222, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2122, TUH.


168

P. immersa Müll. Arg., Flora, Jena 70, 429, 1887. Plate-20 Fig. f

Thallus light brown, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia 0.5–0.8 mm in

diam., globose to subglobose, solitary, immersed to emergent, peridium not spreading

laterally, ostiole apical; hymenium inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-

septate, thick walled, not papillate, middle two locules papillate towards adjoining locules

and end locules papillate towards the middle locules, 21–26× 10–14 μm.


Ecology: The species P. immerse is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Artocarpus heterophyllus and Bauhinia sp. in the residential areas and tea garden at


Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Manipur, E. and N. W. Himalayas.


87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1715, TUH; Hirajuli B, alt. 73 m, on

Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1714, TUH; Ward No.6, alt. 72 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1675, TUH.

P. impressa Müll. Arg., Flora 74, 113, 1891. Plate-21 Fig. a

Thallus olive green, rugose to verruculose, lacking pseudocyphellae, fertile

verrucae 1-carpous; perithecia globose, immersed, ostiole plane; hymenium not inspersed

with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, ends thick walled, middle two locules

rhomboidal and papillate towards adjacent locules and end locules papillate towards

middle locules, 27–37×11–15μm.


Ecology: The species P. impressa is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp. in the

residential areas at altitude of 63 and 68 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh & W. Bengal.


m, on Albizia sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1425, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on

Albizia sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1318, TUH.

P. interducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1, 433, 1922. Plate-21 Fig. b

Verrucaria interducta Nyl., Flora 49, 134, 1866.


169

Thallus olive-green to greenish, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent, perithecia solitary

or aggregate of 2–3, 0.5–1 mm diam., peridium spreading laterally, hymenium not

inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, thick walled, not papillate,

middle two locules papillate towards adjoining locules and end locules papillate towards

the middle locules, ascospores, 15–42×9–18 μm.


Ecology: The species P. interducta is found growing on the bark of Bauhinia sp., Lannea

grandis and Magnolia sp., in the residential areas and tea garden at altitude between 73 to

84 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Sikkim.


84 m, on Lannea grandis, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0960, TUH; Hirajuli

B, alt. 73 m, on Bauhinia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1716, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on

Magnolia sp., 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2211, TUH.

P. introducta (Stirton) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1, 433, 1922. Plate-21 Fig. c

Verrucaria introducta Stirt., Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 13, 191, 1881.

Thallus greenish-yellow to buff, pseudocyphellae present, smooth; perithecia

solitary or in group of 2–5, immersed in verrucae, ostiole apical; peridium not spreading

laterally, hymenium slightly inspersed or not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores

ellipsoidal, 3-septate, end walls thick, not papillate, middle two locules rhomboidal, and

papillate towards adjoining locules, end locules papillate towards the middle locules, 18–

32×8–14 μm.


Ecology: The species P. introducta is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax

sp., Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis, Magnolia sp., Mangifera indica and Neolamarckia

cadamba in the residential areas and roadsides at altitude between 63 to 97 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar

Pradesh and West Bengal.



Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1489, TUH;


170

Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Ficus religiosa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1113, TUH; No. 2

Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1319, TUH;

Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1567, TUH; No. 1

Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1182, TUH;

Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Mangifera indica, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0815, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Magnolia sp., 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 13-2212, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari &

K. D. Mosahary, 13-1235, TUH.

P. leucostoma Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 124, 1814. Plate-21 Fig. d

Thallus yellowish, greenish, pseudocyphellae present, smooth to verrucose;

perithecia solitary, ostiole apical, immersed in the thallus, peridium not spreading laterally,

hymenium inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores muriform in 5–7 tiers, upto 3 cells in

each tier, 14–40× 8–14 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ red; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species P. leucostoma is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

lucida, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Cedrela toona, Coccos nucifera, Delonix

regia, Ficus hispida, Lannea grandis Litchi cinensis, Mangifera indica, Plumeria sp. and

Talauma phellocarpa in the residential areas, river island and tea garden at altitude

between 55 to135 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala,

Lakshadweep, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.


m, on Lannea grandis, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2139, TUH; Bali

Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-0398, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Ficus hispida, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0736, TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1114, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Litchi cinensis,


Albizia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1273, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax

sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0962, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma

phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1144, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea


171

grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0298, TUH; No. 1

Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1185, TUH; Mitham

Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1628, TUH;

Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2053, TUH; Pithakhowa,

alt. 70 m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0676, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Delonix regia, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0511, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on Delonix regia,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1902, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Cedrela toona,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1049, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Mangifera

indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1097, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78

m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1224, TUH.

P. leucotrypa (Nyl.) Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3-4), 570, 1998. Plate-21 Fig. e

Trypethelium leucotrypum Nyl., Flora 50, 9, 1867.

Thallus greyish brown, smooth, pseudocyphellae present; perithecia solitary to 2–3

in group, ostiole apical, peridium spreading laterally, hymenium slightly inspersed or not

inspersed with oil globules. Ascspores 3-septate, 22–31×9–18 μm.


Ecology: The species P. leucotrypa is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Bombax sp., Coccos nucifera, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica, Neolamarckia

cadamba, Plumeria sp., Syzygium cuminii and Terminalia chebula in the residential areas,

river island and tea garden at altitude between 54 to112 m.

Distribution in India: Endemic, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal–plains.



Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-0738, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0631, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mangifera indica,

25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-0448, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on

Coccos nucifera, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1361, TUH; Burahgaon

B, alt.70 m, on bark, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0923, TUH; Chariduar, alt.

84 m, on Syzygium cuminii, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0963, TUH; Da-


172

Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Lannea grandis, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0338, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Terminalia chebula, 15/2/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0258, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Plumeria

sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1017, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia

sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1718, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2262, TUH; Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on Albizia sp.,

20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1763, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Mangifera indica,

20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0816, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84

m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1098, TUH; Toubanga,

alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1237, TUH.

P. macularis (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49, 94, 1989. Plate-21

Fig. f

Anthracothecium maculare Zahlbr., Mycologia 22, 70, 1930

Thallus greenish grey to yellowish grey, pseudocyphellae present densely;

perithecia solitary, immersed, ostiole apical, peridium globose, not spreading laterally,

hymenium not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores muriform, 5–7 tiers, upto 4 cells in

each tier, 15–43×9–16 μm.


Ecology: The species P. macularis is found growing on the bark of trees auch as

Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Delonix regia, Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis,

Neolamarckia cadamba, Oroxylum indicum and Pongamia pinnata in the residential areas,

river island at altitude between 55 to118 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala,

Lakshadweep, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal-plains.



TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary &

P. J. Borah, 12-0739, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Lannea grandis, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari,

K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0632, TUH; Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on Ficus religiosa,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1115, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Bombax sp.,

25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-0449, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on


173

Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0964, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt.

64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1186, TUH; Pithakhowa,

alt. 70 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.


2088, TUH; Puthimari, alt. 63 m, on Lannea grandis, 24/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D.

Mosahary & P. J. Borah 12-0514, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1931, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Pongamia

pinnata, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0818, TUH;

Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Oroxylum indicum, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-

1099, TUH; Tezpur University, alt. 75 m, on Delonix regia, 13/1/2011, R. Daimari, 11-

0101, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2123,

TUH.

P. mastophoriza (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1, 439, 1922. Plate-22 Fig. a

Verrucaria mastophoriza Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 1 7, 180, 1873.

Thallus yellow to greenish yellow, rugose to verrucose, pseudocyphellae present

densely; perithecia fused laterally, peridium globose, uniformly thick, hymenium not

inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ovoid to oval-ellipsoid, 3-septate, all or only the

middle two locules transversely elongated, 12–19×7–10 μm.


Ecology: The species P. mastophoriza is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Clausena excavate and Lannea grandis in the residential areas at altitude of 74 and 84 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (endemic).


84 m, on Clausena excavate, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0965, TUH;

Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Lannea grandis, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2213,

TUH.

P. mastophorizans Müll. Arg., Flora 68, 515, 1885.

Thallus yellow-buff, brown to olive-green, shiny, verrucose; fertile verucae 1-

carpous, psedocyphellae absent; perithecia globose, completely immersed in the thallus,

ostiole umbonate, peridium not spreading laterally; hymenium not inspersed with oil


174

globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, end walls thick not papillate, middle two

locules rhomboidal and papillate towards adjoining locules and end locules papillate

towards the middle locules, 24–35×15–18 μm.


Ecology: The species P. mastophorizans is found growing on the bark of Albizia lucida in

the residential area at an altitude of 64 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala.


64 m, on Albizia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1274, TUH.

P. nanospora (Ajay Singh) Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3-4), 572, 1998.

Anthracothecium nanosporum Ajay Singh in D.D. Awasthi, Biblioth. Lichenol. 40:

Addendum. 1991.

Thallus whitish, pseudocyphellae present; perithecia solitary, ostiole apical;

peridium slightly expanding laterally. Ascospores muriform with 2–3 transverse tiers and

upto two cells in each tier, 8–10×5–7 μm.


Ecology: The species P. nanospora is found growing on the bark of Cedrela toona in the

tea garden at an altitude of 117 m.

Distribution in India: Tamil Nadu (endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Sonabheel, alt.

117 m, on Cedrela toona, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1051, TUH.

P. nodulata (Stirton) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1, 447, 1922. Plate-22 Fig. b

Verrucaria nodulata Stirt., Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 13, 192, 1881.

Thallus yellowish brown, smooth, psedocyphellae present; perithecia solitary,

peridium dimidiate, slightly or not spreading laterally; hymenium I+ blue, not columellate

inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, end thin walled ± papillate

due to elongation of the end locules, 24–26×10–11 μm.



175

Ecology: The species P. nodulata is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp.,

Bombax sp., Coccos nucifera, Mangifera indica and Terminalia chebula in the residential

areas at altitude between 66 to 87 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam (endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Borakata Beel,

alt. 66 m, on Coccos nucifera, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-0451, TUH;

Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1719, TUH; Panigaon, alt.

75 m, on Terminalia chebula, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2263, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m,

on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 11-0114, TUH; Ward No.6, alt.

72 m, on Mangifera indica, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1676, TUH.

P. nuda A. Singh & Upreti, Geophytology 17, 83, 1987. Plate-22 Fig. c

Thallus buff to brown, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary;

peridium not collumelate, wall slightly spreading laterally; hymenium I−, not inspersed

with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, end walls thick not papillate, middle

two locules rhomboidal and papillate towards adjoining locules and end locules papillate

towards the middle locules, 13–19×4–6 μm.


Ecology: The species P. nuda is found growing on the bark of Amoora rohituka in the

residential at an altitude of 108 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa

(endemic).


108 m, on Amoora rohituka, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1871, TUH.

P. ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49, 96, 1989. Plate-22

Fig. d

Verrucaria ochraceoflava Nyl.,Acta Soc. Sci. fenn. 7, 491, 1863.

Thallus brownish yellow, rugose, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary,

ostiole apical; peridium not spreading laterally; hymenium not inspersed with oil globules.

Ascospores muriform, 3–4 transverse tiers and upto 3 cells in each tier, 14–17×8–10 μm.


176


Ecology: The species P. ochraceoflava is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Artocarpus heterophyllus Bombax sp., Garuga pinnata, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica

and Neolamarckia cadamba in the residential areas at altitude between 62 to 99 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep,

Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.


m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1455, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0633,

TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mnagifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D.

Mosahary, 12-0452, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1188, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Garuga pinnata, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari,

13-1404, TUH; Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 18/3/2012, R.

Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0679, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea

grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2124, TUH.

P. ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49, 97, 1989.

Verrucaria ochraceoflavens Nyl., Expositio Synoptica Pyrenocarpeorum 55, 1858.

Thallus yellowish, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary, Ostiole apical;

peridium not spreading laterally; hymenium not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores

muriform, 6–7 transverse tiers and upto 4 cells in each tier, 18–28× 8–13 μm.


Ecology: The species P. ochraceoflavens is found growing on the bark of Neolamarckia

cadamba in the residential areas at an altitude of 70 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim,

Tamil Nadu, West Bengal-plains.


70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-0682, TUH.

P. oculata A. Singh & Upreti, Geophytology 17 (1), 84, 1987. Plate-22 Fig. e


177

Thallus yellowish brown, verrucose, pseudocyphellae present; perithecia globose,

solitary, ostiole apical, indistinct, depressed; peridium not spreading laterally; hymenium

inspersed with abundant oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, end walls thick not

papillate, middle two locules rhomboidal and papillate towards adjoining locules and end

locules papillate towards the middle locules, 25–29×11–14 μm.


Ecology: The species P. oculata is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Himachal

Pradesh, Kerala and Sikkim



P. oculifera Vain., Cat. Afr. Pl. 2 (2), 454, 1901. Plate-22 Fig. f

Thallus pale yellow, brownish, verrucose, pseudocyphellae indistinct; perithecia

solitary, ostiole apical; peridium not spreading laterally, hymenium slightly inspersed or

not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, pinguis-type, ends thick walled not

papillate, all or middle two locules vertically elongated 28–35 × 10–13 μm.


Ecology: The species P. oculifera is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax

sp., Delonix regia and Lannea grandis in the residential areas and roadsides at altitude

between 62 to 97 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh & Orissa.


Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1320, TUH; Deurigaon,

alt. 80 m, on Delonix regia, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0259, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1568, TUH;

Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Lannea grandis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2264, TUH;

Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Bombax sp., 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.

Borah, 12-0683, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Lannea grandis, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K.

D. Mosahary, 13-2214, TUH.


178

P. pinguis Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. 75, 1824. Plate-23 Fig. a

Thallus buff, smooth to verrucose, pseudocyphellae present; perithecia mostly

solitary; ostiole apical; peridium globose, spreading laterally; hymenium not inspersed

with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, ends thick walled not papillate, all or middle two

locules vertically elongated, 29–42×15–18 μm.


Ecology: The species P. pinguis is found growing on the bark of trees auch as Bombax sp.

and Lannea grandis in the residential areas at altitude between 64 to 88 m.

Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Karnataka,

Manipur, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh.


84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0967, TUH; Dighaldol, alt.

88 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1512, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64

m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1189, TUH.

P. subacutalis Upreti, Feddes Repert 102, 429, 1991. Plate-23 Fig. b

Thallus pale brown to dark brown, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia,

solitary, ostiole apical, peridium not spreading laterally; hymenium I− with abundant oil

globules. Ascopsores ellipsoidal, end walls thin and ± papillate due to elongation of the

end locules, 13–20×5–8 μm.


Ecology: The species P. subacutalis is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis in the


Distribution in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Karnataka,

Manipur, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh (endemic).



P. subaggregata (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6, 410, 1885. Plate-23 Fig. c

Verrucaria aggregata Nyl., Expos. Syn. Pyrenocarp. 44, 1858.


179

Thallus greenish-brown, yellow–ochre, smooth, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia

coalescing few to many but not in stroma; peridium not columellate, not spreading

laterally, ; hymenium not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, end walls

thick, not papillate, middle two locules rhomboidal and end locules ± triangular with the

base of the triangle towards the end of the spore, 12–17×5–7 μm.


Ecology: The species P. subaggregata is found growing on the bark in the residential area


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Arunachal Pradesh.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Panigaon, alt.

75 m, on bark, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2266, TUH.

P. subandamanica Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3–4), 574, 1998. Plate-23 Fig. d

Thallus greenish brown, verrucose, pseudocyphellae present; perithecia solitary,

ostiole lateral; peridium not spreading laterally, hymenium inspersed with oil globules.

Ascospores muriform, with 4–7 transverse tiers, upto 3 cells in each tier, 16–39×9–15 μm.


Ecology: The species P. subandamanica is found growing on the bark of trees such as

Lannea grandis and Spondias Mangifera in the residential area, roadsides and tea garden at


Distribution in India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands.



TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1604, TUH;

Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1052,

TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D.



180

P. subindica Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3-4), 574, 1998. Plate-23 Fig. e

Thallus pallid grey, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia fused laterally, ostiole

apical; peridium not spreading laterally, hymenium not inspersed with oil globules.

Ascospores 1–3 septate, 18–22×6–7 μm.


Ecology: The species P. subindica is found growing on the bark of Garuga pinnata in the


Distribution in India: Calcutta, West Bengal-plains (endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Murhadol, alt.

62 m, on Garuga pinnata, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1405, TUH.

P. sublaevigata (Patw. & Makhija) Upreti, Nova Hedwigia 66 (3-4), 574, 1998. Plate-23

Fig. f

Anthracothecium sublaevigatum Patw. & Makhija, Kavaka 8, 25, 1980.

Thallus pale brown, verrucose, pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia globose,

soilitary, slightly or completely embedded in the thallus, ostiole apical; hymenium

inspersed with abundant oil globules. Ascospores muriform with 7–8 transverse tiers and

upto 3 cells in each tier, 28–42×12–17 μm.


Ecology: The species P. sublaevigata is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Bombax sp., Lannea grandis, Pysoxylum procerum and Shorea robusta in the

residential areas and reserve forest and river island at altitude between 55 to 96 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh and Karnataka (endemic).


m, on Lannea grandis, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2140, TUH; Bali

Chapari, alt. 55 m, on Lannea grandis, 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.


Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0743, TUH; Balipara R. F., alt. 96 m, on Shorea robusta,

21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0870, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84

m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0968, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt.

64 m, on Pysoxylum procerum, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-


181

0339, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary &

P. J. Borah, 12-0820, TUH.

P. submastophora A. Singh & Upreti, Geophytology 17, 85, 1987.

Thallus yellowish brown; pseudocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary or 3–6

aggregated, ostiole indistinct; peridium columellate at base and not spreading laterally;

hymenium not inspersed with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, end walls not papillate,

middle two locules rhomboidal, end locules ± triangular with the base of the triangle

towards the end of the spore, 22–26×8–9 μm.


Ecology: The species P. submastophora is found growing on the bark of Lannea grandis

in the reserve forest at an altitude of 96 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala (endemic).



0871, TUH.

P. subnitidella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Flora 66, 247, 1883. Plate-24 Fig. a

Verrucaria subnitidella Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 2, 7, 179, 1873.

Thallus yellow to ochre, smooth, psedocyphellae absent; perithecia solitary or in

group of 2–3; peridium not columellate, not spreading laterally, hymenium not inspersed

with oil globules. Ascospores ellipsoidal, end walls thick not papillate, middle two locules

rhomboidal, end locules ± triangular with the base of the triangle towards the end of the

spore, 13–16×6–8 μm.


Ecology: The species P. subnitidella is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia

sp., Artocarpus heterophyllus and Plumeria sp. in the residential areas at altitude between

72 to 83 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengals-plains (endemic).

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Dekargaon, alt.

83 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2023, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on


182

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1539, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on

Albizia sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0821, TUH; Ward

No.6, alt. 72 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1677, TUH.

Pyxine Fr. (Family: Physciaceae)

Thallus foliose, corticolous, saxicolous; lobes radiating and branched, upper side

pale grey, dark grey to brownish grey, often pruinose and white-maculate, pruina diffused

or in glistening plaques, maculae persistent or fissured into pseudocyphellae, with or

without isidia or soredia; lower side brown-black, rhizines present; heteromerous,

corticated on both sides; medulla white, stramineous, yellow to rust coloured; photobiont a

green alga, Trebouxia. Apothecia laminal, disc black, asci 6–8 spored, ascospores brown,

2-celled, mischoblastiomorph. Atranorin usually present in upper cortex (K+ yellow),

sometimes upper cortex UV+ yellow (lichexanthone) or UV−.

P. berteriana (Fée) Imshaug. Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc. 76 (3), 254, 1957. Plate-24

Fig. b

Circinaria berteriana Fée, Essai Crypt. Ecorc. 128, 1824.

Thallus lobes 0.5–1.2 mm wide, upper side greenish grey; pseudocyphellae present

at the margin; isidia and soredia absent; medulla yellowish; upper cortex UV+ yellow.


Chemistry: Medulla K+ reddish, P−; TLC not done.

Eccology: The species P. berteriana is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the


Distribution in India: Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.


Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1321, TUH.

P. cocoes var. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl., Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourgh 5, 108, 1857.

Plate-24 Fig. c

Lichen cocoes Sw., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 146, 1788.

Thallus foliose, lobes 0.5–2 mm wide; upper side yellowish grey, maculae laminal

and marginal, turning into pseudocyphellae and then finally into soralia, medulla


183

stramineous, upper cortex UV+ yellow. Apothecia upto 1 mm in diam., margin thalline

later blackened, internal stipe brown.

Chemistry: Medulla K−, C−, P−; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp., Amoora

rohituka, Areca catechu, Artocarpus hetorophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha, Bauhinia sp.,

Bombax sp., ‘Bor gos’, Cascabela sp., Chickrassia tabularis, Coccos nucifera, Delonix

regia, Eucalyptus sp., Ficus hispida, Ficus religiosa, Gmelina arborea, ‘Korsun’, Lannea

grandis, Mangifera indica, Magnolia sp., Magnolia champaca, Melia azadarach,

Neolamarckia cadamba, Plumeria sp., Spondias mangifera, Streblus asper, Syzygium

cuminii, and Talauma phellocarpa in the residential areas, National Park, river islands,

road sides and tea gardens at altitude between 54 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Manipur, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.


m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2141, TUH; Arimora, alt.

54 m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0580, TUH;

Bahbari, alt. 68 m, on Ficus bengalensis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1426, TUH; Bali

chapari, alt. 55 m, on Bombax sp., 17/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-

0402, TUH; Balipara, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary &

P. Borah, 12-0146, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on Bombax sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1456, TUH; Beseria, alt. 62 m, on Ficus religiosa, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary

& P. Borah, 12-0634, TUH; Bindukuri, alt. 75 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 1/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1490, TUH; Biswanath Chariali, Bogabheel, alt. 81 m, on bark,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1116, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Cocos nucifera,

25/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 12-0453, TUH; No. 2 Bordikorai, alt. 81 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1362, TUH;

Borghat, alt. 61 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1986, TUH; No. 2

Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1322, TUH; Burahgaon

A, alt. 66 m, on Gmelina arborea, 21/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-

0926, TUH; Burahgaon B, alt.70 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari &

P. J. Borah, 12-0924, TUH; Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari

& P. J. Borah, 12-0969, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R.


184

Daimari, 13-1145, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Delonix regia, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0340, TUH; Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Artocarpus

lakoocha, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0260, TUH; Dharikati,

alt. 81 m, on Melia azedarach, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1018, TUH;

Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1569, TUH; Dighaldol,

alt. 88 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1513, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m,

on Ficus religiosa, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0299, TUH;

Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2156,

TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Streblus asper, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1601, TUH;

Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m, on Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2292, TUH.

Kuhiyabari, alt. on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 10-0060b, TUH;

No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1190,


TUH; Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1630, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on Ficus religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary, 13-2178, TUH; Murhadol, alt. 62 m, on Syzygium cuminii, 26/2/2013, R.

Daimari, 13-1406, TUH; Nalbari, Gohpur, alt. 73 m, on Bombax sp. 16/11/2010, R.

Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 10-0068b, TUH; Nameri National Park, alt. 85 m, on

Bombax sp. 28/11/10, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S. Handique, P. Deka & K. Hussain,

10-0088, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2056, TUH;

Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 1789, TUH;

Pithakhowa, alt. 70 m, on Coccos nucifera, 18/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0684, TUH; Porowa, alt. 82 m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-


Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0516, TUH; Singuri A, alt. 135 m, on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1903, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Magnolia champaca 21/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1932, TUH; Sirajuli, alt. 73 m, on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari,

10-0058, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Eucalyptus sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1654, TUH; Solagaon, alt. 74 m, on Streblus asper, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D.

Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0822, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Mangifera indica,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1053, TUH; Sundara Panigaon, alt. 78 m, on

Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1225, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Spondias


185

mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2217, TUH; on 5/8/09, R. Daimari

& K. Hussain, 09-0012, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R.

Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-1239, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2125, TUH; Ward No. 6, alt. 72 m, on Artocarpus

hetorophyllus, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1679, TUH.

P. cocoes var. prominula (Stirton) D. D. Awasthi, Indian J. Bot. 3 (2), 183, 1980.

Pyxine prominula Stirt., Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 30, 397, 1898.

Thallus upto 8 cm across; lobes more than 2 mm wide, flabellate, emaculate,

pseudocyphellae absent, upper side yellowish grey; medulla stramineous; upper cortex

UV+ yellow. Apothecia not found.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax sp., Lannea

grandis and Plumeria sp., in the residential areas and road sides at altitude between 61 to

75 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu-

Palni Hills and West Bengal.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Borghat, alt. 61

m, on Bombax sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1988, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria

sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2059, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Lannea grandis,

30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2223, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax

sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-1240, TUH.

P. farinosa Kashiw., Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B, 3 (2), 67, 1977. Plate-24 Fig. d

Thallus upto 5 cm across; lobes upto 1.5 mm wide, wavy in outline, upper side

greyish; maculae laminal, turning into pseudocyphellae, soralia laminal, orbicular-capitate

to cup-shaped; soredia farinose to yellowish, medulla yellow, upper cortex UV−.




186

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax sp., Cedrela

toona, Delonix regia, Gmelina arborea, ‘Karan’, Lannea grandis, Neolamarckia cadamba,

in the residential areas, roadsides and tea gardens at altitude between 64 to 117 m.



m, on Bombax sp., 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0751, TUH;

Borgang, alt. on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 10-0061, TUH;

Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0970, TUH;

Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Bombax sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1019, TUH;

Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P.

Borah, 12-0303, TUH; Hawazan, alt. on Bombax sp., 15/ 11/ 2010, R. Daimari & K.

Mosahari, 10-0054 & 55, TUH; Kusumtola, No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1195, TUH; Nalbari, Gohpur, alt. 73

m, on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 10-0056, TUH; Solagaon, alt.

74 m, on bark, 20/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0823, TUH;

Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Delonix regia, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1056,

TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on bark, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 10-0053(b),

TUH.

P. meissnerina Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 2, 7, 164, 1973. Plate-24 Fig. e

Thallus upto 10 cm across; lobes 1–2 mm wide, upper side grey with ± persistent

adglutinated plaques of pruina, soralia marginal to submarginal, soredia yellow to grey;

medulla yellow in upper part and white below; upper cortex UV−. Apothecia not found.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax sp., Ficus

religiosa, Lannea grandis, Neolamarckia cadamba and Plumeria sp. in the residential

areas, road sides and National Park at altitude between 62 to 118 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,

Uttarakhand and West Bengal.


m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2142, TUH; Bahbari, alt.


187

68 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1427, TUH; Bazbera, alt. 99 m, on

Bombax sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1458, TUH; No. 2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Lannea

grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1324, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax sp.,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1571, TUH; Hokhongaon, alt. 78 m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013,

R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2158, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1196, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95

m, on Ficus religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2179, TUH; Nameri


Handique, P. Deka & K. Hussain, 10-0089, TUH; Napam, alt. 62 m, on Plumeria sp.,

23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2061, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Neolamarckia

cadamba, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1934, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp.,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-1241, TUH.

P. reticulata (Vain.) Vain. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 6, 70, 1914. Plate-24 Fig. f

Physcia reticulata Vain. in Hiern & al., Cat. Afr. Pl. 2 (2), 412, 1901.

Thallus upto 4 cm across; lobes 1–2 mm wide; upper side grey, maculae laminal,

turning into reticulate pseudocyphellae, soralia orbicular, soredia farinose; medulla white;

upper cortex UV−. Apothecia not found.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizzia lucida,

Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lakoocha, Bauhinia sp., Bombax

sp., Ficus bengalensis, Lannea grandis and Melia azedarach in the residential areas, road

sides and tea gardens at altitude between 60 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.


m, on Ficus bengalensis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1428, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on

Albizzia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1275, TUH; Dhekiajuli, alt. 97 m, on Bombax

sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1572, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Lannea grandis,

15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0304, TUH; Jamugurihat, alt. 60

m, on Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2296, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on

Artocarpus heterophyllus,1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1541, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m,

on Artocarpus lakoocha, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1815, TUH; Singuri B, alt.146 m, on


188

Melia azedarach, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1962, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on

Bauhinia sp., 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1657, TUH.

P. retirugella Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 11, 240, 1859. Plate-25 Fig. a

Thallus upto 3 cm across; lobes 0.8−1.5 mm wide; upper side greyish; maculae

raised, becoming reticulate-psedocyphellate; sorallia laminal, orbicular; medulla white;

upper cortex UV−. Apothecia not found.

Chemistry: Medulla K+ yellow turning red, C−, P+ yellow; TLC: Norstictic acid present.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax sp., Ficus

religiosa, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica and Melia azedarach in the residential areas,

road sides, National Park and tea gardens at altitude between 64 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Manipur, Nagaland, and Sikkim.


m, on Bombax sp., 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2143, TUH; Dighaldol, alt.

88 m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1515, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64

m, on Bombax sp.,25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1198, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on

Ficus religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2180, TUH; Nalbari, Gohpur,

alt. 73 m, on Bombax sp., R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 10-0066, TUH; Nameri National

Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp. 28/11/10, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S. Handique, P.

Deka & K. Hussain, 10-0090, TUH; Singuri B, alt.146 m, on Melia azedarach, 21/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-1963, TUH; Tezpur, Ward No.6, alt. 72 m, on Mangifera indica,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1680, TUH.

P. sorediata (Ach.) Mont. Hist. Cuba Bot. 9, 188, 1824. Plate-25 Fig. b

Lecidea sorediata Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 54, 1814.

Thallus upto 6 cm across; lobes 0.3–2 mm wide; upper side grey, greenish grey or

greyish brown, sometimes all the shades may be seen in the same thallus, margins white

pseudocyphellate, later turning into soralia, soredia grey to bluish grey, farinose to

granular; medulla light yellow to deep yellow; upper cortex UV−. Apothecia not found.



189

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp., Bombax

sp., Cedrela toona, Delonix regia, Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis, Neolamarckia

cadamba and Spondias mangifera in the residential areas, road sides and tea gardens at


Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal

Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu-

Nilgiri and Palni Hills, Uttarakhand and West Bengal–hills.


m, on Bombax sp., 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0640, TUH; No.

2 Borpothar, alt. 63 m, on Bombax sp., 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1327, TUH;

Chariduar, alt. 84 m, on Bombax sp., 21/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-0971,

TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on Delonix regia, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary &

P. Borah, 12-0341, TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Albizia sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

13-2025, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Lannea grandis, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P.

Borah, 12-1020, TUH; Harigaon, alt. 69 m, on Ficus religiosa, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari,

K.D. Mosahary & P. Borah, 12-0305, TUH; No. 1 Miripothar, alt. 64 m, on

Neolamarckia cadamba, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1199, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on

Cedrela toona, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. Borah, 12-1059, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on

Spondias mangifera, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2224, TUH.

P. subcinerea Stirt., Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 30, 397, 1898. Plate-25 Fig. c

Thallus upto 5 cm across; lobes 1–2 mm wide; upper side greyish, margins

pseudocyphellate, pseudocyphellae developing into soralia, soredia laminal, white to

stramineous; medulla yellow, upper cortex UV+ yellow. Apothecia not found.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp., Bombax

sp., Ficus religiosa and Lannea grandis in the residential areas, road sides, and National

Park at altitude between 73 to 118 m

Distribution in India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh,

Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamilnadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal–hills.


m, on Bombax sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1460, TUH; No.1 Murikhuti, alt. 95 m, on


190

Ficus religiosa, 29/5/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-2181, TUH; Nalbari, Gohpur,

alt. 73 m, on Bombax sp., R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 10-0067, TUH; Nameri National

Park, alt. 85 m, on Bombax sp. 28/11/10, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, S. Handique, P.

Deka & K. Hussain, 10-0091, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Lannea grandis,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1935, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on Plumeria sp.30/5/2013, R.

Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 10-0065, TUH; Toubanga, alt. 75 m, on Bombax sp.,

25/2/2013, R. Daimari, K.D. Mosahary, 13-1242, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea


Sarcographa Fée (Family: Graphidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous; photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia; apothecia

lirellate, simple or branched, sunken in flat stroma; exciple black or brown-black, labia

entire or striate, hypothecium hyaline; paraphysis simple and free. Asci thickened at apex,

4–8 spored, ascospores brown, elongate to fusiform with 3–11 transverse septa, I+ blue to

violet.

Sarcographa assamensis Nayaka, Daimari & Hoque sp. nov. Plate 25 Fig. d

Thallus olive brown to yellow brown, verruculose, corticated; ascomata lirellate,

loosely grouped in stroma; slightly immersed or sunken, white dense pruinose; exciple

thin, carbonized or dark brown, epihymenium grey to brownish, granular; hymenium

densely inspersed with oil globules, paraphysis sparingly branched. Asci 8 spored,

ascospores brown, oblong, submuriform, 4–6 transverse septa, upto 3 cells in each tier; 20–

26×9–10 μm. Pycnidia not found.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, P−, KC−; TLC: Stictic acid complex present.

Ecology: The species if found growing on the bark of Chickrassia tabularis in the



Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Choibari, alt. 81

m, on Chickrassia tabularis, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2272, TUH.

S. fenicis (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univers. 2, 460, 1923. Plate-25 Fig. e

Graphis fenicis Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A 15, 228, 1921.


191

Thallus olive brown; apothecia elongate, variously branched, brown pruinose, in

stroma, hymenium inspersed with oil globules. Asci 8 spored, ascospores brown, 3–5

locular, 15–20×5–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, P+ yellow. TLC: Stictic acid complex present.

Ecology: The species is found growing of the bark of trees such as Artocarpus

heterophyllus, Lannea grandis and Melia azedarach in the residential areas and tea garden

at altitude between 54 to 128 m.

Distribution in India: It is a new record for India, earlier reported from Australia.



Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Melia azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2284, TUH;

Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2295, TUH; Panbari,

alt. 104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2290, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt.

106 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2308, TUH;

Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2294,

TUH.

S. heteroclita (Mont.) Zahlbr. Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.- Naturwiss.

Kl. 88, 19, 1911. Plate-25 Fig. f

Glyphis heteroclita Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 19, 83, 1843.

Thallus olivaceous, apothecia lirellate, in stroma, shortly branched, white pruinose

when young and brown when mature; hypothecium carbonized, hymenium inspersed with

oil globules, I−. Asci 8 spored, ascospores brown, 4–5 septate, 13-22 x 4-7 µm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ reddish; TLC: Stictic acid complex present.


rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Azadirachta indica, Bombax sp., Delonix regia,

Lannea grandis and Terminalia chebula in the residential areas and tea garden at altitude

between 64 to 108 m.



m, on Lannea grandis, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2302, TUH; Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on


192

Azadirachta indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 12-2324, TUH; Borbhogia,

alt. 64 m, on bark, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1260b, TUH; Da-Parbatia, alt. 64 m, on

Delonix regia, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-2228, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Terminalia chebula, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary &

P. J. Borah, 12-2233, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on Bombax sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari &

P. J. Borah, 12-2253, TUH; Missamari, alt. 81 m, on Artocarpus heterophyllus, 1/3/2013,

R. Daimari, 13-2312, TUH; No. 2 Murikhuti, alt. 131 m, on Albizia sp., 29/5/2013, R.

Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-1337, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Albizia sp.,

20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2291, TUH; Ratanjuli A, alt. 106 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2311, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Amoora

rohituka, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2257, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1811b, TUH.

S. labyrinthica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Mem. Soc. Phys. Genève 29 (8), 62, 1887. Plate-26

Fig. a

Glyphis labyrinthica Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich. 107, 1814.

Thallus pale olive, olivaceous-orange; apothecia anastomosing in stroma, younger

apothecia with white pruina, exciple complete; hymenium densely inspersed with oil

globules. Asci 8 spored, ascospores brown, 3–5 septate, 13–18×4–6 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ reddish, stroma K+ yellow, KC−, P+ orange; TLC: Stictic acid

complex.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp., Lannea

grandis and Melia azadarach in the residential areas and tea garden at altitude between 68

to 104 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,

Karnataka and Kerala.


m, on Lannea grandis,1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2303, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on

Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1720, TUH; Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Melia

azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1790, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on Lannea

grandis,25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2267, TUH.


193

S. subtorquescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Universe. 2, 466, 1923. Plate-26 Fig. b

Glyphis subtorquescens Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 26 (10), 23, 1923.

Thallus pale olive; apothecia in stroma, apothecia white pruinose; hymenium

inspersed with oil globules. Asci 8 spored, ascospores brown, 21–28×7–12 μm with 4–7

transverse septation.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Melia azadarach in the tea garden at



Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Panbari, alt.

104 m, on Melia azadarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2292, TUH.

Sphinctrina Fr. (Family: Sphinctrinaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous or parasymbiotic on the thallus of other lichens;

apothecia grey to black, solitary, sessile or stalked. Ascospores simple, sometimes 1

septate, spherical to ellipsoid covered by a hyaline coat.

S. sp. Plate-26 Fig. c

Thallus parasymbiotic on the thallus of other lichens, greyish brown; apothecia

solitary, sessile, apothecial stalk long. Ascospores spherical, ellipsoidal with a distinct

hyaline coat, 9–18x6–8 µm.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Pysoxylum procerum in the


Distribution in India: Assam, Manipur and Tamil Nadu.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Da-Parbatia,

alt. 64 m, on Pysoxylum procerum, 16/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah,

12-2229, TUH.

Stictis Pers. (Family: Stictidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous, with or without photobiont, apothecia black, grey or

white, erumpent or immersed, sessile, solitary or in group of 2–4, orbicular that opens by


194

pores or periphysoids present in the apothecial margin or chroodiscoid, apothecial disc

broad and heavily pruinose, paraphysis simple or branched. Asci 2–8 spored, ascospores

hyaline, acicular, cylindrical or fusiform with transverse septa.

S. sp. Plate-26 Fig. d

Thallus greyish brown; apothecia round erumpent, solitary or in aggregated of 2–3,

chroodiscoid discs deeply immersed, densely white pruinose, eroded in older apothecia;

paraphyses filiform, branched, with thickened apical cell; periphysoids present in the

innermost layer, a crystalline layer between excipulum and periphysoids; hymenium

hyaline, inspersed with oil globules. Asci 8 spored, ascospores hyaline, cylindrical to

fusiform, 80–45–55 × 4–5 μm, with 15–30 transverse septa.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ reddish, PD–, C–; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Plumeria sp. in the residential area


Distribution in India: Uttarakhand.


87 m, on Plumeria sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1721, TUH.

Stirtonia A.L. Sm. (Family: Arthoniaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous rarely foliicolous, ecorticated, hypothallus well

developed; photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis; ascocarp not distinct, asci

either evenly distributed in the thallus or are concentrated in fertile areas resembling

ascocarp. Asci bitunicate, 1–8 spored, ascospores hyaline, transversely septate.

S. dubia A. L. Sm., Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 11, 195, 1926. Plate-26 Fig. e

Thallus whitish grey, furfuraceous; ascocarp not distinct. Asci 6–8 spored,

ascospores hyaline, 4–7 septate, one end cell enlarge, 25–30×4–5 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, I+ blue; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Cedrela toona in the tea garden at


Distribution in India: Assam, West Bengal (endemic).


195

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Sonabheel, alt.

117 m, on Cedrela toona, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1060, TUH.

Thecaria Fée (Family: Graphidaceae)

Thallus crustose, corticolous; apothecia round to lirellate, disc wide pruinose to

slightly pruinose; Exciple carbonized, labia well developed, carbonized, completely

covered with thallus. The hypothecium and basal part of hymenium become carbonized.

Asci 2-8 spored, ascospores brown, I+ red, red brown or red violet.

T. austroindica (D.D. Awasthi & Upreti) Kr.P. Singh & G.P. Sinha, comb. nov.

Lopadium austroindicum D. D. Awasthi & Upreti, Curr. Sci. 50 (18), 822, 1981.

Thallus greyish white, smooth; apothecia, sessile, solitary, apothecial disc slightly

immersed, concave to plane, brownish black, epruinose or slightly pruinose, margin

distinct; paraphysis simple to branched, hymenium hyaline, hypothecium hyaline to pale

brown. Asci clavate, 8 spored, ascospores hyaline, brown in the later stage, oblong-

ellipsoid, muriform, with 5–8 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa 16–32×8–14 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, KC−, P−; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Bombax sp., Delonix

regia and Lannea grandis in the residential areas and tea garden at an altitude between 64

to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Arunachal Pradesh and Karnataka (endemic).


64 m, on Lannea grandis, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2281, TUH; Dharikati, alt. 81 m, on

Bombax sp., 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-2282, TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m,

on Delonix regia, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2315, TUH.

T. quassiicola Fée, Meth. Lichenogr. Gen., 1824; Plate-26 Fig. f

Thallus yellowish brown, smooth; apothecia sessile, lirellate, simple to variously

branched, disc wide, with densely white pruinose; exciple completely carbonized;

hymenium hyaline, inspersed with oil globules. Asci 8 spored, ellipsoidal to oval,

ascospores hyaline, reddish brown when mature, muriform, 78−86×14−18 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K−, C−, KC−, P−; TLC: no chemical.


196

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp. in the tea garden at an

altitude of 112 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.

Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Monmohon, alt.


Trypethelium Spreng. (Family: Trypetheliaceae)

Thallus corticolous, crustose, photobiont a green alga, Trentepohlia; ascocarp

perithecioid, embedded in stroma, stromata 1–many carpous; peridium dark to black with

apical ostiole; paraphysis branched and anastomosing. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 8-

spored, ascospores hyaline, elongate–fusiform, with 3–many transverse septations, locules

lentiform.

T. assimile Stirton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 13, 193, 1881. Plate-27 Fig. a

Thallus yellowish to dirty violet; stroma multi-carpic; peridium globose to irregular

and complete. Ascospores 5–12 septate, 22–46×7–10 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ purple; TLC not done.


rohituka, Bombax sp., Citrus maxima, Lannea grandis and Melia azedarach in the

residential areas, river island and tea gardens at altitude between 54 to 146 m.

Distribution in India: Assam (endemic).



Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Bombax sp., 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1148, TUH; Deurigaon,

alt. 80 m, on Citrus maxima, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-

0261, TUH; Industry, alt. 82 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1605, TUH;


Mitham Bengali, alt. 76 m, on Lannea grandis, 2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1632, TUH;

Panbari, alt. 104 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1793, TUH; Porowa, alt.

82 m, on Lannea grandis, 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2091, TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m,

on Melia azedarach, 21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1964, TUH; Udmari, alt. 76 m, on Lannea



197

T. catervarium (Fée) Tuck., Gen. Lich. 260, 1872. Plate-27 Fig. b

Verrucaria catervaria Fée, Essai. Crypt. Exot. 90, 1825.

Thallus ashy to yellowish, thin; stroma ashy grey, 1–multicarpic. Ascospores 3-



Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Amoora rohituka and ‘Korsun’ in

the residential area and river island at altitude of 54 and 60 m.

Distribution in India: Calcutta, Karnataka, Sikkim and West Bengal.



Jamugurihat, alt. 60 m, on Amoora rohituka, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2300, TUH.

T. eluteriae Sprengel, Anleit. Kenntn. Gew. 3, 351, 1804. Plate-27 Fig. c

Thallus yellowish; stroma grey–brown, multi-carpic, round to irregular, constricted

at base; peridium complete. Ascospores 7–13 septate, 27–53×6–9 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ reddish-violet; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of trees such as Albizia sp., Albizia

lucida, Amoora rohituka, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax sp., Citrus maxima, Delonix

regia, Ficus religiosa, Lannea grandis, Mangifera indica and Melia azedarach in the

residential areas, River Island and tea gardens at an altitude between 54 to 148 m.

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka,

Kerala, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal.



Bahbari, alt. 68 m, on Lannea grandis,1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1430, TUH; Beseria, alt.

62 m, on bark, 17/3/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J. Borah, 12-0641, TUH;

Borakata Beel, alt. 66 m, on Mangifera indica, 25/2/2012, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary,

12-0455, TUH; Borbhogia, alt. 64 m, on Albizia lucida, 26/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1276,

TUH; Dekargaon, alt. 83 m, on Albizia sp., 23/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2026, TUH;

Deurigaon, alt. 80 m, on Delonix regia, 15/2/2012, R. Daimari, K. D. Mosahary & P. J.


198

Borah, 12-0262, TUH; Dighaldol, alt. 88 m, on Ficus religiosa, 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-

1516, TUH; Hirajuli A, alt. 87 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1722, TUH;


Monmohon, alt. 112 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1765, TUH; Panbari,

alt. 104 m, on Albizia sp., 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1794, TUH; Panigaon, alt. 75 m, on

bark, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2268, TUH; Ratanjuli B, alt. 108 m, on Citrus maxima,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1874, TUH; Sigunphaleng, alt. 128 m, on Artocarpus

heterophyllus, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, TUH; New Singuri, alt. 118 m, on Lannea grandis,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1936, TUH; New Sirajuli, alt. 148 m, on Delonix regia,

2/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1658, TUH; Singuri B, alt. 146 m, on Melia azedarach,

21/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1965, TUH; Sonabheel, alt. 117 m, on Lannea grandis,

28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1061, TUH; Sonaipam, alt. 84 m, on Mangifera

indica, 28/3/2012, R. Daimari & P. J. Borah, 12-1100, TUH; Tezpur, alt. 74 m, on

Mangifera indica, 30/5/2013, R. Daimari & K. D. Mosahary, 13-2225, TUH.

T. refertum Stirt., Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 11, 321, 1879. Plate-27 Fig. d

Thallus yellowish; stroma brownish black; 1–multicarpic; peridium globose,

complete. Ascospores 3–5 septate, 24–27×9–14 μm.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Melia azedarach in the residential

areas at an altitude of 87 m.

Distribution in India: Assam, Manipur, Sikkim and West Bengal (endemic).


87 m, on Melia azedarach, 20/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-2283, TUH.

T. tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6, 393, 1885. Plate-27 Fig. e

Verrucaria tropica Ach., Lichenogr. Universalis: 278, 1810.

Thallus greenish yellow; stroma brownish black to black, globose, 1–multicarpic,

superficially depressed and black. Ascospores 3-septate, 17–24×6–7 μm.

Chemistry: Thallus K+ orange; TLC not done.

Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Albizia sp. and Talauma

phellocarpa in the residential areas at altitude of 68 and 81 m.


199

Distribution in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Calcutta,

Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu & West Bengal.


m, on Albizia sp., 1/3/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1431, TUH; Choibari, alt. 81 m, on Talauma

phellocarpa, 25/2/2013, R. Daimari, 13-1149, TUH.

T. ubianense (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8, 129, 1931. Plate-27 Fig. f

Pseudopyrenula ubianensis Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15 (6), 353, 1921.

Thallus dark brown to brownish, stroma brownish, irregular in shape, multicarpic.

Ascospores 3-septate, 9–13×3–5 μm.


Ecology: The species is found growing on the bark of Bombax sp. in the residential area at



Representative specimens examined: India: Assam, Sonitpur district, Sirajuli, alt. 73

m, on Bombax sp., 15/11/2010, R. Daimari & K. Mosahary, 11-0116, TUH.


200

4.2 Pollution biomonitoring: Accumulation in in-situ lichens

4.2.1 Elemenetal concentrations

Concentration of elements (Mean ± SD) accumulated in the lichen thalli are

presented in Table 10. Accumulation of elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na were

found to be high in all the samples. Figure 12 represents the mean concentrations of

elements in each landuse. Marked variation in concentration of elements accumulated in

each landuse and it was evident that mean concentrations of all the elements except Ca and

Cd were lower in rural sites showing the least impact. Conti et al. also observed

accumulations of metal to be lower in rural sites.190

Mean metal concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn and Ni were found higher in peri-urban

sites. Higher concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn and Ni in PU sites could be due to emissions

from vehicles or other factors related to it as they are located on the highway. Furthermore

burning of coal in the processing of tea and in brick kilns as well, which are mainly found

to be situated all along the highway, could also contribute to these elements.191, 192


201

Table 10 Mean concentration of elements (mgg−1 dry wt.) (Mean ± SD, n=3) accumulated in in situ lichen Pyxine cocoes

at Peri-urban (PU), Urban (U) and Rural (R) sites Sites Al Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Zn

PU1 5.47±2 6.36±3 1.3×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.2×10−2±0.3×10−2

0.06±0.08 0.02±0.01 3.03±2 5.54±0.37 1.86±0.27 0.08±0.04 1.30±0.09 0.09±0.13 0.03±0.01 0.11±0.03

PU2 4.47±3 4.62±0.80 1.7×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.7×10−3±0.7×10−3

0.02±0.005 0.02±0.00 2.25±2 5.79±0.47 1.72±0.13 0.04±0.02 1.37±0.23 0.04±0.05 0.02±0.01 0.09±0.05

PU3 2.76±1 8.63±0.69 1.3×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.8×10−3±0.4×10−3

0.08±0.02 0.01±0.00 1.58±0.44 5.07±0.84 1.50±0.17 0.04±0.01 1.20±0.06 0.04±0.02 0.02±0.00 0.06±0.001

PU4 5.32±2 10.98±8 1.3×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.7×10−3±0.3×10−3

0.03±0.009 0.01±0.00 2.63±2 6.18±1 1.90±0.56 0.05±0.02 1.30±0.07 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.00 0.10±0.03

PU5 6.0±0.71 4.83±0.41 1.3×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

1.4×10−3±1.7×10−3

0.05±0.02 0.02±0.00 3.70±0.08 6.35±0.63 2.08±0.14 0.08±0.01 1.28±0.07 0.03±0.02 0.03±0.00 0.11±0.006

PU6 2.71±0.62 12.86±0.23 1.3×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

3.3×10−3±0.5×10−3

0.02±0.01 0.01±0.00 1.26±0.38 5.63±0.41 1.60±0.10 0.03±0.01 1.26±0.11 0.01±0.01 0.02±0.00 0.06±0.005

PU7 2.77±0.25 7.65±2 1.7×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.3×10−1±0.5×10−1

0.89±2 0.14±0.20 8.80±13 5.27±1 2.90±0.08 0.33±0.49 1.32±0.07 1.94±3.33 0.02±0.01 0.08±0.008

U1 21.14±5 11.56±4 1.7×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.8×10−3±0.3×10−3

0.04±0.01 0.02±0.00 3.97±0.79 9.15±1 3.40±1.68 0.06±0.01 2.30±0. 21 0.02±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.11±0.02

U2 7.37±1 5.36±0.92 1.3×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.2×10−2±0.1×10−3

0.03±0.02 0.02±0.00 4.81±0.91 6.52±0.54 2.79±0.56 0.11±0.04 1.40±0.03 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.00 0.11±0.02

U3 11.45±6 4.63±2 1.3×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.5×10−2±0.8×10−2

0.57±0.92 0.02±0.02 5.51±5 8.33±2 2.55±1.06 0.08±0.07 1.73±0.33 0.32±0.51 0.02±0.01 0.10±0.006

U4 3.36±0.95 6.56±0.37 1.7×10−4± 0. 6×10−4

0.2×10−2±0.8×10−3

0.15±0.11 0.03±0.00 2.13±0.54 6.60±0.83 2.55±0.26 0.05±0.00 1.38±0.14 0.10±0.06 0.04±0.02 0.08±0.01

R1 3.99±0.75 12.64±0.84 1.3×10−4± 0.6×10−4

0.7×10−3±0.1×10−3

0.03±0.01 0.01±0.00 1.98±0.23 5.45±0.39 1.41±0.10 0.06±0.00 1.32±0.08 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.07±0.005

R2 2.66±0.54 9.27±1 1×10−4±0

0.1×10−2±0.7×10−3

0.13±0.09 0.02±0.01 2.07±0.78 5.35±0.72 1.92±0.31 0.04±0.01 1.39±0.08 0.06±0.03 0.02±0.00 0.08±0.01

R3 3.13±1 6.66±2 6×10−4±0

0.7×10−3±0.4×10−3

0.03±0.008 0.01±0.01 2.16±0.53 4.56±1 1.23±0.35 0.04±0.01 0.64±0.54 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.00 0.08±0.01

R4 1.55±0.24 6.58±0.51 5.3×10−4± 2.5×10−4

1.1×10−3±1.0×10−2

0.10±0.10 0.01±0.00 2.11±0.47 5.37±0.83 1.37±0.11 0.05±0.00 0.29±0.02 0.07±0.09 0.01±0.00 0.06±0.00


202

Fig. 12 Mean concentrations of the elements (mgg−1 dry wt.) accumulated in in situ

lichen Pyxine cocoes (PU-Peri-urban, U-Urban and R-Rural)


203

Mean concentration of Co and Ni in peri-urban sites were 0.005 mgg−1 and 0.31

mgg−1 respectively which is 6 times higher than those in rural (Co=0.0009 mgg−1, Ni=0.04

mgg−1) and 2.5 times higher than urban sites (Co=0.0024 mgg−1, Ni=0.12 mgg−1)

respectively; Peri-urban Cr (0.16 mgg−1), Cu (0.03 mgg−1) and Mn (0.09 mgg−1) were 2

times higher than rural sites (Cr=0.07 mgg−1, Cu=0.02 mgg−1, Mn=0.05 mgg−1); Al, Fe,

Mg and Na in urban sites were 10.83 mgg−1, 4.11 mgg−1, 2.82 mgg−1 and 1.7 mgg−1

respectively which were 2–4 times higher than rural sites (Al=2.83 mgg−1, Fe=2.08 mgg−1,

Mg=1.48 mgg−1, Na=0.91 mgg−1). However, rural Cd (0.0003 mgg−1) was found to be 2

times higher than those in peri-urban (0.0001 mgg−1) and urban (0.0002 mgg−1) sites. In

contrast to our finding Conti et al. 2004 observed Cd to be very low in rural sites.

Urban sites had higher accumulation of Al, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Pb and Zn.

Elements such as Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn are attributed to vehicular emissions, other human

activities such incineration of solid waste contributes Al, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn to the

atmosphere41 and automobile mechanic workshops may also contribute to Pb and Zn.57

Mean concentration of Zn was found to be maximum in lichens from urban sites

(0.08–0.11 mgg−1 dry wt.) and minimum in rural sites (0.06–0.08 mgg−1 dry wt.) which

agree with the observation made by Conti et al.190 Ca and Cd were maximum in rural

samples ranging from (6.58±0.51 to 12.64±0.84 mgg−1) and (1×10−4 to 6×10−4 mgg−1)

respectively. A comparative account of the elemental concentrations in lichens with other

studies from India and elsewhere are presented in Table 11. However, Cd in rural sites is

found to be lower in comparison to other studies conducted elsewhere in India. 116, 117, 132,

159, 188 Similarly, high concentrations of Pb in peri-urban sites were lower compared to the

same studies except for Katni and Rewa cities of Madhya Pradesh.159 Concentration of Ni

was found to be exceptionally high compared to Hariduar city, Uttarakhand and Chinsura

Hoogly district of West Bengal.116, 132 Present study Zn concentration (0.07−0.10 mgg−1) is

of the same range to studies conducted by Bajpai et al. in Chinsura, Hoogly district, West

Bengal.116


204

Table 11 Comparative account of the elemental concentrations (μgg−1 dw. wt.) accumulated in lichens in the

present study with other studies carried out elsewhere

Ref. Present studya Italyb Singaporec Kolkatad Bangaloree Uttarakhandf West Bengalg Madhya Pradeshh Uttarakhandi

Lichen

species

Pyxine cocoes Parmelia

caperata,

Dirinaria

picta

Parmelia

caperata,

Mix species Pyxine

subcinerea

Pyxine cocoes 1-P. cocoes; 2-Phaeophyscia hispidula P. hispidula

Al 1548.33–21140 0.14–0.28 630–2360 886.2–1376.1 1(78.2–365.1); 2(92.7–561.8)

Cd 0.10–0.60 0.28–0.72 4.2–51.45 0.9–4.5 1(ND–6.3); 2(ND–6.8) 0.06–33.6

Cr 18.10–885.93 0.43–1.14 5.4–10 2.50–95.29 16.4–94 9.3–40.3 1(0.8–26.2); 2(ND–35.2) 2.68–22

Cu 12–139.92 3.7–7.1 11.8–45.1 6.6–12 5.02–338.12 19.7–144 6.3–10.2 0.9–21.3

Fe 1260.33–8795.33 107–327 795–17280

Mn 27.23–329.32 35–107 35–65

Ni 11.02–1942.43 0.10–4.1 2.52–11.5 5.5–10 343–1409.34 13.5–719 7.9–24.2

Pb 10.60–36.19 31–52 2.83–16.6 7–22 31.92–623.95 17.3–158 19.4–89.1 1(ND–13.3); 2(ND–11.7) 6.35–52.4

Zn 56.77–113.10 55–69 44.2–83.6 47–62 79.86–831.01 143–1178 55.7–118.1 1(57.3–194.4); 2(103.1–214.6) 16.1–69.6 aTezpur, Assam (present study) bPonzone, characterised by wool factory (Rizzio et al.)193 cSingapore (Ng et al.)39 dKolkata city (Majumdar et al.)123 eHosur road, Bangalore (Begum et al.)189

fHariduar City (Shukla et al.)132 gChinsura, Hoogly district, West Bengal (Bajpai et al.)116 hRewa & Katni, Madhya Pradesh (Bajpai et al.)159 iDehra Dun City, Uttarakhand (Shukla et al.)117


205

Among the peri-urban sites, samples collected from around a tea garden had

exceptionally higher concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni. According to Baptista et

al. Cu mainly originates from Cu-containing fungicides, metal working factories, welding

and electroplating materials.195 Combustion of fossil fuels is known to emit heavy metals

including Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn.196

Among the urban site accumulation of Ca, K and Mg was maximum in Dhekiajuli.

The site is characterized by a bus stoppage and a weekly market place. So these elements

might have originated from resuspension of crustal dust as it experience higher intensity of

human activities. Accumulation of Zn was higher in Mission Chariali (0.11±0.02 mgg−1

dry wt.), located near the road-junction. Cicek et al. found that of all the lichen species

transplanted to the urban areas of Erzurum city, Anatolia, concentration of heavy metals

were highest in sites nearest to the crossroad junctions, reflecting vehicles to be their

substantial source.47 According to Ward and Brooks, brake pads and particles emitted due

to wearing of automobile tires are the main sources of Zn. So high traffic density, and

frequent applications of brake resulting in wearing of tires and brake pads may attribute to

this metal in the site.197

4.2.2 Enrichment factors (EF)

Enrichment factors are shown in Table 12. Elements such as Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn

have EF>5 indicating anthropogenic influences. Minimal EF≤5 was observed for Ca, Co,

Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Na, which means they are mainly attributed to crustal dust.172

4.2.3 Co-efficient of variation (CV)

Table 12 shows the value of CV for the metal species. Higher values of CV (>0.5)

was observed for Co, Cr and Ni showing accumulation from local sources or limited

dispersion of the elements. Higher values of CV were also found for Fe and Mn in peri-

urban. Lower CV values for other elements indicate their transportation from distant

sources. Higher concentration of Cd in rural sites is due to long range transport as revealed

by CV. 180, 198, 199


206

Table 12 Enrichment factors (EF) and Coefficient of variation (CV) of the metal

data Al Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Zn

EF – 2.52 18.31 1.71 17.99 5.46 0.76 4.89 1.1 1.06 0.85 27.82 23.09 16.79

CV

PU 0.3 0.25 0.42 0.72 0.69 0.34 0.53 0.13 0.11 0.52 0.08 0.97 0.26 0.19

U 0.3 0.24 0.41 0.62 0.79 0.26 0.38 0.15 0.3 0.34 0.1 0.82 0.37 0.15

R 0.22 0.15 0.23 0.57 0.61 0.26 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.26 0.67 0.09 0.11

4.2.4 Inter-species correlation between elemental pairs

Inter-element correlations are shown in Table 13. Positive strong and significant

correlation at P<0.001 level was observed among Al-K-Mg and Na. Significant positive

relationship at 0.001 level was also observed among Co-Cr-Cu-Fe-Mn and Ni. Al, K, Mg

and Na are the major elements in the earth’s crust. So accumulation of these elements in

lichens may come from the crust or due to resuspension from the road dust. Pb is known to

be emitted from vehicular emissions. Although its use as antiknock Pb additives in

gasoline has considerable decreased, it still prevails at minimum level. In India lead

content of petrol is 0.15 gl-1.122 Apart from fuel combustion vehicular activities are known

to pollute the environment, especially the road sides. Elements such as Cd, Cu and Zn are

constituents of lubricating oils; Cr and Ni are used for car metal plating and Cu, Mn and

Zn for brake pads.200 Besides Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Si and Sb are emitted from coal-fired

power stations.201 These elements are attributed to vehicular activities as well as coal

burning. According to Kortesharju et al., Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn are

attributed to cement works also.202


207

Table 13 Inter-species correlations between the elemental pairs accumulated in in situ lichen P. cocoes Al Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Zn

Al 1.00

Ca 0.10 1.00

Cd -0.16 -0.11 1.00

Co -0.02 0.04 0.00 1.00

Cr 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.91** 1.00

Cu -0.06 0.05 -0.02 0.99** 0.88** 1.00

Fe 0.24 -0.04 -0.03 0.93** 0.93** 0.90** 1.00

K .82** 0.10 -0.22 -0.08 0.10 -0.11 0.17 1.00

Mg .67** 0.13 -0.26 0.21 0.28 0.22 0.37* 0.68** 1.00

Mn 0.03 0.01 -0.01 0.99** 0.88** 0.98** 0.95** -0.03 0.26 1.00

Na 0.76** 0.17 -0.59** 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.23 0.64** 0.63** 0.09 1.00

Ni -0.03 0.05 0.01 1.00** 0.91** 0.99** 0.92** -0.08 0.20 0.98** 0.06 1.00

Pb -0.16 -0.34* -0.14 0.28 0.19 0.31* 0.27 -0.04 0.08 0.30* 0.03 0.27 1.00

Zn 0.55** -0.30* -0.20 -0.07 -0.08 -0.07 0.16 0.44** 0.40** 0.04 0.50** -0.09 0.34* 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

208

4.2.5 Principal component analysis (PCA)

Principal component analysis of the metal data revealed 4 components which

explained >87 % of variance (Table 14). Component 1 explains 42 % of variance and was

loaded with Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni. As Cr in the urban atmosphere originate from

vehicular contribution, 203, 204 this component could be attributed to vehicular emissions.

Coal combustion is the main anthropogenic emission source of Ni169 and an essential

constituent of fly ash from coal fired. 205, 206 Therefore, vehicular emissions and coal used

for heating in brick-kilns and processing of tea in the tea gardens around Tezpur could be

attributed to these elements. Component 2 with explains ~26% of variance with high

loadings of Al, K, Mg, Na and Zn. This group represents crustal elements, so component 2

could be attributed to crustal dust. Component 3 is loaded with Pb and Zn that explains

11% of variance. Vehicular activities might have contributed to these two metals.

Component 4 explains ~8% of variance with high loadings of Na. Crustal dust might have

attributed to this metal.

Table 14 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the elements accumulated in in situ lichen P. cocoes

Components 1 2 3 4

Al 0.00 0.96 -0.06 -0.03 Ca 0.05 0.08 -0.81 0.25 Cd 0.02 -0.19 -0.01 -0.93 Co 1.00 -0.03 0.02 0.03 Cr 0.94 0.11 -0.03 -0.04 Cu 0.98 -0.05 0.03 0.07 Fe 0.94 0.24 0.11 -0.03 K -0.04 0.90 -0.04 0.03 Mg 0.24 0.79 -0.02 0.14 Mn 0.98 0.04 0.08 0.02 Na 0.07 0.77 -0.03 0.51 Ni 1.00 -0.04 0.00 0.02 Pb 0.27 -0.10 0.75 0.30 Zn -0.08 0.62 0.61 0.10 Eigen value 5.94 3.61 1.59 1.10 % Variance 42.42 25.80 11.37 7.84 Cummulative variance 42.42 68.22 79.60 87.43 Probable source Vehicular activities Crustal Vehicular Crustal origin


209

and coal burning dust emissions Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.

4.3 Transplantation of Parmotrema tinctorum

4.3.1 Chlorophyll content and electrical conductivity

Results for estimation of chlorophyll pigments and electrical conductivity are given

in Table 15. Total chlorophyll pigment was found to be highest in hospital premises (15.56

± 0.45 mgl−1) and lowest in Noonmati, Guwahati (11.36 ± 0.35 mgl−1). Lower amount of

total chlorophyll is also observed in Dispur, Guwahati and Park, Tezpur. If we relate with

elemental concentration we find that all the three sites have higher concentrations of Pb

and Zn. From this we can say traffic density might be the probable reason for lower total

chlorophyll which we can correlate with high emission of SO2, to which lichens are known

to be very sensitive. Similarly degree of damage to cell membrane as revealed by electrical

conductivity was higher in Dispur (57.67 μScm−1) and Noonmati (56 μScm−1) of

Guwahati. Rout et al. also observed higher chlorophyll degradation in more disturbed

areas.129 Garty et al. observed highest values of electric conductivity in the transplanted

Ramalina duriaei from urban and industrial sites.207

Table 15 Total Chlorophyll, Chl. a, b (mgl−1) and EC (μScm−1) in lichen Parmotrema tinctorum transplanted at Tezpur: TH- Hospital premises; TU- University campus, TP- Chitralekha Udyan (Park); and Guwahati: GD-Dispur; GN-Noonmati (refinery), GU- University campus

Total Chl. Chl.a Chl.b EC

TH 15.56±0.45 11.91±0.18 3.65±0.44 47.00±1

TP 12.80±0.43 10.10±0.30 2.70±0.20 35.00±1

TU 13.81±1.10 10.02±0.28 3.80±0.86 33.00±1

GD 11.53±0.22 8.73±0.28 2.81±0.08 57.67±0.58

GN 11.36±0.35 8.94±0.21 2.42±0.23 56.00±1

GU 14.07±0.25 10.94±0.14 3.13±0.36 36.00±1

4.3.2 Anatomical observation of the lichen thalli under SEM


210

Figure 13 shows the internal anatomy of Parmotrema tinctorum before and after

transplantation as observed under SEM. Significant damage of the internal lichen is

observed for Guwahati sample. Tezpur sample also show some degree of damage, however

control sample show good health. Degree of damage is correlated with traffic density. As

traffic density is more in Guwahati than Tezpur, extent of damage is more in Guwahati

than Tezpur samples.

Fig. 13 Anatomical observations of Parmotrema tinctorum under SEM before and

after transplantation: C-control, T-Tezpur and G-Guwahati

4.3.3. Assessment of intacellular elements accumulated in the lichen thalli using EDX

EDX spectrum for the lichen before and after transplantation is shown in Fig. 14

and the elemental concentrations (in weight %) is put up in Table 16. The result shows

G

C T


211

higher concentrations of carbon and oxygen in all the samples. Concentrations of Ca, Cd,

Cr, Fe, K, O, Pb, S and Zn were much higher in Guwahati compared to Tezpur.

Fig. 14 EDX spectrum of Parmotrema tinctorum before and after transplantation

Control Tezpur

Guwahati

212

Table 16 Elemental concentrations in percentage as analysed using EDX: C-control, T-Tezpur and G-Guwahati Sites Al As Ba Br C Ca Cd Cl Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni O S Si Pb Zn

C 0.36 62.13 0.03 0.02 0.18 0.08 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.02 36.46 0.04 0.34 0.14

T 0.07 0.09 0.46 56.93 0.2 0.19 0.12 0.06 0.32 0.09 0.32 39.3 0.08 0.97 0.34 0.47

G 0.5 24.77 0.82 1.45 0.2 0.39 0.42 0.78 0.72 0.72 0.68 0.05 64.06 0.32 0.8 2.08 1.24

213

4.3.4. Elemental analysis

Mean concentrations of the elements in the transplanted thalli are given in Table

17. Mean concentrations of Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, K, Mg, Mn and Na were maximum in Tezpur.

In Guwahati, mean concentrations of Al, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were found higher than Tezpur,

reflecting prevalence of industrial activities. According to Walther et al., Al, Cu, Fe, Pb

and Zn are found higher in industrial as well as urban sites.208

The sequence of elemental accumulation were Ca>K>Fe>Al>Mg>Na>Zn>

Mn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Pb>Co>Cd and Ca>K>Fe>Al>Mg>Na>Zn>Cr>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cu> Co>Cd

for Tezpur and Guwahati city respectively.

In Tezpur city all the elements except Cd and Na were found to be higher in the

park. Since the park is closely located near the State Transport bus station and the city

centre, continuous plying of state transport buses and other vehicles from a point just few

meters away from the site and the city centre may attribute to higher accumulation of these

metals. Mean concentrations of Cd and Na were found higher in Tezpur University.

According to Kortesharju et al., concentration of Na was found higher near cement

works.202

Among the sites in Guwahati, Dispur had higher accumulation of Al, Ca, Cd, Cu,

Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn. All the elements except Ca, Mg and Na are related to

vehicular activities. 200, 209 Industrial activities, vehicular emissions, wearing of tyres and

re-suspension from road dust might be the main attributes for higher accumulation of the

elements in the site. Vehicular emissions might be the reason for higher accumulation of

Cr and Ni in University campus as these metals are emitted due to oil combustion.169

Atmospheric Co is attributed to emissions from vehicular exhaust, metal works, burning of

solid waste, fossil fuel combustion and industrial activities.210, 211 Therefore, high elevation

of Co in the above site may be attributed to these sources.

214

Table 17 Mean concentrations of elements accumulated in the transplanted lichen P. tinctorum: C- Control, Tezpur city: TH- Hospital premises; TU- University campus; TP- Chitralekha Udyan (Park); Guwahati city: GD-Dispur; GN-Noonmati (refinery); GU- University campus

Al Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Zn

C 230.60

±12

2723.90

±165

0.22

±0.06

0.39

±0.04

13.50

±4

7.83

±3

854.78

±18

1475

±834

507.25

±9

31.23

±1

251.70

±7

1.63

±2

5.59

±0.20

30.51

±2

TH 378.70

±36

1121.30

±83

0.15

±0.01

0.19

±0.04

7.38

±0.48

4.25

±0.41

406.78

±47

1363.60

±78

306.25

±28

21.05

±3

275.40

±19

0.002

±0

3.54

±0.18

22.01

±3

TP 621.40

±74

4488.90

±832

0.13

±0.01

0.84

±0.40

66.54

±50

7.62

±3

1016.48

±305

2373

±392

564.35

±82

37.03

±9

274.30

±8

30.94

±24

6.83

±0.85

36.93

±7

TU 558.10

±0.42

2144.90

±23

0.24

±0

0.31

±0.01

9.43

±3

7.32

±0

576.28

±23

2292

±54

450.25

±2

25.70

±0.51

311.90

±21

0.02

±0.03

4.93

±0.03

30.06

±0.35

GD 760.30

±109

2347.90

±72

0.16

±0

0.38

±0.11

11.57

±5

6.28

±0.34

832.08

±131

1757.60

±1

437.05

±21

27.38

±3

296.70

±8

17.09

±4

6.81

±0.03

38.05

±1

GN 657.20

±258

1709.60

±480

0.15

±0.01

0.45

±0.21

23.86

±7

5.69

±2

785.48

±337

1827.70

±515

370.65

±115

25.19

±9

287.40

±12

9.80

±7

5.64

±1

32.66

±12

GU 506.00

±61

1779.40

±112

0.10

±0.03

0.53

±0.18

45.89

±27

5.89

±0.30

773.58

±12

1670.70

±170

369.85

±11

24.03

±0.21

275.40

±3

17.31

±12

5.47

±0.71

29.17

±0.71

215

4.3.5 Exposed-to-control ratio (EC ratio)

Table 18 revealed severe accumulation of Cd in all the sites both in Guwahati and

Tezpur. Along with Cd, elements such as Ca, Cr, Mg and Ni show severe accumulation in

a park at Tezpur. Besides these the site had accumulation of Co, K and Mn. Both Dispur

and University campus in Guwahati also had severe accumulation of Ni. Accumulation of

Mg and Na were observed for University campus, Tezpur and Dispur of Guwahati. Cr was

also in Gauhati University showed accumulation.

Table 18 Exposed-to-control ratios of the elements accumulated in P. tinctorum*: Tezpur city: TH- Hospital premises; TU- University campus; TP- Chitralekha Udyan (Park); Guwahati city: GD-Dispur; GN-Noonmati (refinery); GU- University campus

Elements TH TP TU GD GN GU

Al 0.12 0.19 0.17 0.23 0.20 0.15

Ca 0.63 2.52 1.20 1.32 0.96 1.00

Cd 3.75 3.25 6.00 4.00 3.75 2.50

Co 0.33 1.47 0.54 0.67 0.79 0.93

Cr 0.21 1.91 0.27 0.33 0.68 1.32

Cu 0.56 1.01 0.97 0.83 0.75 0.78

Fe 0.35 0.88 0.50 0.72 0.68 0.67

K 0.73 1.26 1.22 0.94 0.97 0.89

Mg 0.97 1.79 1.43 1.38 1.17 1.17

Mn 0.77 1.35 0.94 1.00 0.92 0.87

Na 1.18 1.17 1.33 1.27 1.23 1.18

Ni 0.00 3.42 0.00 1.89 1.08 1.91

Pb 0.62 1.19 0.86 1.19 0.99 0.96

Zn 0.55 0.92 0.75 0.95 0.82 0.73

*0.00–0.25: severe loss-based; 0.25–0.75: somewhat loss-based; 0.75–1.25: normal; 1.25–

1.75: accumulation and >1.75: severe accumulation (Frati et al.) 177

4.3.6 Enrichment factors (EF)

From the EF for the data set (Table 19), it is found that Cd, Pb and Zn are highly

enriched (EF> 50) in all the sites and Cr, Cu and K (EF>10) with moderate enrichment.


216

Loppi et al. also observed Cd and Zn to have EF> 30, and attributed it to long range

transport.172 In another study, Agnan et al. also observed EF>100 for Cd. EF of Ca, Cr and

Ni in the park at Tezpur was much higher.168 Further EF was also on the higher side for Cr

and Ni in University campus, Guwahati.

Table 19 Enrichment factors for the elements accumulated in transplanted lichen P. tinctorum: Tezpur city: TH- Hospital premises; TU- University campus; TP- Chitralekha Udyan (Park); Guwahati city: GD-Dispur; GN-Noonmati (refinery); GU- University campus Sites Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Zn

TH 5.3 205.5 1.4 13.3 13.7 1.4 16.2 2.4 4.4 2.7 0.004 59.7 63.5

TP 12.9 108.5 3.9 72.9 15.0 2.2 17.2 2.7 4.7 1.6 41.7 70.2 64.9

TU 6.8 223.1 1.6 11.5 16.0 1.4 18.5 2.4 3.6 2.0 0.030 56.4 58.8

GD 5.5 109.2 1.4 10.4 10.1 1.5 10.4 1.7 2.8 1.4 18.8 57.2 54.7

GN 4.6 118.4 2.0 24.7 10.6 1.6 12.5 1.7 3.0 1.6 12.5 54.8 54.3

GU 6.3 102.5 3.0 61.7 14.2 2.0 14.9 2.2 3.7 2.0 28.7 69.0 63.0

4.3.7 Significance test

Significance test of the two cities using t-test (Table 20) and ANOVA (Table 21),

shows that the two cities are significantly different from each other at p>.05 level.

Table 20 Significance test between the two cities using ANOVA

Source of

Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 16891.84 1 16891.84 0.031 0.86 4.23

Within Groups 14217438 26 546824.5

Total 14234330 27


217

Table 21 Paired t-Test for the means of the two cities

T G

Mean 472.56 423.43

Variance 660558.1 433090.9

Observations 14 14

Pearson Correlation 0.99

Hypothesized Mean

Difference 0

df 13

t Stat 0.96

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.18

t Critical one-tail 1.77

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.35

t Critical two-tail 2.16

4.3.8 Inter-elemental correlation

Table 22 and Table 23 illustrates the relationship amongst the elemental pairs for

both the sites. Most of the elements from Tezpur show positive significant relationship

(Table 22). Good correlation among the pairs such as Al–Mg, Ca–Mg, Ca–Pb, Ca–Zn, Fe–

Mg, K–Mg, Mg–Pb and Mg–Zn shows crustal or cement works/construction as their

origin. Significant relationship among Al–Cu, Al–K, Cu–K, Ca–Co, Ca–Fe, Ca–Mn and

Fe–Mn says about their origination from coal combustion. Significant relationship among

the pairs Al–Pb, Al–Zn, Cr–Ni, Fe–Ni, Fe–Pb, Fe–Zn, Co–Ni, Co–Cr, Vo–Fe, Co–Mn,

Co–Pb, Mn–Ni, Mn–Pb and Pb–Zn are attributed to vehicular activities. Cr–Fe and Cr–Mn

may be related to metal works.

Few elements in Guwahati also showed significant relationship (Table 23). Al–Na

and Fe–Mn may have coal combustion as their source signature. Significant relationship

among Al–Zn, Cu–Fe, Cu–Mg and Cu–Mn may have industrial source. Further significant

correlation among Mn–Zn and Pb–Zn may come from vehicular origin and

construction/cement works may attribute to the pairs Ca–Mg, Ca–Pb, Mg–Mn, Mg–Pb and

Mg–Zn.

218

Table 22 Inter-elemental correlations of elements accumulated in Parmotrema tinctorum transplanted to Tezpur


Al 1

Ca .883* 1

Cd 0.075 -0.393 1

Co .816* .953** -0.478 1

Cr 0.717 .889* -0.557 .983** 1

Cu .934** 0.759 0.158 0.785 0.73 1

Fe .870* .975** -0.406 .993** .959** .817* 1

K .980** 0.793 0.225 0.734 0.64 .960** 0.793 1

Mg .981** .956** -0.122 .906* .824* .900* .946** .933** 1

Mn .872* .953** -0.376 .989** .957** .836* .994** 0.796 .941** 1

Na 0.095 -0.241 0.782 -0.355 -0.441 0.147 -0.31 0.227 -0.056 -0.331 1

Ni 0.708 .900* -0.589 .985** .998** 0.705 .960** 0.622 .821* .955** -0.447 1

Pb .937** .991** -0.269 .936** .860* .826* .968** .865* .986** .952** -0.148 .866* 1

Zn .924** .935** -0.178 .910* .857* .890* .937** .901* .959** .912* 0.003 .852* .955** 1




219

Table 23 Inter-elemental correlations of elements accumulated in Parmotrema tinctorum transplanted to Guwahati


Al 1

Ca .823* 1

Cd 0.773 0.563 1

Co 0.134 0.022 -0.468 1

Cr -0.486 -0.436 -.892* 0.798 1

Cu 0.794 0.762 0.315 0.502 -0.027 1

Fe .814* 0.67 0.284 0.644 0.077 .954** 1

K 0.779 0.54 0.502 0.338 -0.193 .882* .841* 1

Mg .901* .924** 0.505 0.315 -0.243 .940** .894* 0.781 1

Mn .905* 0.778 0.449 0.497 -0.104 .959** .980** .860* .955** 1

Na .922** 0.781 0.748 0.094 -0.462 0.588 0.661 0.521 0.789 0.769 1

Ni 0.205 0.406 -0.367 0.75 0.584 0.454 0.536 0.063 0.47 0.47 0.324 1

Pb .884* .947** 0.689 -0.03 -0.536 .827* 0.711 0.74 .935** .824* 0.751 0.186 1

Zn .952** .880* 0.638 0.258 -0.333 .894* .869* .822* .973** .948** .864* 0.368 .927** 1



220

4.3.9 Source apportionment

PCA of the elemental species in Tezpur exhibits two components (Table 24).

Component 1 explains ~78% of variance and has high loadings of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe,

K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. All these elements are attributed to mixed sources such as

vehicular, crustal dust and coal burning. Component 2, loaded with Cr and Ni explains

18% of variance and is attributed to vehicular origin.

PCA for Guwahati samples gives 3 components that explain 96% of total variance

(Table 25). Component 1 has high loadings of Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and

Zn. Industrial, crustal dust and construction materials may be the probable source for these

elements. Component 2 explains ~24% of variance and is loaded with Al, Cu, Fe, K, Mg,

Mn, Pb and Zn. Coal combustion and vehicular origin may be their source signature.

Component 3 had high loadings of Co, Cr and Ni explaining 6% of variance and vehicular

origin may be attributed to these elements.


221

Table 24 Principal Component Analysis of the metal species accumulated in P. tinctorum transplanted at Tezpur Components

1 2 Al 0.980 -0.132 Ca 0.925 0.308 Cd -0.068 -0.966 Co 0.900 0.427 Cr 0.829 0.523 Cu 0.946 -0.185 Fe 0.935 0.356 K 0.955 -0.278 Mg 0.990 0.057 Mn 0.931 0.347 Na 0.016 -0.910 Ni 0.820 0.545 Pb 0.963 0.189 Zn 0.974 0.077 Eigen value 10.900 2.521 % Variance 77.858 18.004 Cummulative variance 77.858 95.862 Probable source Mixed sources: Crustal

dust/Vehicular origin/coal combustion

Vehicular origin

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.


222

Table 25 Principal Component Analysis of the metal species accumulated in P. tinctorum transplanted at Guwahati

Components 1 2 3 Al 0.724 0.624 -0.212 Ca 0.905 0.321 -0.076 Cd 0.516 0.318 -0.758 Co -0.004 0.453 0.868 Cr -0.392 -0.012 0.918 Cu 0.512 0.808 0.207 Fe 0.499 0.798 0.312 K 0.240 0.960 -0.101 Mg 0.764 0.625 0.073 Mn 0.615 0.767 0.162 Na 0.848 0.328 -0.149 Ni 0.518 0.020 0.853 Pb 0.754 0.543 -0.250 Zn 0.746 0.654 -0.045 Eigen value 9.217 3.337 0.892 % Variance 65.833 23.835 6.369 Cumulative variance 65.833 89.668 96.037 Probable source Crustal dust/

Industrial/ construction

materials

Coal combustion Vehicular origin

Vehicular origin

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.

4.4. Transplantation of Pyxine cocoes

4.4.1 Elemental analysis

Mean concentrations of the elements accumulated are put up in Table 26 and 27.

Mean concentrations of Ca, Co, Cu, Fe and Mg were maximum in Tezpur whereas

Guwahati had maximum accumulation of Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Cd was not detected in any

of the samples. Accumulation in both the sets did not show any significant difference

between the two sets but a slightly higher accumulation was observed for some of the

elements in shaded set (Fig. 15).

223

Table 26 Mean metal concentrations (μgg−1 dry wt.) accumulated in the lichen P. cocoes transplanted at Tezpur

Sites Period Ca Cd Co Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Pb Zn

Control 1009.50±193 BDL 0.40±0.14 3.48±0.74 1684.45±263 1008.38±126 25.45±4 .002±.0 9.43±0.85 0.001±0

TH

1M Shade 1231.00±180 BDL 0.78±0.04 5.05±0.70 3027.45±166 1490.13±134 40.95±3 BDL 11.98±0.35 BDL

Open 1395.25±13 BDL 0.80±0 4.48±0.18 3202.45±61 1697.38±25 48.15±2 BDL 11.40±0.25 BDL

2M Shade 994.25±122 BDL 0.63±0.04 4.65±0.14 2261.70±61 1294.13±69 32.78±0.04 9.83±0.46 9.40±0.46 39.15±22

Open 853.75±31 BDL 0.55±0.07 4.15±0.35 2256.45±65 1161.38±10 28.35±0.71 11.50±3 8.78±0.28 45.68±37

3M Shade 1791.00±39 BDL 0.73±0.18 5.90±0.42 2395.95±82 1928.88±87 41.75±1 12.65±1 14.28±0.77 46.50±36

Open 1691.75±45 BDL 0.70±0.14 5.73±0.11 2328.70±12 1574.13±93 36.88±0.95 14.03±1 13.30±0.25 71.95±25

TP

1M Shade 1466.25±118 BDL 0.53±0.04 3.55±0.21 1839.95±152 1470.38±91 33.13±3 BDL 9.65±1 BDL

Open 1414.75±144 BDL 0.30±0 3.20±0.14 1165.45±75 1663.38±31 33.43±2 BDL 7.45±1 BDL

2M Shade 1452.00±101 BDL 0.45±0.07 4.1±0.28 1138.95±56 1566.38±98 27.425±1 9.2±2 5.525±0.42 56.05±11

Open 1222.00±80 BDL 0.48±0.11 4.28±0.88 1555.20±87 1226.88±36 26.45±0.57 14.43±5 9.50±0.32 68.58±61

3M Shade 1212.5±172 BDL 0.55±0.07 4.90±0.78 1606.95±199 1724.88±222 34.03±5 8.15±2 7.18±0.92 50.03±7

Open 1075.50±144 BDL 0.70±0.14 5.75±0.07 2459.70±151 1319.88±44 36.65±2 12.70±2 7.68±2 43.58±26

TU

1M Shade 1388.50±27 BDL 0.50±0.07 4.20±0.14 2132.20±0.71 1122.13±53 29.80±0.14 BDL 9.80±1 BDL

Open 1084.50±94 BDL 0.33±0.04 3.70±0.07 1437.45±94 1080.38±45 28.50±2 0.38±0.39 10.15±0.88 0.27±10

2M Shade 1890.00±192 BDL 1.00±0.21 6.38±0.25 3274.20±248 1446.13±127 44.83±3 25.53±5 23.93±1 100.48±72

Open 2053.25±30 BDL 0.90±0.42 6.03±2 2044.95±256 1507.63±18 40.85±3 36.38±21 10.40±0.53 120.38±19

3M Shade 1748.75±185 BDL 0.53±0.25 4.38±0.11 1577.20±155 1932.13±71 33.23±4 11.53±1 7.30±2 50±22.13

Open 1537.50±193 BDL 0.60±0.21 4.65±0.42 2018.95±247 1248.63±120 36.03±3 12.28±2 12.15±3 47.25±31


224

Table 27 Mean metal concentrations (μgg−1 dry wt.) accumulated in the lichen P. cocoes transplanted at Guwahati

Sites Period Ca Cd Co Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Pb Zn

GD

1M Shade 1138.25±149 BDL 0.40±0.07 4.55±0.21 1483.20±120 1401.88±68 27.18±2 1.20±0.92 8.33±1 1.30±9

Open 1009.00±99 BDL 0.43±0.18 3.53±0.32 1913.20±107 1212.38±54 25.63±0.81 6.80±4.38 11.95±2 35.43±52

2M Shade 1651.00±326 BDL 0.48±0.11 3.98±1.38 1477.45±408 1539.38±226 33.70±8 16.40±15 12.38±0.64 71.38±89

Open 1094.25±55 BDL 0.50±0 4.08±0.11 1871.95±101 1106.88±26 38.38±0.04 7.43±0.81 11.63±0.78 26.98±22

3M Shade 2162.25±233 BDL 0.73±0.53 4.63±0.67 2208.20±383 1669.13±132 34.98±5 16.65±20 11.33±2 47.98±39

Open 1263.50±133 BDL 0.53±0.25 4.33±0.25 1605.45±85 1115.38±84 39.20±3 3.78±3 12.70±2 14.93±3

GS

1M Shade 1245.50±102 BDL 0.40±0.07 3.00±0.14 1749.45±226 1140.63±28 28.55±2 3.13±1 12.30±0.81 10.98±6

Open 2036.50±215 BDL 0.80±0.35 6.35±1.34 2014.45±173 1732.63±92 41.10±0.28 19.88±17 14.48±1 89.53±102

2M Shade 1717.50±61 BDL 0.88±0.11 6.63±0.67 2698.20±187 1742.38±87 68.60±5 9.85±0.07 10.00±2 32.30±26

Open 1219.50±10 BDL 0.45±0.07 4.95±0.42 1757.95±27 1204.13±2 30.20±1 13.48±0.04 12.30±0.95 73.83±54

3M Shade 1285.75±233 BDL 0.40±0.14 3.98±0.46 1620.45±296 1113.63±113 28.05±4 2.70±0.99 11.80±3 12.30±13

Open 1188.50±103 BDL 0.60±0.14 5.98±0.46 2441.20±110 1055.63±56 38.40±2 3.63±2 15.85±3 15.75±13

1M

Shade 1151.25±18 BDL 0.65±0.07 3.65±0.14 2257.95±8 1285.88±12 36.30±0.35 4.50±0.07 7.50±1 18.75±18

GU

Open 1608.00±124 BDL 0.83±0.04 4.68±0.04 2507.45±80 1627.88±173 57.20±3 10.80±8 12.55±1 50.15±62

2M Shade 980.75±47 BDL 1.28±1.17 6.53±3.29 2177.45±772 976.13±28 30.60±9 62.68±68 10.53±0.78 172.28±114

Open 1264.50±26 BDL 0.65±0.07 4.85±0.64 1875.45±102 1551.63±1 35.48±0.74 11.33±3 9.23±1 53.88±58

3M Shade 926.50±94 BDL 0.30±0.07 3.75±0.07 1269.45±4 1102.38±52 27.63±1 2.35±0.77 6.48±1 12.23±13

Open 1296.25±238 BDL 0.63±0.11 4.60±0.14 2388.95±533 1453.38±127 49.63±11 4.08±0.46 13.98±3 14.10±15


225

Fig. 15 Comparison of the sets of transplantation for elements accumulated in P.

cocoes in both the cities

In Tezpur, accumulation of Co, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn were maximum in the hospital

premises. Being located near the main road entering into the city, increase in traffic density

and various road extension works during the year may be the reason for such high

accumulation. Tezpur University campus had maximum accumulation of Ca, Ni, Pb and

Zn. Construction works going on within the campus might be the source of Ca and

0.10

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eO

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eO

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eO

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eO

pen

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eO

pen

Shad

eO

pen

Shad

eO

pen

Shad

eO

pen

Ca Co Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Pb Zn

Mea

n co

nc. (μg

g−1

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wt.)

Tezpur

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eO

pen

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Mea

n co

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Guwahati


226

enhanced vehicular activities within the campus may attribute to Ni, Pb and Zn. In the past

two years the number of vehicles has been observed to increase. Interestingly Tezpur Park,

previously known to have high accumulation of most of the elements had minimum

accumulation.

In Guwahati, maximum accumulation of Mg is observed in Dispur. In the earlier

transplantation it had maximum accumulation of Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and

Zn. Elements such as Ca, Cu and Pb were highly accumulated in Sawkuchi. According to

Kortesharju et al., these elements are attributed to cement works.202 Presence of a small

scale cement factory may be probable source for these elements. Maximum concentrations

of Pb in Sawkuchi might be attributed to vehicular activities, as it is at close vicinity to the

NH-37. Like the University campus, of Tezpur, Gauhati University campus also had

maximum accumulation of Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn all of which are attributed to vehicular

activities.

4.4.2. Temporal variation of the elements accumulated in the transplanted thalli

Figure 16 shows characteristic trends of elemental concentrations in the

transplanted thalli going up and down throughout the exposure period and is observed for

almost all the elements. The assumption that the heavy metal content in the lichen thalli

will increase exponentially with time is rather very complicated. A characteristic feature of

several elements going up and down during the exposure period is evident from other

studies.31, 212 Physiological processes and turnover mechanisms in lichens might be the

possible reason for such observations.24, 213 Moreover, rainwater can wash off some metals

attached on the thallus surface which results in lower concentrations during rainy periods

and higher content in dry season.214, 215 But washing off metals is not always true as some

metal contents in lichens are found to enrich after precipitation.216 Metals originating from

dry deposition, show distinct temporal patterns with concentrations being usually higher in

summer than in winter.217

In Tezpur, Ca and Cu were continuously accumulated in both the sets. Conti et al.

also observed similar trend for Cu.190 However accumulation of Ni and Zn were observed

to increase in the 2nd month and then decreased by the end of 3rd month.

In Guwahati, continuous accumulation throughout the exposure period was

observed for Ca in the shaded set, but in open set, the same element was observed to

decrea

Mg, N

shaded

then d

by Co

decrea

ase in the 2n

Ni and Zn, c

d set accumu

decrease in th

Decrease i

orapi et al.

ase in the co

1

100

Mea

n co

nc. (μg

g−1

dry

wt.)

1

10

100

1000

Mea

n co

nc. (μg

g−1

dry

wt.)

d month and

continuous d

ulation of th

he 3rd month

in the concen

2014.31 In

oncentration

0.00

0.10

10.00

00.00

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

d then increa

decrease in

hese element

h.

ntration of Z

another stud

of Fe and Zn

1M

T

1M

T

ased by the e

accumulatio

ts were obse

Zn at the end

dy, Majumd

n in post mo

2M

T (Shade)

2M

T (Open)

end of 3rd mo

on was evide

erved to incr

d of transpla

dar et al. al

onsoon samp

3M

Results an

onth. For ele

ent in the op

rease in the 2

antation was

so observed

ples. 123

3M

CCCFMMNPZ

nd Discussio

2

ements such

pen set but

2nd month an

also observ

d a significa

CaCoCuFeMgMnNiPbZn

CaCoCuFeMgMnNiPbZn

ns�

27

as

in

nd

ed

ant


228

Fig.16 Temporal variation of the mean elemental concentrations in the lichen P. cocoes transplanted to Tezpur (T), Guwahati (G)

4.4.3 Correlation between rainfall and accumulated elements

Figure 17 gives the average rainfall during the study period for both the cities.

Correlations between rainfall and elements accumulated in transplanted lichen are

illustrated in Table 28. Most of the elements showed negative correlation with rainfall.

Positively significant correlation is observed only for Pb in Guwahati. Pilegaard et al.

observed significantly negative correlation between rainfall and heavy metals viz. Cd, Cr,

Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn.218

0.10

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10.00

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1M 2M 3M

Mea

n co

nc. (μg

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dry

wt.)

G (Shade)CaCoCuFeMgMnNiPbZn

0.10

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G (Open) CaCoCuFeMgMnNiPbZn


229

Fig. 17 Average rainfall during the study period both in Tezpur (T) and Guwahati

(G) (Source: IMD)

Table 28 Correlation between accumulated elements in transplanted P. cocoes and rainfall both in Tezpur and Guwahati: TRF-Rainfall for Tezpur, GRF-Rainfall for Guwahati


TRF -0.98 -0.48 -0.86 0.91 -0.89 -0.47 -0.45 0.05 -0.51

GRF 0.40 -0.81 -0.36 -0.96 -0.90 -0.54 -0.71 *1.00 -0.80



4.4.4. Exposed-to-control ratio (EC ratio)

As revealed by exposed to control ratio in Table 29, accumulation of Ca, Co, Cu,

Mg and Mn was observed in all the sites except Ca in University campus, Guwahati was

found normal. Accumulation of Cu is observed in all the sites except Park, Tezpur and

Dispur, Guwahati. Pb is also accumulated in University campus, Tezpur and Sawkuchi of

Guwahati. Fe is accumulated in hospital premises, Tezpur.

0.0050.00

100.00150.00200.00250.00300.00350.00400.00450.00500.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Aver

age

rain

fall

(mm

)

TG


230

Table 29 Exposed-to-control ratios* of the metal species accumulated in transplanted lichen P. cocoes


TH 1.31 1.74 1.44 1.53 1.51 1.50 4254.5 1.22 78418

TP 1.29 1.25 1.24 0.97 1.48 1.25 4521.17 0.83 74768

TU 1.60 1.60 1.41 1.24 1.38 1.40 8170.83 1.30 111933

GD 1.37 1.27 1.20 1.04 1.33 1.30 3000 1.21 51550

GS 1.44 1.47 1.48 1.22 1.32 1.54 6162.5 1.36 119400

GU 1.19 1.80 1.35 1.23 1.32 1.55 4366.67 1.07 78750

*0.00–0.25: severe loss-based; 0.25–0.75: somewhat loss-based; 0.75–1.25: normal; 1.25–

1.75: accumulation and >1.75: severe accumulation (Frati et al.)177

4.4.5 Enrichment factor (EF)

Enrichments factors of the elemental species are presented in Table 30. Both Pb

and Zn are highly enriched in both the sites and moderate enrichment is observed for Cu

and Ni. EF for Pb was found to be greater than 10 by Agnan et al.168

Table 30 Enrichment factors of the metal species in transplanted lichen P. cocoes

Sites Ca Co Cu Mg Mn Ni Pb Zn

TH 0.68 0.58 1.76 1.33 0.87 1.94 21.31 10.72

TP 1.07 0.66 2.41 2.06 1.14 2.85 22.94 18.23

TU 1.03 0.66 2.14 1.50 1.00 4.32 28.16 20.86

GD 1.05 0.62 2.17 1.71 1.10 3.10 30.85 15.29

GS 0.94 0.61 2.29 1.46 1.12 2.68 29.79 15.59

GU 0.77 0.74 2.05 1.44 1.11 4.80 23.03 21.01

4.4.6 Inter-elemental correlations

Pearson’s correlations between the elemental pairs were built to understand their

relationship (Table 31 and 32). Significant correlation at P<0.01 level is also observed for

the elemental pairs such as Significant relationships between the pairs Ca-Cu, Ca-Mn, Cu-

Mn, Cu-Fe, Fe-Mn (coal combustion). The metal pairs Ca-Ni, Co-Ni, Co-Pb, Cu-Ni, Fe-

Pb, Mn-Pb and Ni-Zn are also significantly correlated and may be attributed to vehicular


231

activities. Significant correlation among the pairs Ca- Mg, Ca-Pb, Ca-Zn and Mg–Mn

(crustal source).

In Guwahati (Table 34), significant relationship were observed between the pairs

Ca-Mg, Ca-Mn and Mg-Mn (Construction activities/crustal); Co-Cu, Co-Cu, Co-Fe, Co-

Mn, Co-Ni and Co-Zn (metal works/industrial); Cu-Fe, Cu-Mn and Fe-Mn (coal

combustion) and Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn and Ni-Zn (Vehicular).

Table 31 Inter-elemental correlations between the metal species in P. cocoes transplanted to Tezpur Ca Co Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Pb Zn

Ca 1

Co .462** 1

Cu .471** .818** 1

Fe 0.148 .768** .599** 1

Mg .559** 0.216 0.246 0.041 1

Mn .535** .763** .623** .780** .493** 1

Ni .516** .622** .744** 0.174 0.082 0.27 1

Pb .483** .633** .562** .692** 0.026 .621** .357* 1

Zn .462** .357* .568** 0.067 0.125 0.132 .792** 0.263 1

Table 32 Inter-elemental correlations between the metal species in P. cocoes transplanted to Guwahati Ca Co Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni Pb Zn

Ca 1

Co 0.256 1

Cu 0.309 .791** 1

Fe .375* .683** .617** 1

Mg .831** 0.226 0.285 .394* 1

Mn .481** .443** .499** .755** .602** 1

Ni 0.082 .870** .685** .366* -0.011 0.074 1

Pb .387* 0.169 0.257 .376* 0.123 0.266 0.056 1

Zn 0.099 .686** .614** 0.252 0.034 0.029 .866** -0.02 1




232

4.4.7 Assessment of probable sources for the elements accumulated in the transplanted

thalli

Principal component analysis of the element species for Tezpur showed three

components with eigen values >1 and explained total variance of ~86% (Table 33). The 1st

component covers ~53% of the total variance and had high loadings of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and

Pb. Vehicular exhaust and combustion of coal may attribute to these elements. The 2nd

component explains 18% of the total variance and was mainly loaded with Cu, Ni and Zn

and the probable source of these elements are vehicular activities. Last component,

component-3 had high loadings of Ca, Mg and Mn which might have crustal origin and

explains ~14% of variance.

For Guwahati, four components eigen values >0.82 were obtained that explained

~92% of variance (Table 34). The 1st component is attributed to industrial activities and

vehicular exhaust as were loaded with Co, Cu, Ni and Zn and explains 47% of variance.

Component 2 covers ~ 25% variance and was loaded with Fe and Mn. Coal combustion

might be their probable sources. Component 3 explains ~11% of the total variance and had

high loadings of Ca and Mg. They might have crustal origin or various constructional

activities. The last component had high loadings of Pb covering 9% variance and may be

attributed to vehicular emissions.


233

Table 33 Principal component analysis of the elemental species accumulated in lichen P. cocoes transplanted at Tezpur Components

1 2 3

Ca 0.236 0.465 0.714

Co 0.824 0.402 0.17

Cu 0.645 0.623 0.173

Fe 0.965 -0.028 -0.035

Mg 0.044 -0.005 0.952

Mn 0.822 0.031 0.496

Ni 0.232 0.93 0.073

Pb 0.788 0.237 0.053

Zn 0.033 0.916 0.104

Eigen value 4.76 1.64 1.31

% Variance 52.89 18.18 14.53

Cummulative variance 52.89 71.08 85.61

Probable source

Crustal dust and industrial

coal combustion Vehicular emissions

Construction

dust

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.


234

Table 34 Principal component analysis of the elemental species accumulated in lichen P. cocoes transplanted at Guwahati Components

1 2 3 4

Ca 0.100 0.142 0.920 0.272

Co 0.828 0.471 0.082 0.065

Cu 0.720 0.482 0.153 0.150

Fe 0.310 0.848 0.154 0.228

Mg 0.005 0.311 0.922 -0.066

Mn 0.024 0.875 0.380 0.053

Ni 0.973 0.075 -0.044 0.027

Pb 0.024 0.169 0.128 0.971

Zn 0.937 -0.063 0.052 -0.054

Eigen value 4.254 2.218 0.966 0.815

% Variance 47.262 24.643 10.734 9.053

Cummulative

variance 47.262 71.906 82.639 91.692

Probable source

Industrial activities

and vehicular origin Crustal Construction

Vehicular

emission

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.

4.4.8 Comparison between the two transplantation studies

In a span of two years significant changes in atmospheric deposition has been

observed. Most of the elements such as Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Pb were observed to increase

in both the cities (Fig. 18).


235

Fig. 18 Comparison of elemental concentrations accumulated in the two transplantation studies: (a) Tezpur and (b) Guwahati

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