Detailed solution

Model Test 51 (GS paper I)

1. Correct Answer is : (d) Nashik

Pandavleni Caves – Nashik On Bombay-Agra road, about 2.5 kms. from the Taj Residency a small hillock is seen. It houses the famous Pandavlena caves. From a distance you can see the hillock and the caves cut half way through the hillock. The climb is not very steep. The height of the caves must be about 300 ft. from the foot of the hillock. The name Pandavlena is a recent version of the old name Trirashmi. Pandavlena caves belong to the 1st Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D period. This group of 24 Buddhist caves is one of the most important in Western India, particularly interesting on account of the large rare inscriptions of considerable historical interest found here. They were excavated between the second half of the 1st Century B.C. and the end of the 2nd Century A.D. by the Buddhist of the Hinayana Faith, who worshipped Buddha in symbolical form. The images of Buddha carving in some ofthe caves are later additions made by the devotees of the Mahayana faith in CIRCA 4th - 6th Century A.D. The ancient name of the place was "Trirashmi" - the triple royal - the name of the Pandavlena caves being a modern application. The most important caves in this group are No. 18 and 20. Except cave No. 18 the remaining caves are Viharas or monasteries excavated in CIRCA 2nd Century A.D. Cave No. 3 was excavated at theorders of the Mother of the famous Satvahana King Gautamiputra Satkarni, who held sway over a large part of the Deccan in the 2nd Century A.D.

2. Correct Answer is : (a) Administrative development

3. Correct Answer is : (a) Dr. B. N. Rau

Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, CIE, (26 February 1887 – 30 November 1953) was an Indian civil

servant, jurist, diplomat and statesman known for his key role in drafting the Constitution of

India. He was also India's representative to the United Nations Security Council from 1950 to

1952. His brothers were Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Benegal Rama Rau and

journalist and politician B. Shiva Rao.

One of the foremost Indian jurists of his time, Rau helped draft the constitutions of Burma in

1947 and India in 1950. As India's representative on the United Nations Security Council (1950–

52), he was serving as president of the council when it recommended armed assistance to South

Korea (June 1950). Later he was a member of the Korean War post Armistice United Nations

Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC).

4. Correct Answer is : (b) 1 and 2

Van Mahotsav is an annual tree-planting festival in India, celebrated in the first week of July.

This movement was initiated in the year 1950 by India's then Union Minister for Agriculture,

Kulapati Dr.K M Munshi.

This festival has gained immense national importance and every year, millions of saplings are

planted all across India in observation of the Van Mahotsav week.

It is expected that every citizen of India has to plant a sapling in the Van Mahotsav week. It helps

spread awareness amongst people about the harm caused by the cutting down of trees.People

celebrate Van Mahotsava by planting trees or saplings in homes, offices, schools, colleges, etc.

Awareness campaigns are held at various levels. Novel promotions like free circulation of trees

are also taken up by various organizations and volunteers.

5. Correct Answer is : (a) Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Soon after the Lok Sabha election is over, the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are elected

by the members of the House by majority vote. Normally, the post of the Speaker goes to the

ruling party. Difficulty arises if the ruling party has no absolute majority in the Lok Sabha or

if there is a coalition government at the centre.

The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha was G.V. Mavalankar.

6. Correct Answer is : (d) 1928

7. Correct Answer is : (a) organo-mercurials

The disease is generally managed by seed treatment with organomercurials and other fungicides

such as benomyl, thiabendazole, carboxin, pencycuron, azoxystrobin or fenpiclonil.

8. Correct Answer is : (b) Jawaharlal Nehru

Timeline

• 9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the

constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate

state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected

temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.

• 11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad and H. C. Mukherjee were elected as

assembly president and vice-president, respectively. B. N. Rau appointed its

constitutional adviser.

• 13 December 1946: An "objective resolution" was introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru,

laying down the underlying principles of the constitution.

• 22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.

• 22 July 1947: National flag adopted.

• 24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first

two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first

president of India.

The assembly was chaired by Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V.

Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution

in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of �6.4 million.

9. Correct Answer is : (a) Gen. Collin Powell

Colin Luther Powell is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in theUnited States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bushfrom 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position

After the Vietnam War

Powell served a White House fellowship, a highly selective and prestigious position, under

President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1973.

In his autobiography, My American Journey, Powell named several officers he served under

who inspired and mentored him. As alieutenant colonel serving in South Korea, Powell was

very close to General Henry "Gunfighter" Emerson. Powell said he regarded Emerson as

one of the most caring officers he ever met. Emerson insisted his troops train at night to

fight a possible North Korean attack, and made them repeatedly watch the television

film Brian's Song to promote racial harmony. Powell always professed that what set

Emerson apart, was his great love of his soldiers and concern for their welfare. After a race

riot occurred, where African American soldiers almost killed a Caucasian officer, Powell was

charged by Emerson to crackdown on black militants; Powell's efforts led to the discharge

of one soldier, and other efforts to reduce racial tensions.

10. Correct Answer is : (b) zero

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion

of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical

temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911

in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum

mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection

of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the

superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that

superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect

conductivity in classical physics.

The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is

lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by

impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor

shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when

the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a

loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.

11. Correct Answer is : (a) Zilla Parishad

As the Chief Executive Officer of the Panchayat Samiti, the

Block Development Officer is entrusted with the responsibility

for implementing the resolutions of the Samiti and its

Standing Committees. He prepares the budget of the Samiti

and places it before the Samiti for approval. Preparing the

annual report of the Samiti and sending it to the Zilla

Parishad and State Government also comes within the

purview of his responsibility. He is accountable to the

President of the Samiti for his actions.

The principal function of the Panchayat Samiti is to co-

ordinate the activities of the various Panchayats within its

jurisdiction. The Panchayat Samiti supervises the work of the

Panchayats and scrutinises their budgets. It also reserves the

right to suggest measures for improving the functioning of the

Panchayats. The Samiti is charged with the responsibility of

preparing and colon implementing plans for the development

of agriculture, animal to SU (husbandry, fisheries, small scale

and cottage industries, rural health tropic etc.

12. Correct Answer is : (c) Elopement

Marriage by Elopement by Mutual Consent:

When the man and woman wants to marry with each other but their parents are not ready

for the marriage. The boy and girl by mutual consent run away and not return till they

arrange their marriage. This is common in ho tribe.

13. Correct Answer is : (b) 10

A co-operative society is a voluntary association of individuals having common needs who join hands for

the achievement of common economic interest. Its aim is to serve the interest of the poorer sections of

society through the principle of self-help and mutual help. The main objective is to provide support to

the members. Nobody joins a cooperative society to earn profit. People come forward as a group, pool

their individual resources, utilise them in the best possible manner, and derive some common benefit

out of it. A Co-operative Society can be formed as per the provisions of the Co-operative Societies Act,

1912. At least ten persons above of 18 years, having the capacity to enter into a contract with common

economic objectives, like farming, weaving, consuming, etc. can form a Co-operative Society.

Cooperative Societies Act is a Central Act. However, ‘Cooperative Societies’ is a State Subject (Entry 32

of List II of Seventh Schedule to Constitution, i.e. State List). Though the Act is still in force, it has been

specifically repealed in almost all the States and those States have their own Cooperative Societies Act.

Thus, practically, the Central Act is mainly of academic interest and as per preamble to the Act, the Act is

to facilitate formation of cooperative societies for the promotion of thrift and self-help among

agriculturists, artisans and persons of limited means. If object of the society is creation of funds to be

lent to its members, all the members must be residing in the same town, village or group of villages or

all members should be of same tribe, class, caste or occupation, unless Registrar otherwise directs. The

provision of minimum 10 members or residing in same town/village etc. is not applicable if a registered

society is member of another society. The Statement of Objects and reasons states as follows: (a)

Cooperative Society can be established for purpose of credit, production or distribution. (b) Agricultural

credit societies must be with unlimited liability. (c) Unlimited society is not best form of cooperation for

agricultural commodities. (d) Unlimited society can distribute profits with permission of State

Government.

14. Correct Answer is : (d) 3

Article 3 in The Constitution Of India 1949

3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States: Parliament may by law (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; (e) alter the name of any State; Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President and unless, where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries or name of any of the States, the Bill has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the reference or within such further period as the President may allow and the period so specified or allowed has expired Explanation I In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), State includes a Union territory, but in the proviso, State does not include a Union territory Explanation II The power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or Union territory

15. Correct Answer is : (d) Public, Private and Cooperative sector

16. Correct Answer is : (b) 1951

A VERY BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BHOODAN-GRAMDAN MOVEMENT

The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated inspired by Vinoba brought Vinoba to the

international scene.

In 1951,the Third Annual Sarvodaya Conference was held at Shivarampali, a village a

few miles south of the city of Hyderabad in South India. Vinoba was persuaded to leave

his community center (Ashram) at Pavnar, near Nagpur & attend the meetings. Vinoba

decided to walk three hundred miles to Hyderabad. Telangana had been the scene of

violent communist rebellion which was still smouldering in April 1951. For Vinoba the

future of India was essentially a contest between the fundamental creeds of Gandhi &

Marx. In coming to Hyderabad, Vinoba & other Gandhians were confronting a challenge

& testing their faith in non-violence.

On April 11th 1951, the final day of conference, Vinoba announced that on his walk

home to Pavanar he & a few companions would tour the Communist infested areas of

Telangana to spread the message of Peace i.e. Non-violence. Once in Telangana, Vinoba

quickly showed his sensitivity to the new situation. On April 17th, at his second stop,

Vinoba learned at first hand that village people were afraid of the police as well as the

Communists & that the village was torn along class-lines.

On April 18th 1951, the historic day of the very genesis of the Bhoodan movement,

Vinoba entered Nalgonda district, the centre of Communist activity. The organizers had

arranged Vinoba’s stay at Pochampalli, a large village with about 700 families, of whom

two-thirds were landless. Pochampalli gave Vinoba a warm welcome. Vinoba went to visit

the Harijan (the Untouchables) colony. By early afternoon villagers began to gather

around Vinoba at Vinoba’s cottage. The Harijans asked for eighty acres of land, forty

wet, forty dry for forty families that would be enough. Then Vinoba asked,”If it is not

possible to get land from the government, is there not something villagers themselves

could do?” To everyone’s surprise, Ram Chandra Reddy, the local landlord, got up & said

in a rather excited voice: “I will give you 100 acres for these people.” At his evening

prayer meeting, Ram Chandra Reddy got up & repeated his promise to offer 100 acres of

land to the Harijans. This incident neither planned nor imagined was the very genesis of

the Bhoodan movement & it made Vinoba think that therein lay the potentiality of

solving the land problem of India. This movement later on developed into a village gift or

Gramdan movement. This movement was a part of a comprehensive movement for the

establishment of a Sarvodaya Society (The Rise of All socio-economic-political order),

both in India & outside India.

The movement passed through several stages in regard to both momentum & allied

programmes. In October 1951, Vinoba was led to demand fifty million acres of land for

the landless from the whole of India by 1957. Thus a personal initiative assumed the

form of a mass movement, reminding the people of Gandhi’s mass movements. This was

indeed a very remarkable achievement for a constructive work movement. The

enthusiasm for the movement lasted till 1957 & thereafter it began to wane.

Meanwhile the Bhoodan Movement had been transformed from a land-gift movement to

a village-gift or Gramdan movement, in which the whole or a major part of a village land

was to be donated by not less than 75% of the villagers who were required to relinquish

their right of owner-ship over their lands in favour of the entire village, with power to

equitably redistribute the total land among village’s families with a proviso for revision

after some intervals. The Programme of individual land-gifts was still there, but

henceforth became a neglected activity.

The Gramdan idea did not prove popular in the non-tribal areas & this partly accounted

for the decline of the movement at the end of the 1950s. All this continued till 1974.

from the view-point of its ups & downs. But there was another aspect as well & it related

to allied programmes unfolded from time to time. Those progammes were Sampattidan

(Wealth-gift), Shramdan (Labour-gift), Jeevandan (Life-long commitment to the

movement by co-workers), Shanti-Sena (Peace-army), Sadhandan (gift of implements

for agricultural operations).

17. Correct Answer is : (a) Third, second

18. Correct Answer is : (b) 2

The relatively large holdings above 10 hectares number only about 1.6 percent of the total operational

holdings. However, these 1.6 per cent of the large holdings occupy about 17.3 per cent of the total area,

while 78 percent of holdings which are less than 2 hectares, operate only about 32.4 percent of the total

area. This speaks of inequality in the distribution of operational holdings. Also there is inequality of

income between agricultural and non-agricultural workers, which is evident from the fact that

percentage share of agriculture in current total GDP is only 24.2, while the percentage share of

agricultural work force to total work force comes to about 60 percent.

19. Correct Answer is : (a) U.S.A.

20. Correct Answer is : (b) Justice V. Ramaswamy

V. Ramaswami was the Justice of the Supreme Court of India and the first judge against

whom impeachment proceedings were initiated in independent India. The only other judge

to face impeachment proceedings is Justice "Soumitra Sen" of Calcutta High Court,

proceedings against whom were initiated in Rajya Sabha on 17 August 2011

21. Correct Answer is : (b) Articles 268 to 281

Part XII is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the

union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Articles on

Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits.

Articles 264 - 291 on Finance Articles 264 - 267 General Articles 268 - 281 on Distribution

Revenues between the Union and the States Articles 282 - 291 on Miscellaneous Financial

Provisions

22. Correct Answer is : (b) The Provincial Ministers

The Act provided a dual form of government (a "dyarchy") for the major provinces. In each

such province, control of some areas of government, the "transferred list", were given to

a Government of ministers answerable to the Provincial Council. The 'transferred list'

included Agriculture, supervision of local government, Health and Education. The Provincial

Councils were enlarged.

At the same time, all other areas of government (the 'reserved list') remained under the

control of the Viceroy. The 'reserved list' included Defence (the military),Foreign Affairs, and

Communications.

The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged and reformed. It became

a bicameral legislature for all India. The lower house was the Legislative Assembly of 144

members, of which 104 were elected and 40 were nominated and tenure of three years.

The upper house was the Council of States consisting of 34 elected and 26 nominated

members and tenure of five years

23. Correct Answer is : (d) Unemployment allowance

In economics, a transfer payment (or government transfer or simply transfer) is

a redistribution of income in the market system. These payments are considered to be non-

exhaustive because they do not directly absorb resources or create output. In other words,

the transfer is made without any exchange of goods or services. Examples of certain

transfer payments include welfare (financial aid), social security, and government

making subsidies for certain businesses (firms).

24. Correct Answer is : (d) The President may return a bill for reconsideration

Assent to Money Bills

Lok Sabha Secretariat is responsible for obtaining assent of all Money Bills after they have

been passed or are deemed to have been passed by the Houses of Parliament.

The President may either give or withhold his assent to a Money Bill. Under the Constitution, a

Money Bill cannot be returned to the House by the President for reconsideration.

25. Correct Answer is : (a) Badruddin Tyabji

Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim persident of INC.

The Indian National Congress (abbreviated INC, and commonly known as the Congress) is

the oldest Political Party in India. Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater

share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not

opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a

Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the

approval ofLord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy.

Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was the first President of the INC. The first meeting was

scheduled to be held in Pune, but due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later

shifted to Bombay. The first session of the INC was held from 28–31 December 1885, and

was attended by 72 delegates, Badruddin Tyabji and his brother Camruddin, Rahimtulla M.

Sayani were among its delegates.

List of Muslims who became president of The Indian National Congress before

Independence of India.

• 1. Badruddin Tyabji became President in 1887 INC Session - Madras

• 2. Rahimtulla M. Sayani became President in 1896 INC Session - Calcutta

• 3. Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur became President in 1913 INC Session -

Karachi

• 4. Syed Hasan Imam became President in 1918 INC Special Session - Bombay

• 5. Hakim Ajmal Khan became President in 1921 INC Session - Ahamedabad

• 6. Maulana Mohammad Ali became President in 1923 INC Session - Cocanada (now

Kakinada)

• 7. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad became President in 1923 INC Special Session - Delhi

• 8. Dr.Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari became President in 1927 INC Session - Madras

• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad again become President of The Indian National Congress

in 1940 - INC Session - Ramgarh and he was the President of Indian National Congress

until 1946, he was the only person who served as president of INC for THE LONGEST

PERIOD (7 years) before Independence.

26. Correct Answer is : (d) Union of States

Article 1 in The Constitution Of India 1949

1. Name and territory of the Union (1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States (2) The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule

27. Correct Answer is : (d) 1, 2 and 3

Preventive Detention In The Constitution of Indian

Preventive Detention is the the most contentious part of the scheme fundamental rights in the Indian

constitutions. The Article 22 (3) of the Indian constitution provides that, if a person is arrested or

detained under a law providing for preventive detention, then the protection against arrest and

detention under Article 22 (1) and 22 (2) shall not be available.

Preventive detention should be carefully distinguished from punitive detention. Punitive detention is

punishment for illegal acts done. Preventive detention on the other hand is action taken beforehand to

prevent possible commitment of crime. Preventive detention thus is action taken on grounds of

suspicion that some wrong actions may be done by the person concerned.

Preventive detention can however be made only on four grounds.

The grounds for Preventive detention are—

security of state,

maintenance of public order,

maintenance of supplies and essential services and defence,

foreign affairs or security of India.

28. Correct Answer is : (d) An increase in investment

Gross National Product

Gross national product (GNP), a measure of a nation's wealth, is also

directly affected by federal taxes. An easy way to see how taxes affect

output is to look at the aggregate demand equation:

GNP = C + I + G + NX

where:

• C = consumption spending by individuals

• I = investment spending (business spending on machinery, etc.),

• G = government purchases

• NX = net exports

Consumer spending typically equals two-thirds of GNP. As you would

expect, lowering taxes raises disposable income, allowing the consumer

to spend additional sums, thereby, increasing GNP.

29. Correct Answer is : (a) Loan for Bullock

Crop Loans are also called short term loans for “Seasonal Agricultural Operations.” The Seasonal

Agricultural Operations connote such activities as are undertaken in the process of raising various crops

and are seasonally recurring in nature. The activities include, among others, ploughing and preparing

land for sowing, weeding, transplantation where necessary, acquiring and applying inputs such as seeds,

fertilizers, insecticides etc. and labour for all operations in the field for raising & harvesting the crops.

Thus, the credit required to meet the current expenditure for raising the crops on land till the crops are

harvested is construed as production or short term credit for seasonal agricultural operations.

30. Correct Answer is : (d) Nagpur

31. Correct Answer is : (d) 1, 2 and 3

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with

or against any majorpower bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members and

17 observer countries.

The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by India's

first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru; Burma's first Prime Minister U Nu; Indonesia's first

president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first

president Kwame Nkrumah; and Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito. All six leaders

were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between

the Western and Eastern Blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to

represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United

Nations.

32. Correct Answer is : (c) V. R. Shinde

Mahrshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde (April 23, 1873 – January 2, 1944) was one of the most

important social and religious reformers in Maharashtra, India. He was prominent among

the liberal thinkers and reformists in India, prior to her independence. His greatest

contribution was to remove the practice of untouchability and bring about equality to the

depressed classes in Indian society.

After returning from England in 1903, he devoted his life to religious and social reforms. He

continued his missionary work for the Prarthana Samaj. His efforts were devoted mainly to

the removal of untouchability in India. In 1905 he established a night school for the children

of untouchables in Pune, and in 1906 he established the Depressed Classes

Mission in Mumbai (Bombay). In 1922 the mission’s Ahalyashram building was competed at

Pune. In 1917 he succeeded in getting the Indian National Congress to pass a resolution

condemning the practice of untouchability.

33. Correct Answer is : (b) Only 2

The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) is a breeder reactor located

at Kalpakkam, India. The Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and Bhabha

Atomic Research Centre (BARC) jointly designed, constructed, and operate the reactor.

It first reached criticality in October 1985, making India the seventh nation to have the

technology to build and operate a breeder reactor after United

States, UK,France, Japan, Germany, and Russia.

34. Correct Answer is : (a) 4, 2, 1, 3

Private Income:

“Private income is the total of factor incomes and transfer incomes received from all sources

by private sector (private enterprise and households) within and outside the country.”

It also includes net factor income from abroad. Private Sector consists of private enterprises

and households [factor owners). Thus, private income consists of not only factor incomes

earned within the domestic territory and abroad but also all current transfers from

government and rest of the world. In tills way it is the sum of earned incomes and transfer

incomes received by private sector.

Thus, the concept of private income is broader than that of personal income because

private income consists of personal income + profit tax + undistributed profit. Again, it

should be kept in mind that conventionally ‘net factor income from abroad’ is allocated to

private sector and not to government sector.

Difference between Private Income and Private Sector Income:

Both are different. Private sector income includes only factor income earned by private

sector within domestic territory whereas private income includes private sector income,

NFIA and all current transfers from within and outside the country. Thus, private income is a

national and broader concept whereas income from domestic product accruing to private

sector is a domestic concept.

Personal Income:

“Personal income is the sum of earned income and transfer income received by persons

(households) from all sources within and outside the country. The point to be noted here is

that personal income includes not only factor incomes which are earned from productive

services but also transfer incomes (or payments) which are received without rendering any

productive service. Thus, personal income is the sum of earned incomes and current

transfer incomes. In other words, it is a receipt concept as compared to national income

which is an earning concept.

It may be pointed out that national income is not the sum total of personal incomes since

the former includes only earned incomes whereas the latter includes earned incomes as

well as transfer incomes. Again, personal income is different from private income because o

components of private income namely corporate tax and undistributed profit of corporate

enterprise are not included in personal income.

The reason is that corporate tax goes to the government and undistributed profit is retained

by the company, i.e., these two items are not Received by households

Disposable Income

Another national account is disposable income (DI), which is simply personal income minus

income taxes. That is what many people call take-home pay. Personal taxes include any

type of tax which decreases the income that a person actually receives, such as income

and inheritance taxes. Hence, disposable income is the money that people have to either

spend or to save.

35. Correct Answer is : (d) Typhoid

The Widal test is a presumptive serological test for enteric fever or undulant fever whereby

bacteria causing typhoid fever are mixed with serum containing specific antibodies obtained

from an infected individual. In case of Salmonella infections, it is a demonstration of the

presence of O-soma false-positive result. Test results need to be interpreted carefully in the

light of past history of enteric fever, typhoid vaccination, and the general level of antibodies

in the populations in endemic areas of the world. Typhidot is the other test used to ascertain

the diagnosis of typhoid fever. As with all serological tests, the rise in antibody levels

needed to perform the diagnosis takes 7–14 days, which limits it applicability in early

diagnosis. Other means of diagnosing Salmonella typhi (and paratyphi) include cultures of

blood, urine and faeces. These organisms produce H2S from thiosulfate and can be easily

identified on differential media such as Bismuth sulfite agar.

36. Correct Answer is : (a) output at market prices

DEFINITION OF 'VALUE ADDED' The enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering

the product to customers. Value added is used to describe instances

where a firm takes a product that may be considered a homogeneous

product, with few differences (if any) from that of a competitor, and

provides potential customers with a feature or add-on that gives it a

greater sense of value.

A value add can either increase the product's price or value. For

example, offering one year of free support on a new computer would be

a value-added feature. Additionally, individuals can bring value add to

services that they perform, such as bringing advanced financial modeling

skills to a position in which the hiring manager may not have foreseen

the need for such skills.

37. Correct Answer is : (d) Right to enjoy a pollution- free environment

The division of human rights into three generations was initially proposed in 1979 by

the Czech jurist Karel Vasak at the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg. He

used the term at least as early as November 1977. Vasak's theories have primarily taken

root in European law.

First-generation human rights, often called "blue" rights, deal essentially with liberty and

participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature: They

serve negatively to protect the individual from excesses of the state.

Second-generation human rights are related to equality and began to be recognized by

governments after World War II. They are fundamentally economic, social and cultural in

nature. They guarantee different members of the citizenry equal conditions and treatment.

Secondary rights would include a right to be employed injust and favorable condition, rights

to food, housing and health care, as well as social security and unemployment benefits.

Like first-generation rights, they were also covered by the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights.

Third-generation human rights are those rights that go beyond the mere civil and social, as

expressed in many progressive documents of international law, including the

1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,

the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and other pieces of generally

aspirational "soft law." Because of the present-day tilting toward national sovereignty and

the preponderance of would-be offender nations, these rights have been hard to enact in

legally binding documents.

The term "third-generation human rights" remains largely unofficial, just as the also-used

moniker of "green" rights, and thus houses an extremely broad spectrum of rights, including:

• Group and collective rights

• Right to self-determination

• Right to economic and social development

• Right to a healthy environment

• Right to natural resources

• Right to communicate and communication rights

• Right to participation in cultural heritage

• Rights to intergenerational equity and sustainability

38. Correct Answer is : (d) A non violent transformation of the society, especially in rural

areas

39. Correct Answer is : (d) Baba Budangiri

Iron-ore (hematite), vanadiferous and titaniferous magnetic, chaina clay, galena (lead ore),

Kyanite, asbestos, steatite (soap stone) and quartzite constitute the principal mineral

resources of Mayurbhanj district, of these the iron-ore deposits of Gorumahisani,

Badampahar and Suleipat, which have been exploited for about half a century, deserve

special mention.

Banded Iron Formation (BIF) hosting the iron ores occur in three iron ore groups

encircling the North Odisha Iron Ore Craton (NOIOC), which is known as Iron Ore

Super Group (IOSG) of Odisha. The famous Bonai Keonjhar belt is one of the three

belts that forms an important part of the Archean supracrustals of IOSG. BIF, the

bicomponent rock along with iron ore has spatial and vertical disposition with

varying litho-morphological characteristics throughout the belt. Lithological

investigations are carried out in the mine sections and exploratory bore hole logging

of Bansapani, Jajang and Jilling areas of the eastern limb of Bonai-Keonjhar belt.

These observations are utilised to establish the lithostratigraphy of the banded iron

formation bearing crustal blocks.

Keonjhar is a land locked district with an area of 8240 km2. It is situated in the northern part

of Odisha. The important minerals available in huge quantity in the district are Iron-ore,

Manganese and Chromites.

Baba Budangiri (also known as Dattagiri) is a mountain in the Baba Budan or Dattagiri

range of the Western Ghatsof India. Located in the Chikkamagaluru District of Karnataka,

Baba Budangiri is known for its shrine to the Sufi saintBaba Budan, a pilgrimage site for

both Hindus and Muslims.

40. Correct Answer is : (a) 1885-1905

In 1892, the Government appointed a committee under Fredrick Nicholson to advise the government on the starting of Agricultural banks and land Banks in Madras Presidency. The committee submitted its report in 1895 and 1899. The committee made strong recommendation of introduction of the rural banks on cooperative lines. Prior to that in state of Baroda, an 'Anyonya Sahakari Mandali' was organized in 1889, which is said to be India's first cooperative arrangement.

41. Correct Answer is : (b) Only 2

In 1904, Cooperative Credit Societies Act, was enacted. This act gave the impetus to the Cooperative Movement in India. Soon after India's first

"urban cooperative credit society" was registered in Kanjivaram in the Madras Presidency in October, 1904.

42. Correct Answer is : (b) Only 2

What is boro rice?

The boro rice is commonly known as winter rice. The term boro is Bengali originated from the Sanskrit word "Boro" which refers to a cultivation from Nov.-May under irrigated condition.

Why boro rice cultivation?

/ Shallow water level and water logging low land can be utilized by using boro rice cultivation, which remains fallow in winter due to excessive moisture and late maturing rice.

/ Immense potential for improving boro rice yield over winter crops in low land areas.

/ Boro rice matures before on-set of monsoon and get sufficient time for harvesting as compared to chaite rice (spring).

/ Good market price of boro rice due to off- season production.

/ Reduces risk of natural calamities like flood for main season under flood prone areas using boro rice cultivation.

43. Correct Answer is : (d) no indirect tax and no subsidy

All the measures of national income can be calculated at

market prices or factor costs. Difference between market

prices and factor costs arises because of Net Indirect ‘Taxes

(Indirect taxes Subsidies).

44. Correct Answer is : (b) Ethylene

Defination of Growth Regulator:

Growth regulator may be defined as chemical substance, other than nutrient and

vitamin regulate the growth of plant when applied in small quantities.

In term growth substance or auxin is often used to mean the same as growth

regulators.

Types of Growth Regulators:

1. Auxin

2. Gibberellins

3. Cytokines

4. Ethylene

5. Inhibitors

6. Growth retardants

Ethylene:

A synthetic chemical known as Ethrel (Ethephon -2), Chloroethyl phosphoric acid

(CEPA) which reduce ethylene when applied on plant.

Actions:

1. Apical dominance arrested.

2. Stimulate of lateral growth.

3. Promote abscission of leaves, flowers, and fruit.

4. Induction of flowering.

5. Helps in fruit ripening.

6. Promote rooting.

7. Helps in chlorophyll formation.

8. Promote seed germination.

9. Increase female flowers.

10. Breaks dormancy.

45. Correct Answer is : (d) Pusa Navbahar

Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub.] is an important annual legume vegetable crop. It can

be grown on soil of low fertility as well as drought prone arid and semi arid area. Pusa Navbahar is most

popular variety of cluster bean for vegetable purpose. It is grown for its young tender green immature

pods, which are used as a nutritive vegetable. It is single stem and pods are about 15 cm in length,

tender, green in colour and have less fibre. It is cultivated during summer and rainy seasons

46. Correct Answer is : (b) Igneous rock

Trans-Himalayan Batholith

The Trans-Himalaya zone is a linear plutonic complex. It is partly covered by forearc rocks and

continental molasse sedimentary rocks. These assemblages are derived from uplift of magmatic rocks

and their subsequent erosion. The igneous complex consists of I-type lithologies, including

gabbros,diorites, and granites. Formation of the complex is thought to have occured in several phases,

between 110 and 40 million years. Partial melting of a subducting NeoTethyan slab beneath the Asian

plate is thought to have resulted in these magmas (Sorkhabi 1999). This zone varies in a west-east

direction. To the west, plutons were emplaced into an area, called the Kohistan-Ladakh region, and

represent an island arc environement. Contrastly, eastern igneous rocks represent an Andean-type

environment.

47. Correct Answer is : (b) Net income from abroad

NET NATIONAL PRODUCT:

The total market value of all final goods and services produced by citizens of an economy during a given

period of time, usually a year, after adjusting for the depreciation of capital. Net national product (NNP)

has the same relation to net domestic product (NDP) as gross national product (GNP) has to gross

domestic product (GDP). Net national product also has the same relation to gross national product that

net domestic product has to gross domestic product. Like NDP, NNP is a measure of the net production

in the economy.

The key difference between NNP and NDP is identical to that between GNP and GDP. Net national

product measures all output produced by citizens of a nation, regardless of where that production takes

place, and net domestic product measures all output produced within the political boundaries of a

nation, regardless of the citizenry of those doing the producing. The difference between NNP and NDP is

net foreign factor income.

In the same way that NDP is derived from GDP by subtracting capital depreciation, specifically the

capital consumption adjustment (CCA), NNP is derived from GNP by subtracting the capital consumption

adjustment.

NNP = GNP - CCA

When GNP gave way to GDP as the primary measure of gross production in the early 1990s, so too did

NNP give way to NDP as the primary measure of net production in the economy. NNP can still be derived

from the numbers provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, but it is seldom if ever reported with

other standard measures of production and income.

48. Correct Answer is : (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Article 341 in The Constitution Of India 1949

341. Scheduled Castes (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be

Article 342 in The Constitution Of India 1949

342. Scheduled Tribes (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be

49. Correct Answer is : (d) 448

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It is a living document, an instrument

which makes the government system work. It lays down the framework defining

fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of

government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principlesand the duties of

citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,

containing 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 98 amendments (out of

120 Constitution Amendment Bills). Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi

translation. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is widely regarded as the architect of the Indian

Constitution.

50. Correct Answer is : (a) Only 1

The Constitution follows parliamentary system of government and the executive is directly

accountable to the legislature. Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister of

India as the head of government. It also states that there shall be a President of India and

a Vice-President of India under Articles 52 and 63. Unlike the Prime Minister, the President

largely performs ceremonial roles.

51. Correct Answer is : (b) Allahabad

On November 1, 1858, a grand Darbar was held at Allahabad. Here Lord Canning sent forth the

royal proclamation which announced that the queen had assumed the government of India. This

proclamation declared the future policy of the British Rule in India.

52. Correct Answer is : (a) Rs. 9,000

National Income = Domestic Income + net asset income earned from abroad

10000 = GDP + 1000

GDP = 10000-1000

GDP = 9000

Indirect taxes, subsidies and depreciation are taken into account into other calculations like Net National

Income, GDP or NNP at factor price etc.

53. Correct Answer is : (b) Goods and services

A statement that summarizes an economy’s transactions with the rest of

the world for a specified time period. The balance of payments, also

known as balance of international payments, encompasses all

transactions between a country’s residents and its nonresidents

involving goods, services and income; financial claims on and liabilities

to the rest of the world; and transfers such as gifts. The balance of

payments classifies these transactions in two accounts – the current

account and the capital account. The current account includes

transactions in goods, services, investment income and current

transfers, while the capital account mainly includes transactions in

financial instruments. An economy’s balance of payments transactions

and international investment position (IIP) together constitute its set of

international accounts.

54. Correct Answer is : (a) 15

The agro-climatic zone planning aims at scientific management of regional resources to meet the food,

fiber, fodder and fuel wood without adversely affecting the status of natural resources and environment. While assessing the resource base required is the holistic perspective, development will have to be achieved through an appropriate mix of crop production and allied activities including horticulture, forestry, animal husbandry and agro-processing etc. improved farming systems technologies will replace traditional crop production approach to minimize regional variations in rural incomes.

With the 329 million hectares of the geographical area the country presents a large number of complex agro-climatic situations. However, for the purpose of this exercise, Planning Commission has delineated 15 agro-climatic regions which were proposed to form basis for agricultural planning for the Eighth Plan. The 15 regions are:

1. Western Himalayan Region

2. Eastern Himalayan Region

3. Lower Gangetic Plains Region

4. Middle Gangetic Plains Region

5. Upper Gangetic Plains Region

6. Trans-Gangetic Plains Region

7. Eastern Plateau and Hills Region

8. Central Plateau and Hills Region

9. Western Plateau and Hills Region

10. Southern Plateau and Hills Region

11. East Coast Plains and Hills Region

12. West Coast Plains and Ghat Region

13. Gujarat Plains and Hills Region

14. Western Dry Region

15. The Islands Region

Among all these zones, wheat is being mainly cultivated in zones 1-9, and with low coverage in zones 10, 13 and 14.

55. Correct Answer is : (b) Poaceae

Rice belongs to the genus Oryza, of the tribe Oryzeae, of the subfamily Bambusoideae or

Ehrhartoideae, of the family Poaceae or Gramineae. The 2 cultivated species are Oryza

sativa and Oryza glaberrima. As a result of genetic studies, many scientists believe that

common wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, was the wild ancestor of Oryza sativa.

According to PlantsDB and ITIS there are 7 accepted species of rice:

Kingdom: Plantae - Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta - Vascular plants Superdivision: Spermatophyta - Seed plants Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants Class: Liliopsida - Monocotyledons Subclass: Commelinidae Order: Cyperales Family: Poaceae - Grass family Genus: Oryza L. - rice

56. Correct Answer is : (d) There must be barrier to entry in the market

Conditions for Perfect Competition

When economists analyze the production decisions of a firm, they take

into account the structure of the market in which the firm is operating.

The structure of the market is determined by four different market

characteristics: the number and size of the firms in the market, the ease

with which firms may enter and exit the market, the degree to which

firms' products are differentiated, and the amount of information

available to both buyers and sellers regarding prices, product

characteristics, and production techniques.

Four characteristics or conditions must be present for a perfectly

competitive market structure to exist. First, there must be many firms in

the market, none of which is large in terms of its sales. Second, firms

should be able to enter and exit the market easily. Third, each firm in the

market produces and sells a nondifferentiated or homogeneous product.

Fourth, all firms and consumers in the market have complete information

about prices, product quality, and production

57. Correct Answer is : (b) 1 and 2

the western

Ghats

run along the west coast from south of the Tapti river valley to Kanyakumari;

Deccan trap constitutes the northern portion of the Ghats;

Southern part : composed of Archean gneisses, Schists and Charnockites

Anai Muddi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m (8,842 ft) in Kerala is the highest

peak in the Western Ghats.

58. Correct Answer is : (d) Master Tara Singh

The Punjabi Suba movement aimed at creation of a Punjabi-majority subah ("province") in

the Punjab region of India in the 1950s. Led by the Akali Dal, it resulted in the formation of

the Punjabi-majority Punjab state, the Hindi-majority Haryana state and the Union

Territory of Chandigarh. Some Pahari majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged

with Himachal Pradesh as a result of the movement.

Master Tara Singh (24 June 1885, Rawalpindi, Punjab – 22 November 1967, Chandigarh)

was a prominent Sikh political and religious leader in the first half of the 20th century. He

was instrumental in organising the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee, in

organizing Sikhs politically, and guided the Sikhs during the Partition of India, and later led

their demand for a Sikh-majority state in Punjab, India.The Indian journalist and

politician Rajinder Kaur was his daughter

59. Correct Answer is : (b) the rate of interest is about to fall

Most investors care about future interest rates, but none more than

bondholders. If you are considering a bond or bond fund investment, you

must ask yourself whether you think interest rates will rise in the future. If

the answer is yes then you probably want to avoid long-term maturity

bonds or at least shorten the average duration of your bond holdings; or

plan to weather the ensuing price decline by holding your bonds and

collecting the par value at maturity.

60. Correct Answer is : (a) 46

Article 46 in The Constitution Of India 1949

46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation

61. Correct Answer is : (b) 10-9

meter

Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. In nanotechnology, a

particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit with respect to its transport

and properties. Particles are further classified according to diameter.

IUPAC definition

Particle of any shape with dimensions in the 1 × 10−9 and 1 × 10−7 m range.

62. Correct Answer is : (d) Jatropha

Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is

native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America. It is cultivated in

tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becomingnaturalized in some areas.

The specific epithet, "curcas", was first used by Portuguese doctor Garcia de Orta more

than 400 years ago and is of uncertain origin. Common names include Barbados

nut, purging nut, physic nut, or JCL(abbreviation of Jatropha curcas Linnaeus).

J. curcas is a poisonous, semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6 m

(20 ft). It is resistant to a high degree of aridity, allowing it to be grown in deserts.

The seeds contain 27-40% oil (average: 34.4%) that can be processed to produce a high-

quality biodiesel fuel, usable in a standard diesel engine. The seeds are also a source of the

highly poisonous toxalbumin curcin or jatrophin.

63. Correct Answer is : (d) Cadmium

Coolant system

The function of a power reactor installation is to extract as much heat of

nuclear fission as possible and convert it to useful power, generally electricity.

The coolant system plays a pivotal role in performing this function. A coolant

fluid enters the core at low temperature and exits at a higher temperature after

collecting the fission energy. This higher-temperature fluid is then directed to

conventional thermodynamic components where the heat is converted into

electric power. In most light-water, heavy-water, and gas-cooled power

reactors, the coolant is maintained at high pressure. Sodium and organic

coolants operate at atmospheric pressure

64. Correct Answer is : (a) Majhi

The third largest tribes of India are the Santhal Tribe. This tribe habitation is mainly in the states

of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand and Assam. They belong to the Pre -Aryan period

and were the great fighters during the British regime in India. A bantam bunch comprising of the

Santhals can also be traced back to Bangladesh. Santhals were brave and courgeous people

who wagged war against the permanent settlement of Lord Cornwallis in 1855.

Judicial System

The judiciary system is well organised in traditional manner. It manages and gets solution to the problem inside the community. They make every effort to solve it among themselves within in the society. The Santhal Tribe head is called as Manjhi Hadam. He is considered as the chief of the judicial, executive and other function of society. Manjhi is helped by various others like Jagmangjhi, Jagparanik, Naike and Gudit who work in the other fields in diverse areas.

65. Correct Answer is : (d) Lokur

Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India refers to Scheduled Tribes as those communities, who are

scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution. This Article says that only those

communities who have been declared as such by the President through an initial public notification or

through a subsequent amending Act of Parliament will be considered to be Scheduled Tribes.

The list of Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State/UT. The essential characteristics, first laid down by the Lokur Committee, are – • indications of primitive traits; • distinctive culture; • shyness of contact with the community at large; • geographical isolation; and • backwardness

66. Correct Answer is : (d) Wildlife

Wildlife Week:October - 2nd to 8th

In the year 1952 with a view to preserve the fauna of India, particularly to take urgent steps to prevent extinction of any species, the Government of India established an Indian Board of Wild Life (IBWL). The Board has since been doing pioneering work to arouse public consciousness in favour of wildlife preservation.

From time immemorial, our wildlife has been closely associated with our legendary beliefs and our folklores, with our epics and our history. Our lives would be very much poorer without these varied forms that build up the balance of nature. Wildlife preservation in fact implies active and planned wildlife management under which all forms of life would progress side by side with human progress, each in its own sphere of influence and utility and without any detriment to human interests. In fact, it is with this end in view that wildlife sanctuaries and national parks have been established and developed in suitable localities all over the country.

Therefore, in order to arouse a general awakening in the common man in favour of protection of wildlife, the Indian Board of Wild Life (IBWL) decided to observe the Wildlife Week and since then from October 2 - 8 every year organize different activities related to wildlife conservattion to commemorate this week.

67. Correct Answer is : (a) Only 1

R&AW has been organised on the lines of the CIA. The head of R&AW is designated "Secretary (Research)" in the Cabinet Secretariat. Most of the previous chiefs have been experts on either Pakistan or China. They also have the benefit of training in either the USA or the UK, and more recently in Israel. The "Secretary (R)", although is under direct command of Prime Minister, reports on an administrative basis to the Cabinet Secretary, who reports to the Prime Minister (PM).

68. Correct Answer is : (c) Both 1 and 2

Crocodilians were threatened in India due to indiscriminate killing for commercial purpose and severe

habitat loss until enactment of the Wildlife (Protection) Act.1972. All three species of crocodiles

(Gharial, Gavialis gangeticus; Mugger crocodile, Crocodylus palustris and Saltwater crocodile,

Crocodylus porosus in the river systems of Orissa were on the verge of extinction by the seventies.

Crocodiles were very few because of ever increasing human activity in the rivers and their other

traditional habitats, and consequent reduction in the extent of habitable stretches. Also, the survival

rate of the crocodile hatchlings in nature is low because of predation. Piecemeal efforts were being

made from the sixties onwards to save the crocodile. FAO Expert, Dr. H.R.Bustard engaged by

UNDP/FAO and Government of India studied the prospects of crocodile rehabilitation, and based on his

report and guidance a Crocodile Conservation Project was launched in 1975 in different States. The

Gharial and Saltwater crocodile conservation programme was first implemented in Orissa in early 1975

and subsequently the Mugger conservation programme was initiated, since Orissa is having distinction

for existence of all the three species of Indian crocodilians. The funds and technical support for the project came from UNDP/ FAO through the Government of India

69. Correct Answer is : (a) 330 and 332

Article 330 in The Constitution Of India 1949

330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People (1) Seats shall be reserved in the House of the People for (a) the Scheduled Castes; (b) the Scheduled Tribes except the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam; and (c) the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam

Article 332 in The Constitution Of India 1949

332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States (1) Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, except the Scheduled Tribes in the tribal areas of Assam, in Nagaland and in Meghalaya, in the Legislative Assembly of every State

70. Correct Answer is : (b) 7

Binary 0111 in decimal is computed as follows:

0 = 2⁰ = 1

1 = 2¹ = 2

1 = 2¹ = 2

1 = 2¹ = 2

Totla = 7

71. Correct Answer is : (b) Only 2

Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is a Tiger reserve in Chandrapur

district of Maharashtra state in central India. It is notable as Maharashtra's oldest and

largest National Park. It is one of India's 43 "Project Tiger" - Tiger reserves

72. Correct Answer is : (b) Haldi ghat

The tranquil hill lies in the Sahyadri Mountain range of majestic Western Ghats near

Sawantwadi,Maharashtra. Amboli Ghat is one of the most beautiful mountain ghat in India and a

famous hill station, it receives heavy rainfall and surrounded by thick forests,cascading waterfalls and

amazing nature landscapes.

The high hills mountain pass is situated on the national highway 204 between Ratnagiri and Kolhapur.

Amba Ghat nested in the Sahyadri mountain ranges and famous for its picturesque mountain

landscapes,pleasant climate and a favorite weekend destination. Amba Ghat is also become one of the

most famous venue for paragliding sport.

The mountain passage is situated between Karjat and Khandala in Maharashtra along the Mumbai Pune

Expressway. Bhor Ghat is well famous for its scenic beauty,waterfalls during the monsoon,lakes and

dense wood forest. Railway line through the Bhor Ghat crosses 28 tunnels and it is one of the busiest rail

as well as rod pass in the country.

73. Correct Answer is : (c) Lord Lytton

The charter Act of 1833 had declared all offices in India were open to merit irrespective of the nationality

and color. Again the charter Act of 1853 had provided for the holding of the competitive examination in

London for the recruitment to the higher services under the company. In 1864, Satyentdranath Tagore

was the first Indian to qualify the covenanted service. However lord Lytton proposed a straightforward

course of closing the Civil Services to the Indians. However the Home Authorities in England did not

favorably grant the idea of Lytton. Lord Cranbrooke, the secretary of state thought of legislation to

separate the black from the white. Lytton then proposed for the plan of the Statutory Civil Service in 1878-

79. According to the rules laid by the statutory Civil Services the Government of India could employ some

aristocratic Indians to the statutory Civil Service on the recommendations of the provincial governments

and subject to the confirmation of the secretary of State. The Act of 1879, also proposed that the number

of such appointments would not exceed one sixth of the total appointments made to the Covenanted

services.

The Statutory Civil Service did not have the same status and salary like the Covenanted services. The

statutory Civil Service did not prove popular among the Indian subjects and had to be abolished eight

years later. The Secretary of state did not agree to Lytton's proposal of closing the covenanted Service to

the Indians. However the steps were adopted to discourage Indians for competing by reducing the

statutory Civil Service age limit of the examination from 21 to19 years.

Lord Lytton 1876-1880

The Indian Arms Act of 1878 was legislated during Lord Lytton’s time. By this act, no Indians

could keep unlicensed arms. However, the English people could hold arms without license. Lord

Lytton also was responsible for the economic distress caused by abolishing the Tax on the

foreign cotton coming to India, to safeguard the British Traders. The maximum age to enter in to

the Civil Services Examination was reduced from 21 years to 19 years.

74. Correct Answer is : (c) the supply of money

Most of the money in our economy is created by banks, in the form of bank deposits – the numbers that

appear in your account. Banks create new money whenever they make loans. 97% of the money in the

economy today is created by banks, whilst just 3% is created by the government.

75. Correct Answer is : (d) All the above

LEAF REDDENING

Leaf reddening in cotton is also known as red leaf disease (lal patti). This disorder is an

outcome of interaction of location, variety, environmental condition and nitrogen supply. In

general, some of the hirsutum varieties and a few inter and intra specific tetraploid hybrids are

sensitive and vulnerable to this malady. Apperance of red leaf symptom is primarily, due to the

accumulation of anthocyanin pigment. Leaf reddening may occur at any growth stage of the

crop. However, it is quite often confused with the reddening of leaves caused by sucking pest

damage at early growth stages. At grand growth phase (flowering and boll development) any

hindrance in the assimilate production, translocation and distribution intensifies the leaf

reddening effect. The factors affecting ideal source-sink relationship promote leaf reddening and

symptoms are prolific in nature under extreme stress situations.

Causes

The reddening appears in the plants due to various reasons Lowered nitrogen level in the leaves (below

the critical limit) due to -

Low availability in the soil

Impaired uptake under water deficit and waterlogging conditions

Diversion of N to the developing bolls

Synchronized boll development and high boll demand

Desiccation caused by high wind velocity

Anthocyanin (red) pigmentation due to -

Abrupt changes or drop in night temperature (below 15° C)

Nitrogen deficiency

Magnesium deficiency

Chlorophyll degradation

76. Correct Answer is : (d) None of these

What Are Pollutants?

These are defined as the substances which cause pollution. They can be physical or chemical. They

involve the smoke, gases and heat etc. They are mostly the waste product or their by products.

Sometimes it is necessary to add them for the benefit. For example, the soil needs a phosphate and

nitrates for its fertility. They may cause the water pollution too. The pollutants cause an adverse effect

on the environment. The increase in concentration of carbon dioxide and the decrease in the

concentration of oxygen also cause the pollution. The pollutants are classified into different types and

they depend on the form, existence and the natural disposal. On the basis of the form they can be

primary or secondary pollutant. The primary pollutants are those which maintain their form in the

environment. It includes the DDT.

The secondary pollutants are those which are not able to maintain their form in the environment. It

includes the peroxyacyl nitrate which is formed due to the reaction between the primary pollutants like

the hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. On the basis of the existence they can be qualitative or

quantitative. The qualitative pollutants are those which do not occur in the environment normally but

occur due to the human activities. It includes the DDT, fungicides etc. The quantitative pollutants are

those which occur in the environment normally but do occur due to the human activities also. It includes

the CO, CO2. On the basis of the natural disposal they can be biodegradable and nondegradable. The

biodegradable pollutants are those in which the waste products are degraded slowly by the microbes.

When the production is more than the capacity it results in the pollution of environment. The non

biodegradable pollutants are those in which the waste products are not degraded slowly by the

microbes. It includes the DDT, glass, plastics, phenols, radioactive substances and metal containers.

There are different types of pollution. This includes the air, water, soil, radioactive and noise pollution.

77. Correct Answer is : (b) 2 nd

February 2006

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (or, NREGA No 42) was later renamed as the

"Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act" (or, MGNREGA), is an Indian labour law

and social security measure that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'. It aims to ensure livelihood

security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every

household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

Starting from 200 districts on 2 February 2006, the NREGA covered all the districts of India from 1 April

2008. The statute is hailed by the government as "the largest and most ambitious social security and

public works programme in the world". In its World Development Report 2014, the World Bank termed

it a "stellar example of rural development".

The MGNREGA was initiated with the objective of "enhancing livelihood security in rural areas by

providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year, to every household

whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work". Another aim of MGNREGA is to create

durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds, wells). Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an

applicant's residence, and minimum wages are to be paid. If work is not provided within 15 days of

applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance. Thus, employment under MGNREGA is

a legal entitlement.

78. Correct Answer is : (c) 371

Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

� Article 369: Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the

State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List

� Article 370: Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir

� Article 371: Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat

� Article 371A: Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland

� Article 371B: Special provision with respect to the State of Assam

� Article 371C: Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur

� Article 371D: Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh

� Article 371E: Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh

� Article 371F: Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim

� Article 371G: Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram

� Article 371H: Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh

� Article 371I: Special provision with respect to the State of Goa

79. Correct Answer is : (b) Granite rock

The material for soil formation is mainly derived from the rocks and is termed as the parent material by

soil scientists. The parent material determines the colouration of the soil, its mineral composition and

texture. India possesses a great variety of parent material which is generally categorised into following

six classes:

(i) Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks

(ii) Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks

(iii) Gondwana rocks

(iv) Deccan basalts

(v) Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India

(vi) Recent and sub-recent rocks.

The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering and suffer decay and decomposition. In this

process, the rocks are converted into fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation. The ancient

crystalline and metamorphic rocks constitute greater part of the peninsular region.

These rocks are basically granites, gneisses and schists which are rich in ferromagnesian materials. Such

rocks give rise to red soils on weathering. The red colour of these soils is largely due to the presence of

iron oxide.

80. Correct Answer is : (c) Todas

All the anthropological studies of the tribe recorded the wholly dependent nature of the

pastoral society on the buffaloes for their livelihood. The existence of this buffalo could be

traced back from the earliest reference of Finicio (1603) who wrote of the tribe: “They have

no crops of any kind, and no occupation but the breeding of buffaloes, on whose milk and

butter they live”. Rivers (1906) and Walker (1986) made a detailed account on the Toda

buffaloes, dairy organization and Toda religious observance focused on this animal and its

care. Apart from the Todas, who predominantly own these buffaloes (hence named after the

tribe), other communities such as Badagas and Kotas also maintain them in small numbers.

Among Indian breeds of buffaloes, the Toda buffalo is a unique breed and a genetically

isolated population, confined to the Nilgiri hills of Tamilnadu. These buffaloes are reared

mainly by the Toda tribes who are among the most aboriginal inhabitants of this country.

81. Correct Answer is : (b) 1965

The Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP since 1985, earlier named as Agricultural Prices

Commission) came into existence in January 1965. Currently, the Commission comprises a Chairman,

Member Secretary, one Member (Official) and two Members (Non-Official). The non-official members

are representatives of the farming community and usually have an active association with the farming

community.

82. Correct Answer is : (b) decreed as money by the government

Fiat money is currency which derives its value from government regulation or law. The

term derives from the Latin fiat ("let it be done", "it shall be"). It differs from commodity

money and representative money. Commodity money is based on a good, often a precious

metal such as gold or silver, which has uses other than as a medium of exchange, while

representative money is a claim on the commodity rather than the actual good.

The first use of fiat money was recorded in China around 1000 AD. Since then, it has been

used continuously by various countries, concurrently with commodity currencies.

Fiat money has been defined variously as:

• Any money declared by a government to be legal tender.

• State-issued money which is neither convertible by law to any other thing, nor fixed

in value in terms of any objective standard.

• Intrinsically valueless money used as money because of government decree.

While gold- or silver-backed representative money entails the legal requirement that the

bank of issue redeem it in fixed weights of gold or silver, fiat money's value is unrelated to

the value of any physical quantity. A coin is fiat currency to the extent its face value, value

defined in law, is greater than its market value as metal.

83. Correct Answer is : (a) 12

River basin is considered as the basic hydrological unit for planning and development of water

resources. There are 12 major river basins with catchment area of 20000 km2and above. The total

catchment area of these rivers is 25.3 lakh km2. The major river basin is the Ganga-Brahmaputra-

Meghna , which is the largest with catchment area of about 11.0 lakh km2 (more than 43% of the

catchment area of all the major rivers in the country). The other major river basins with catchment area

more than 1.0 lakh km2

are Indus, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna. There are 46 medium river basins

with catchment area between 2000 and 20000 km2. The total catchment area of medium river basins is

about 2.5 lakh km2. All major river basins and many medium river basins are inter-state in nature which

cover about 81% of the geographical area of the country.

84. Correct Answer is : (c) 40 %

Chemical composition of the seed

Together, soybean oil and protein content account for about 60% of dry soybeans by weight

(protein at 40% and oil at 20%). The remainder consists of 35% carbohydrate and about

5% ash. Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull,

90% cotyledons and 2% hypocotyl axis or germ.

85. Correct Answer is : (a) Carbon

A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many

other shapes. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and they resemble the balls

used in football (soccer). Cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes.

Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of

stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal

(or sometimes heptagonal) rings

86. Correct Answer is : (d) Uttar Pradesh

Regur Soils are black in colour and are also known as 'black soils'. Since they are perfect for growing

cotton, they are also called cotton soils. These soils are most characteristic of the Deccan trap (Basalt)

region, spread over the north-west Deccan plateauand are made up of lava flows. They cover the

plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa and southern Madhya Pradesh and continue eastwards in

the south, along the Godavari River and Krishna River Valleys. In their creation, climatic conditions are

immensely important just like their parent rock materials. Hence they lengthen much further than the 'tava'

plateau itself.

Black soils are exceptionally delicate. Owing to the high proportion of clay, Regur soils are sticky when

wet and consequently becomes difficult to plough. They are well-known for their ability to retain moisture.

In addition, they are prosperous in soil nutrients, like calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potash

and lime. They are usually poor in phosphoric content. They develop thick fissures in the field during hot

weather. This helps in their ventilation; hence their self ploughing eminence. This soil is viscous and

unmanageable to work, unless tilled without delay, after the first or pre-monsoon showers.

Regur soils develop under semi-arid conditions specifically in the areas that are covered with basalt. In

the southern region of Tamil Nadu, granites and gneisses with iron content also form black soils under the

required semi-arid climatic conditions. Regur soils are formed in Suratand Broach districts and also in the

Narmada Valley and Tapti Valley. In these regions, humus is almost absent in the soil and black colour of

the soil is because of the presence of certain salts. In the hilly region of the country, Black soils are

usually thin, poor and sandy.

87. Correct Answer is : (c) 29 States and 7 Union Territories

India is a federal union of states comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories.

The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into

smaller administrative divisions.

1 Andhra Pradesh

2 Arunachal Pradesh

3 Assam

4 Bihar

5 Chhattisgarh

6 Goa

7 Gujarat

8 Haryana

9 Himachal Pradesh

10 Jammu and Kashmir

11 Jharkhand

12 Karnataka

13 Kerala

14 Madhya Pradesh

15 Maharashtra

16 Manipur

17 Meghalaya

18 Mizoram

19 Nagaland

20 Odisha (Orissa)

21 Punjab

22 Rajasthan

23 Sikkim

24 Tamil Nadu

25 Telangana

26 Tripura

27 Uttar Pradesh

28 Uttarakhand

29 West Bengal

A

Andaman and Nicobar

Islands

B Chandigarh

C Dadra and Nagar Haveli

D Daman and Diu

E Lakshadweep

F

National Capital Territory

of Delhi

G Puducherry

88. Correct Answer is : (b) Babul

Nature has a way of doing this, through the symbiotic relationship between beneficial soil

bacteria called Rhizobium and the root nodules of certain ‘nitrogen fixing plants’ like pulses

and legumes and trees like acacia.

The root nodules of these plants and trees play host Rhizobium bacteria, which absorb

atmospheric nitrogen and convert them into ammonia, and subsequently to nitrogen-

containing organic compounds, the nutrition needed by plants.

Choices for home gardens

So, which are the nitrogen fixing plants? “Some nitrogen fixing plants that could be grown

in home gardens are fenugreek, clover, soybeans, alfalfa, Hyacinth bean, groundnut, sweet

peas, cowpea, French beans, broad bean, green gram, pigeon pea or red gram, chickpea and

sun hemp.

The nitrogen fixing trees that could be grown in home gardens include babool, false

rudraksh, and pongamia,” informs horticulturist Hariesh Krishnamurthy.

Most of the plants mentioned above have a four/five-month life cycle, while the trees are of

course perennial.

89. Correct Answer is : (c) Downloading as well as uploading

Short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging filesover the Internet. FTP works in the same

way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser andSMTP for

transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the

Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.

FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a

server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).

90. Correct Answer is : (d) 1 and 2

The World Nature Foundation (WWF) is an international non-governmental

organization founded on April 29, 1961, and is working on issues regarding

the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. It was formerly named

the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.

It is the world's largest conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide,

working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and

environmental projects. WWF is a foundation, in 2010 deriving 57% of funding from

individuals and bequests, 17% from government sources (such as the World

Bank,DFID, USAID) and 11% from corporations.

91. Correct Answer is : (a) solar cell

92. Correct Answer is : (b) Violet

A rainbow occurs when light hits the numerous water drops in the atmosphere

at a certain angle. It is an atmospheric phenomenon that is formed through

optical processes such as refraction, dispersion, internal reflection and

secondary refraction. If the light source is the sun then the rainbow will be

colorful and bright; if it is formed by moonlight then the hue will be darker. As

shown in Fig.1, when a beam of sunlight enters the water drop at point A, the

degree of refraction of the different colors is variable. Violet light has the

shortest wavelength therefore its degree of refraction is also the greatest; red

light has longer wavelength therefore its degree of refraction is the smallest.

The degrees of refraction of the other colors lie within this range. Therefore, a

solar halo with violet light in the innermost and red in the outermost edge is

formed, and that's why the rainbow we see is always violet on the inside and

red on the outside. The visual angle (the angle from the ground surface to the

vertex of the rainbow) is about 42°.

A secondary rainbow is different from a primary rainbow only in that it is formed

by secondary reflection of light within raindrops. Therefore, when we see the

light reflected by the raindrops the spectrum of the light is the exact opposite

from that of a primary rainbow, which means the secondary rainbow is red on

the inside and violet on the outside. It has a visual angle of about 50° and is

concentric with the primary rainbow. Sometimes there will be third rainbow or

even more in the atmosphere, but is dim and extremely rare.

93. Correct Answer is : (d) Children

Article 15 in The Constitution Of India 1949

15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and palaces of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children (4) Nothing in this article or in clause ( 2 ) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes

94. Correct Answer is : (b) Swami Ramanand

The leadership of the Hyderabad State Congress till then dominated by Hindu religious

forces from Aryasamaj and Hindu Maha Sabha, turned more nationalistic after the arrival of

Swami Ramanand Tirtha. Designated as the President of the State Congress in 1946, he

attracted many young men who would later play prominent roles in independent India. PV

Narasimha Rao, SB Chavan, Veerendra Patil, and Marri Channa Reddy were notable among

them.

When it became clear that the British would leave the country, a resolution was passed at a

social session of the Hyderabad State Congress in May 1947, towards accession of the

princely state to the Indian Union. The session saw the initiation of ‘Join India Movement’

led by the likes of Swamy Ramananda Thirtha, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and others who

sat on Satyagraha and got arrested.

People who wished to be part of Independent India observed the Join India Day on August

7, 1947.

Their desire to hoist the National Flag on August 15 was not indulged by the Nizam who, not

very keen on losing his stranglehold over the region, declared independence from the British

two days before on August 13. Notwithstanding the restriction, the Tricolour fluttered across

different streets in Hyderabad on the Independence Day. Swamy Ramananda Thirtha

hoisted the flag at Sultan Bazar.

The struggle was later taken over by the Telangana guerrilla movement in full throttle,

which ended with the Indian Army led by Gen.J.N.Choudhari entering the state and

overseeing the surrender of Nizam’s army. By 1950-51 the guerilla action had considerably

degenerated.

95. Correct Answer is : (c) Thakkar Bapa

Despite the rich heritage, tribal societies remained in relative ‘time freeze’ due to

geographical isolation. Leaders of our freedom struggle understood the utter

necessity of taking every Indian on the path of socio-economic emancipation,

without which political freedom was meanigless. Thakkar Bapa coined the term

‘Adivasi’, which was endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi as a mark of respect for the tribal

societies. Gandhi’s concept of Hind Swaraj had Adivasi as one of the eighteen

elements for his constructive programme. After Independence, the principle of

equity was invoked in the Constitution to uplift the tribal population through

affirmative policies.

96. Correct Answer is : (a) 50

97. Correct Answer is : (d) 1, 2 and 3

Harijan Sevak Sangh is a non-profit organisation founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 to

eradicate untouchability in India, working for Harijan or Dalit people and upliftment

of scheduled castes of India. It is headquartered at Kingsway Camp in Delhi, with branches

in 26 states across India.

After the Second Round Table Conference, British government agreed to gave Communal

Award to the depressed classes on the request of B. R. Ambedkar. Gandhi opposed the

government's decision which he considered it would divide the Hindu society and

subsequently went onto the indefinite fast in Yerwada Jail. He ended his fast after

signed Poona Pact with Ambedkar on 24 September 1932. On 30 September, Gandhi

founded All India Anti Untouchability League, to remove untouchability in the society, which

later renamed as Harijan Sevak Sangh (Hindi: ह�रजन सेवक संघ, "Servants of Untouchables

Society"). At the time industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla was its founding president

with Amritlal Takkar as its Secretary.

98. Correct Answer is : (a) Justice Dhar

Dhar Commission

There was a demand from different regions, mainly South India, for reorganization of

States on linguistic basis. Consequently, in June 1948, the Government of India appointed

the Linguistic Provinces Commission under the chairmanship of S.K.Dhar to study the

feasibility of organizing states on Linguistic basis.

The Commission, later on, rejected the linguistic basis of reorganization of States and

recommended the reorganization of States on the basis of following criterias :

1. Geographical contiguity

2. Financial self-reliance

3. Administrative viability

4. Potential for development

99. Correct Answer is : (d) Vitamin D - Sterility

Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet.

Traditionally, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the

bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities. But

increasingly, research is revealing the importance of vitamin D in protecting against a host

of health problems.

Vitamin E deficiency causes nerve problems due to poor conduction of electrical impulses

along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function. T here is also

some laboratory evidence that vitamin E deficiency can cause male infertility.

100. Correct Answer is : (c) Stone fish

Stonefish have usurped the title of ‘Most Venomous Fish’ in recent years. They often resemble

encrusted stones (hence the name), blending into their natural environment with ease. They deliver

their venom through a row of spines on their back that can be extended when threatened (or stepped

on). Venom is involuntarily expelled when pressure is placed on the fish and the more pressure the

more venom. They reside in the Indo-Pacific region and northern Australia. A sting from one of these

fish can cause excruciating pain, rapid swelling, tissue death, muscle weakness, temporary paralysis, and

in very rare cases death.