1 © copyright 2010 dieter fensel and ioan toma semantic web services web science
TRANSCRIPT
1© Copyright 2010 Dieter Fensel and Ioan Toma
Semantic Web Services
Web Science
2
Where are we?
# Title
1 Introduction
2 Web Science
3 Service Science
4 Web services
5 Web2.0 services
6 Semantic Web
7 Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO)
8 Web Service Modeling Language (WSML)
9 Web Service Execution Environment (WSMX)
10 OWL-S and other
11 Light-weight Annotations
12 Applications
13 Mobile Services
3
Outline
• Motivation• Web Science• Web Evolution
– Web 1.0 – Traditional Web– Web 2.0
• Major breakthroughs of Web 2.0
– Web 3.0 – Semantic Web• What Web Science could be
– The computer science of the 21st century
• Summary• References
4
MOTIVATION
5
Motivation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gmP4nk0EOE
The Web Today
6
Motivation
“[…] As the Web has grown in complexity and the number and types of interactions that take place have ballooned, it remains the case that we know more about some complex natural phenomena (the obvious example is the human genome) than we do about this particular engineered one.”
A Framework for Web Science
T. Berners-Lee and W. Hall and J. A. Hendler and K. O'Hara and N. Shadbolt and D. J. Weitzner Foundations and Trends® in Web Science 1 (2006)
A new science that studies the complex phenomena called Web is needed!!
7
WEB SCIENCE
8
Web Science definition
A new science that focuses on how huge decentralized Web systems work.
“The Web isn’t about what you can do with computers. It’s people and, yes, they are connected by computers. But computer science, as the study of what happens in a computer, doesn’t tell you about what happens on the Web.” Tim Berners-Lee
“A new field of science that involves a multi-disciplinary study and inquiry for the understanding of the Web and its relationships to us”Bebo White, SLAC, Stanford University
Shift from how a single computer works to how huge decentralized Web systems work
9
Endorsements for Web Science
“Web science represents a pretty big next step in the evolution of information. This kind of research likely to have a lot of influence on the next generation of researchers, scientists and, most importantly, the next generation of entrepreneurs who will build new companies from this.”
Eric E. Schmidt, CEO Google
“Web science research is a prerequisite to designing and building the kinds of complex, human-oriented systems that we are after in services science.”
Irving Wladawsky-Berger, IBM
10
Web science – multi-disciplinary approach
http://webscience.org/images/collide.jpg
11
• To understand what the Web is• To engineer the Web’s future and providing
infrastructure• To ensure the Web’s social benefit
The Goals of Web Science
12
Scientific method
• Natural Sciences such as physics, chemistry, etc. are analytic disciplines that aim to find laws that generate or explain observed phenomena
• Computer Science on the other hand is synthetic. It is about creating formalisms and algorithms in order to support particular desired behaviour.
• Web science scientific method has to be a combination of these two paradigms
13
What Could Scientific Theories for the Web Look Like?
• Some simple examples:– Every page on the Web can be reached by following less than 10
links– The average number of words per search query is greater than 3– Web page download times follow a lognormal distribution function
(Huberman)– The Web is a “scale-free” graph
• Can these statements be easily validated? Are they good theories? What constitutes good theories about the Web?
http://webcast.bibalex.org/Presentations/Bebo91108.ppt
14
Electricity : 1800 Electricity Now
What are the analogies for Web Science and Design? Is our understanding of the Web like that of 1800 electricity?
http://webcast.bibalex.org/Presentations/Bebo91108.ppt
Food For Thought
15
In the rest of this lecture
• Web Evolution– Web 1.0 - Traditional Web– Web 2.0 – Web 3.0 - Semantic Web
• Future steps to realize Web science– Large scale reasoning– Rethinking Computer Science for the 21st century
16
WEB 1.0 – TRADITIONAL WEB
17
More than a 2 billion users
more than 50 billion pages
Static WWWURI, HTML, HTTP
Web 1.0
18
• The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents that runs over the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. - wikipedia
• The Web was created around 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.
Web 1.0
19
• A distributed document delivery system implemented using application-level protocols on the Internet
• A tool for collaborative writing and community building• A framework of protocols that support e-commerce• A network of co-operating computers interoperating using
HTTP and related protocols to form a ‘subnet’ of the Internet
• A large, cyclical, directed graph made up of Web pages and links
Web 1.0
20
WWW Components
• Structural Components– Clients/browsers – to dominant implementations– Servers – run on sophisticated hardware– Caches – many interesting implementations– Internet – the global infrastructure which facilitates data
transfer
• Language and Protocol Components– Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)– Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
21
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)
• Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are used to name/identify resources on the Web
• URIs are pointers to resources to which request methods can be applied to generate potentially different responses
• Resource can reside anywhere on the Internet
• Most popular form of a URI is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
22
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Protocol for client/server communication– The heart of the Web– Very simple request/response protocol
• Client sends request message, server replies with response message
– Provide a way to publish and retrieve HTML pages– Stateless– Relies on URI naming mechanism
23
HTTP Request Messages
• GET – retrieve document specified by URL• PUT – store specified document under given URL• HEAD – retrieve info. about document specified by URL• OPTIONS – retrieve information about available options• POST – give information (eg. annotation) to the server• DELETE – remove document specified by URL• TRACE – loopback request message• CONNECT – for use by caches
24
HTML
• Hyper-Text Markup Language– A subset of Standardized General Markup
Language (SGML)– Facilitates a hyper-media environment
• Documents use elements to “mark up” or identify sections of text for different purposes or display characteristics
• Mark up elements are not seen by the user when page is displayed
• Documents are rendered by browsers
25
HTML
HTML markup consists of several types of entities, including: elements, attributes, data types and character references – DTD (Document Type Definition)
• <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
– Element (such as document (<html>…</html>), head elements (<title>…</title>)
– Attribute: <span id='anId' class='aClass' style='color:red;' title='HyperText Markup Language'>HTML</span>
– Data type: CDATA, URIs, Dates, Link types, language code, color, text string, etc.
– Character references: for referring to rarely used characters: • "水" (in hexadecimal) represents the Chinese character for
water
26
WEB 2.0
27
Web 2.0
“Web 2.0 is a notion for a row of
interactive and
collaborative systems of the
internet“
http://widgets-gadgets.com/2006_10_01_archive.html
28
Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 is a vaguely defined phrase referring to various topics such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies.
• Tim O'Reilly provided a definition of Web 2.0 in 2006: "Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them.”
29
People, Services, Technologies
Web 2.0
3030
Consumers Prosumers
Web 1.0 Web 2.0 improvement
DoubleClick Google AdSense personalizedOfoto Flickr tagging, communityBritannica Online Wikipedia community, free
contentWeb sites blogging dialoguepublishing participationCMS wikis flexibility, freedomdirectories tagging community taxonomy folksonomy
What is the web 2.0? „Definition“ by O‘Reilly
3131
• Gmail• Google Notebooks (Collaborative Notepad in the Web)• Wikis• Wikipedia
– Worlds biggest encyclopedia, Top 30 web site, 100 langueges
• Del.icio.us (Social Tagging for Bookmarks)• Flickr (Photo Sharing and Tagging) • Blogs, RSS, Blogger.com• Programmableweb.com: 150 web-APIs
What is the Web 2.0? - Examples
32
32
• Easy usable user interfaces to update contents
• Easy organization of contents
• Easy usage of contents
• Easy publishing of comments
• Social: collaborative (single users but strongly connected)
32
Blogs
3333
• Wiki invented by Ward Cunningham• Collection of HTML sites: read and edit• Most famous and biggest Wiki: Wikipedia (MediaWiki)
– But: Also often used in Intranets (i. e. our group)
• Problems solved socially instead of technically• Flexible structure• Background algorithms + human intelligence• No new technologies• social: collaborative (nobody owns contents)
Wikis
34
Source: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples
• Open Should a page be found to be incomplete or poorly organized, any reader can edit it as they see fit.
• IncrementalPages can cite other pages, including pages that have not been written yet.
• Organic The structure and text content of the site are open to editing and evolution.
• Mundane A small number of (irregular) text conventions will provide access to the most useful page markup.
• Universal The mechanisms of editing and organizing are the same as those of writing so that any writer is automatically an editor and organizer.
• OvertThe formatted (and printed) output will suggest the input required to reproduce it.
Wikis: Design Principles
34
35
Source: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples
• UnifiedPage names will be drawn from a flat space so that no additional context is required to interpret them.
• PrecisePages will be titled with sufficient precision to avoid most name clashes, typically by forming noun phrases.
• Tolerant Interpretable (even if undesirable) behavior is preferred to error messages.
• ObservableActivity within the site can be watched and reviewed by any other visitor to the site.
• Convergent Duplication can be discouraged or removed by finding and citing similar or related content.
Wikis: Design Principles
35
3636
• Idea: Enrich contents by user chosen keywords
• Replace folder based structure by a organisation using tags
• New: Simple user interfaces for tagging and tag based search
• First steps to Semantic Web?
• Technically: user interfaces
• Social: collaborative (own contents, shared tags)
Social Tagging
37
Collaborative Tagging
38
Collaborative Tagging: Delicious
• Browser plug-ins available from http://del.icio.us• Allows the tagging of bookmarks• Community aspect:
– Suggestion of tags that were used by other users– Availability of tag clouds for bookmarks of the whole community– Possibility to browse related bookmarks based on tags
3939
Tagging: Flickr.com
4040
User Tag Resource
Resource
Resource
Resource
Resource
Tag
Tag
Tag
Tag
User
User
Mary tags www.wikipedia.org with wiki wikipedia encyclopedia
Data created by tagging, knowledge structures
Folksonomies
41
Size of Tags: count of usage
Orientation in Information Set
Browsing replaces
Searching
Different meaning for
different users
41
Tag Clouds
42
Major breakthroughs of Web 2.0
The four major breakthroughs of Web 2.0 are:
1. Blurring the distinction between content consumers and content providers.
2. Moving from media for individuals towards media for communities.
3. Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers.
4. Integrating human and machine computing in a new way.
43
Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers
Interactive Web applications through asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)
44
Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers
Interactive Web applications through asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)
45
Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers:
Weblogs or Blogs, Wikis
46
Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers:
Flickr, YouTube
47
Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers
Tagging – del.icio.us, shazam.com
48
Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers
RDFA, micro formats
49
Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities
Folksomonies, FOAF
50
Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities
Community pages (friend-of-a-friend, flickr, LinkedIn, myspace, …)
51
Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities
Second Life
52
Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities
Wikipedia
53
Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities
Wikipedia
54
Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers
RSS feeds
55
Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers
Yahoo pipes allow people to connect internet data sources, process them, and redirect the output.
56
Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers
Widgets, gadgets, and mashups.
57
Integrating human and machine computing in a new way
Amazon Mechanical turk
58
SEMANTIC WEB
59
Static WWWURI, HTML, HTTP
Semantic WebRDF, RDF(S), OWL
From Web to Semantic Web
60
• If the Web is about the global networking of data through URL, HTML, and HTTP…
• … the Semantic Web is about the global networking of knowledge through URI, RDF, and SPARQL
• This knowledge can be an annotation of Web data (this picture depicts Innsbruck) or just for knowledge‘s sake (Innsbruck is a city in Austria)
Semantic Web
61
• URIs are used to identify resources, not just things that exists on the Web, e.g. Sir Tim Berners-Lee
• RDF is used to make statements about resources in the form of triples
<entity, property, value>
• With RDFS, resources can belong to classes (my Mercedes belongs to the class of cars) and classes can be subclasses or superclasses of other classes (vehicles are a superclass of cars, cabriolets are a subclass of cars)
Semantic Web
62
• Give URIs to concepts - Each URI identifies one concept.
• Share these symbols between many languages
• Support URI lookup
Semantic Web Architecture
63
The Semantic Web layer cake
64
• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is the dual of URL on Semantic Web– It’s purpose is to indentify resources
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language used to structure information– Fundament of data representation on the Semantic Web– Tags do not convey semantic information
URI and XML
65
• Resource Description Framework (RDF) is the dual of HTML in the Semantic Web– Simple way to describe resources on the Web– Sort of simple ontology language (RDF-S)– Based on triples (subject; predicate; object)– Serialization is XML based
• Ontology Web Language (OWL) a layered language based on DL– More complex ontology language– Overcome some RDF(S) limitations
RDF and OWL
66
• SPARQL– Query language for RDF triples– A protocol for querying RDF data over the Web
• Rule languages (e.g. SWRL) – Extend basic predicates in ontology languages with
proprietary predicates– Based on different logics
• Description Logic• Logic Programming
SPARQL and Rule languages
67
Annotated Content
• KIM Browser PluginWeb content is annotated using ontologiesContent can be searched and browsed intelligently
Semantic Web
Select one or more concepts from the ontology…… send the currently loaded web page to the Annotation Server
68
Dereferencable URI
Disco Hyperdata Browser navigating the Semantic Web as an unbound set of data sources
Semantic Web
71
WEB EVOLUTION - SUMMARY
72
Web Evolution - summary
Web 1.0Web 1.0 Web 2.0Web 2.0 Semantic WebSemantic Web
Personal Websites Blogs Semantic Blogs: semiBlog, Haystack, Semblog, Structured Blogging
Content Management Systems, Britannica Online
Wikis, Wikipedia Semantic Wikis: Semantic MediaWiki, SemperWiki, Platypus, dbpedia, Rhizome
Altavista, Google Google Personalised, DumbFind, Hakia
Semantic Search: SWSE, Swoogle, Intellidimension
CiteSeer, Project Gutenberg Google Scholar, Book Search Semantic Digital Libraries: JeromeDL, BRICKS, Longwell
Message Boards Community Portals Semantic Forums and Community Portals: SIOC, OpenLink DataSpaces
Buddy Lists, Address Books Online Social Networks Semantic Social Networks: FOAF, PeopleAggregator
… … Semantic Social Information Spaces: Nepomuk, Gnowsis
73
Web Evolution - summary
• Traditional Web (Web1.0)– Normal User: browsing– Communication style: one-direction communication (e.g. reading a book)– Data: web data (string and syntactic format)– Data contributor: webmaster or experienced user– How to add data: compose HTML pages
• Social Web (Web2.0) – Normal User: browsing + publishing and organizing web data– Communication style: human-human (sharing) – Data: web data + tags– Data contributor: normal user – revolution!– How to add data: tagging
• Semantic Web – Normal User: interacting (human-machine)– Communication style: humanmachine– Data: web data + tags + metadata (in SW Language)– Data contributor: normal user, machine– How to add data: machine generate or user publish
74
WHAT WEB SCIENCE COULD BE
75
Web principles
In the context of the traditional Web (Web 1.0) a set of principles were proposed:• Web resource are identified by URI
(Universal Resource Identifier)• Namespaces should be used to denote
consistent information spaces• Make use of HTML, XML and other W3C
Web technology recommendations, as well as the decentralization of resources
76
• The traditional Web represents information using– natural language (English, German, Italian,…)– graphics, multimedia, page layout
• Humans can process this easily– can deduce facts from partial information– can create mental associations– are used to various sensory information
Web 1.0 + semantics = Semantic Web
77
• However…. Machines are ignorant!– partial information is unusable– difficult to make sense from, e.g., an image– drawing analogies automatically is difficult– difficult to combine information automatically
• is <foo:creator> same as <bar:author>?• how to combine different XML hierarchies?
– …
Web 1.0 + semantics = Semantic Web
78
Semantic Web
• Semantic Web is about applying semantics to the tradition Web, Web 1.0
• Some of the benefits of Semantic Web:– More precise queries– Smarter apps with less work– Share & link data between apps
– Information has machine-processable and machine-understandable semantics
79
• The principal limits of describing large, heterogeneous, and distributed systems
• The principal limits of self representation and self reflection
Necessitates incompleteness and incorrectness of semantic descriptions.
Limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web
80
Limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web
The principal limits of describing large, heterogeneous, and distributed systems
81
The principal limits of self representation and self reflection
Limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web
82
The principal limits of self representation and self reflection
Limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web
83
Object Layer (encodes possible complete reasoning
knowledge for the problem)
Meta Layer (encodes heuristics, i.e. strategic knowledge)
Introspection Reflection
The principal limits of self representation and self reflection
Limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web
84
• The meta layer should apply heuristics that may help – Speed up the overall reasoning process. – Increase its flexibility.
• Therefore, it needs to be incomplete in various aspects and resemble important aspects of our consciousness.– Introspection– Reflection
• Unbounded rationality, constrained rationality, limited rationality.
Limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web
85
• Description of data by metadata or programs by metaprograms– Always larger (even infinitely large) …– … or always an approximation
Limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web
86
• In a large, distributed, and heterogeneous environment, classical ACID guarantees of the database world no longer scale in any sense.
• Even a simple read operation in an environment such as the Web, a peer-to-peer storage network, a set of distributed repositories, or a space, cannot guarantee completeness in the sense of assuming that if data was not returned, then it was not there.
• Similarly, a write can also not guarantee a consistent state that it is immediately replicated to all the storage facilities at once.
Data look-up on the Web
87
• Modern information retrieval applies the same principles– In information retrieval, the notion of completeness
(recall) becomes more and more meaningless in the context of Web scale information infrastructures.
– It is very unlikely that a user requests all the information relevant to a certain topic that exists on a worldwide scale, since this could easily go far beyond the amount of information processing he or she is investing in achieving a certain goal.
– Therefore, instead of investigating the full space of precision and recall, information retrieval is starting to focus more around improving precision and proper ranking of results.
Information retrieval on the Web
88
• What holds for a simple data look-up holds in an even stronger sense for reasoning on Web scale.
• The notion of 100% completeness and correctness as usually assumed in logic-based reasoning does not even make sense anymore since the underlying fact base is changing faster than any reasoning process can process it.
• Therefore, we have to develop a notion of usability of inferred results and relate them with the resources that are requested for it.
Reasoning on the Web
89
pre
cisi
on
(sou
ndn
ess
)
recall (completeness)
Logic
IR
Semantic Web
Reasoning on the Web
90
• LarKC – The Large Knowledge Collider
http://www.larkc.eu/
• An open source, modular, and distributed platform for inference on the Web that makes use of new reasoning techniques
• A plug-in architecture that supports cooperation between distributed, heterogeneous, cooperating modules enabling research into new and different reasoning techniques
LarKC – The Large Knowledge Collider
91
LarKC – The Large Knowledge Collider
• A platform for infinitely scalable reasoning on the data-web
• First real attempt at Reasoning at a Web scale
• Not just adding a Web syntax to reasoning, but reflecting on the underlying assumptions of reasoning and the Web
– Bringing Web principles to reasoning– Bringing reasoning to the Web
• Thus LarKC is true Web Science
92
LarKC – The Large Knowledge Collider
• A number of broken assumptions of reasoning and logic in a Web context:
– The Web is small– The Web does not change– The Web does not contradict itself
• In fact:– The Web is huge– The Web changes faster than we can reason over it– The Web contains contradictions and different points of view
• The essence of the web (search) must be included into the reasoning process, generating something new called reasearch
• After 4000 years of separation LarKC merges induction and deduction
93
WEB SCIENCE – THE COMPUTER SCIENCE OF THE 21st CENTURY
94
• With the Web we have an open, heterogeneous, distributed, and fast changing computing environment.
• Therefore we need computing to be understood as
– A goal driven approach where the solution process is only partially determined and actually decided during runtime, based on available data and services.
– A heuristic approach that gives up on absolute notion of completeness and correctness in order to gain scalability.
• The times of 100% complete and correct solutions are gone.
Web Science – The Computer Science of the 21st Century
95
The Need for Trade-offs:• In all areas one has to define the trade-off between the
guarantees one provides in terms of service level agreements. Completeness and correctness are just examples of some very strong guarantees and what this requires in terms of assumptions, and computational complexity
• Different heuristic problem solving approaches are just different combinations of these three factors.
Web Science – The Computer Science of the 21st Century
96
• Service level agreements (or goals) define what has to be provided as result of solving a problem.
• Do we request an optimal solution, a semi-optimal solution, or just any solution?
Web Science – The Computer Science of the 21st Century
97
• Assumptions describe the generality of the problem solving approach: – Assuming that there is only one solution allows stopping the
search for an optimum immediately after a solution has been found.
– Instead of a global optimization method, a much simpler heuristic search method can be used in this case, which would still deliver a global optimum.
• Computational complexity (scalability) or the resources that are required to fill the gap between the assumptions and the goals.
Web Science – The Computer Science of the 21st Century
98
Web Science – The Computer Science of the 21st Century
• Computer science in the 20th century was about perfect solutions in closed domains and applications.
• Web science, the new computer science of the 21st century, will be about approximate solutions and frameworks that capture the relationships of partial solutions and requirements in terms of computational costs, i.e., the proper balance of their ratio.
99
• This shift is comparable to the transition in physics, from classical physics to relativity theory and quantum mechanics,
• ...where the notion of absolute space and time is replaced by relativistic notions and the principle limits of precision.
• the more precisely we know about the location of a particle in space, the less we know about its movement in time and vice versa.
?
??
?
Web Science – The Computer Science of the 21st Century
100
Summary
• The Web is a in an extending success story with over more than a 2 billion users more than 50 billion pages
• There is a need for a new science that focuses on how huge decentralized Web systems work - Web Science
• Semantics will play a central role in the future development of the Web
• However there are limitations of applying semantics to traditional Web due to the principal limits of self representation and self reflection
• Limitations should be addressed by considering 2 levels: meta layer and object layer
• Meta layer should apply heuristics that may help speed up the overall reasoning process and increase its flexibility.
• Introspection and Reflection can be used to move from one layer to the other
101
References
• Mandatory reading:– T. Berners-Lee, W. Hall, J. Hendler, N. Shadbolt, D. Weitzner
(2006): Creating a science of the Web. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12615/
– T. Berners-Lee, W. Hall, J. Hendler, K. O’Hara, N. Shadbolt, D. Weitzner (2006): A Framework for Web Science. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13347/
– D. Fensel, Dieter F. van Harmelen. Unifying Reasoning and Search to Web Scale, IEEE Internet Computing, 11(2), 2007
– D. Fensel, D. Wolf: The Scientific Role of Computer Science in the 21st Century. In Proceedings of the third International Workshop on Philosophy and Informatics (WSPI 2006), Saarbruecken, Germany, May 3-4, 2006.
102
References
• Further reading:– D. Fensel, F. van Harmelen, B. Andersson, P. Brennan, H.
Cunningham E. Della Valle, F. Fischer, Z. Huang, A. Kiryakov and T. Kyung-il Lee, L. School,V. Tresp, S. Wesner, M. Witbrock and N. Zhong, Towards LarKC: a Platform for Web-scale ReasoningIEEE Computer Society Press Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 2008.
– F. Fischer, G. Unel, B. Bishop and D. Fensel, Towards a scalable, pragmatic Knowledge Representation Language for the Web, 2009.
– N. Shadbolt. Web Science Research Initiative Seminar November 2008
http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/podcasts/video.php?id=153
103
References
• Wikipedia and other links:– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Science
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web
– Web Science Research Initiative http://webscience.org/
– http://www.larkc.eu/
– http://webcast.bibalex.org/Presentations/Bebo91108.ppt
104
Next Lecture
# Title
1 Introduction
2 Web Science
3 Service Science
4 Web services
5 Web2.0 services
6 Semantic Web
7 Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO)
8 Web Service Modeling Language (WSML)
9 Web Service Execution Environment (WSMX)
10 OWL-S and other
11 Light-weight Annotations
12 Applications
13 Mobile Services
105
Questions?