1

Constructing female veteran students identity

Making a case for difference

Presented byJames Atkinson

University of Louisville

Research Questions

bull How do female veteran students self-identify and what is their perception of how others identify them

bull What campus services do they need and which ones do they utilize

bull Where do they take classes Where are they most comfortable

Why is this important

Women Veterans Are Younger

bull Among women veterans returning from OEFOIFndash 85 are below age 40ndash 58 are between ages 20-29

bull Leave service early in their careersndash Balancing career and familyndash Perceived lack of advancement

opportunityndash Sexual assault and harassment

VA Healthcare Utilization Among 94010 Female OEFOIF Veterans through 1st Qtr FY 2008 Environmental Epidemiology Service

Women Warriors Supporting She Who Has Borne the Battle Erin Mulhall Oct 09

hellip a case for difference

bull Socialbull Pathology Mental Health

Photo courtesy of Designing Diva Interiors

Social

bull ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

bull More reaction over female military personnel rather than the abuse itself

bull Men performing their gender in wartime-women were not

How do female veterans transition from military to academic environment

(Enloe 2004)

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Research Questions

bull How do female veteran students self-identify and what is their perception of how others identify them

bull What campus services do they need and which ones do they utilize

bull Where do they take classes Where are they most comfortable

Why is this important

Women Veterans Are Younger

bull Among women veterans returning from OEFOIFndash 85 are below age 40ndash 58 are between ages 20-29

bull Leave service early in their careersndash Balancing career and familyndash Perceived lack of advancement

opportunityndash Sexual assault and harassment

VA Healthcare Utilization Among 94010 Female OEFOIF Veterans through 1st Qtr FY 2008 Environmental Epidemiology Service

Women Warriors Supporting She Who Has Borne the Battle Erin Mulhall Oct 09

hellip a case for difference

bull Socialbull Pathology Mental Health

Photo courtesy of Designing Diva Interiors

Social

bull ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

bull More reaction over female military personnel rather than the abuse itself

bull Men performing their gender in wartime-women were not

How do female veterans transition from military to academic environment

(Enloe 2004)

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Why is this important

Women Veterans Are Younger

bull Among women veterans returning from OEFOIFndash 85 are below age 40ndash 58 are between ages 20-29

bull Leave service early in their careersndash Balancing career and familyndash Perceived lack of advancement

opportunityndash Sexual assault and harassment

VA Healthcare Utilization Among 94010 Female OEFOIF Veterans through 1st Qtr FY 2008 Environmental Epidemiology Service

Women Warriors Supporting She Who Has Borne the Battle Erin Mulhall Oct 09

hellip a case for difference

bull Socialbull Pathology Mental Health

Photo courtesy of Designing Diva Interiors

Social

bull ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

bull More reaction over female military personnel rather than the abuse itself

bull Men performing their gender in wartime-women were not

How do female veterans transition from military to academic environment

(Enloe 2004)

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Women Veterans Are Younger

bull Among women veterans returning from OEFOIFndash 85 are below age 40ndash 58 are between ages 20-29

bull Leave service early in their careersndash Balancing career and familyndash Perceived lack of advancement

opportunityndash Sexual assault and harassment

VA Healthcare Utilization Among 94010 Female OEFOIF Veterans through 1st Qtr FY 2008 Environmental Epidemiology Service

Women Warriors Supporting She Who Has Borne the Battle Erin Mulhall Oct 09

hellip a case for difference

bull Socialbull Pathology Mental Health

Photo courtesy of Designing Diva Interiors

Social

bull ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

bull More reaction over female military personnel rather than the abuse itself

bull Men performing their gender in wartime-women were not

How do female veterans transition from military to academic environment

(Enloe 2004)

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

hellip a case for difference

bull Socialbull Pathology Mental Health

Photo courtesy of Designing Diva Interiors

Social

bull ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

bull More reaction over female military personnel rather than the abuse itself

bull Men performing their gender in wartime-women were not

How do female veterans transition from military to academic environment

(Enloe 2004)

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Social

bull ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

bull More reaction over female military personnel rather than the abuse itself

bull Men performing their gender in wartime-women were not

How do female veterans transition from military to academic environment

(Enloe 2004)

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo

bull More reaction over female military personnel rather than the abuse itself

bull Men performing their gender in wartime-women were not

How do female veterans transition from military to academic environment

(Enloe 2004)

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Mental Health

bull Study evaluated life traumatic events PTSD amp depression at 4 VA centers

bull 865 adults (681 males 184 females)Males Females

PTSD 123 92

Depression 159 293

(Freedy et al Oct 2010)

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Mental Health (cont)

bull Retrospective study of 329049 OEF amp OIF veterans utilizing VA (4102 ndash 33108)ndash Male ndash PTSD Alcohol abusendash Female - Depression

(Maguen et al Dec 2010)

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Mental Health (cont)bull Study of female veterans from Vietnam Persian Gulf

and IraqAfghanistan (OEFOIF) (VA PTSD Programs)

bull OEFOIF Females vs Malesndash Female ndash higher traumasndash Males ndash higher PTSD alcohol abuse

Vietnam(100)

Persian Gulf 1(380)

OEFOIF(1258)

Social Supports Less More Most

Psychopathology Most More Less

Sexual Trauma More Most Less

Noncombat nonsexual trauma

Less Most More

(Fontana et al April 2010)

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Other differenceshellipbull MST - 1 in 6 females 1 in 100 males (T)ndash 78 of active duty females 6 raped (Vogt) ndash rsquos can be confusing (BampD)

bull Suicide rate (18-34 year olds 2004-07) (M)ndash Female Non-Veterans 1461 per 33257362ndash Female Veterans 56 per 418132ndash Female Military service 56 per 726401

bull Unemployment Financial strain Physiological

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009 DiRamio et al 2008 McFarland et al 2010 Trent 2010)

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo

(Fitzpatrick July 12 2010)

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Female Identity differencesbull Define who she is ndash ndash Military life ndash mostly masculine environmentndash Civilian life ndash change back to previous female

gender identity ndash On campus ndash fewer veteran female role models

(Baechtold amp De Sawal 2009)

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Anecdotal evidencebull Identityndash Get treated differently by COsndash Bifurcation between military amp civilian

bull Student Servicesndash Very familiar with certifying agentndash Not so familiar with other offices

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Anecdotal evidence (cont)

bull Classesndash Seem more comfortable with fellow soldiersndash Like the opportunity to forget about military and

fit in like a ldquonormalrdquo college studentndash Post is ldquocool to be with buddies like-minded

peoplerdquondash But ndash far drive and ldquoinstitutionalizedrdquo

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

Suggestions amp Further Discussion bull Campus acknowledgement of differencesndash Moving In Moving Through Moving Out (D)ndash Mentorship opportunities (BampD)ndash Campus services

bull Mental counselingbull Academic advisingbull Facultybull Veterans officebull Veteran student groupbull Career services

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

The Goal

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

References

Ackerman R DiRamio D amp Garza Mitchell RL (2009) Transitions Combat veterans as college students New Directions for Student Services 126 5 ndash 14

Amundson N E (1993) Mattering A foundation for employment counseling and training Journal of Employment Counseling 30 146-152

Aslanian C B amp Brickell H M (1980) Americans in transition Life changes as reasons for adult learning New York College Entrance Examination Board

Baechtold M amp De Sawal D (2009) Meeting the needs of women veterans New Directions for Student Services 126 35-43Bandura A (1994) Self-efficacy In VS Ramachaudran (Ed) Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol 4 pp 71-

81) New York Academic Press

Brantley S (2006) A growing phenomenon The Network Journal 13 8 14

Cook B amp Kim Y (2009) From soldier to student Easing the transition of service members on campus Retrieved from httpwwwinsidehigheredcomnews20090722veterans

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

References (cont)Cross K P (1980 May) Our changing students and their impact on colleges Prospects for a true learning society Phi Delta

Kappan May 630-632

DiRamio D Ackerman R amp Mitchell R L (2008) From combat to campus Voices of student-veterans NASPA Journal 45 73

Enloe C (2004) Wielding Masculinity Inside Abu Ghraib Making Feminist Sense of an American Military Scandal Asian Journal of Womenrsquos Studies 10 3

Fontana A Rosenheck R Desai R (2010) Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan seeking care from VA specialized PTSD Programs comparison with male veterans and female war zone veterans of previous eras Journal of Womenrsquos Health Apr19(4)751-7

Freedy JR Magruder KM Mainous AG Frueh BC Geesey ME Carnemolla M (2010) Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients Military Medicine 2010 175(10) 750-8

Haskell S Gordon K Mattocks K Duggal M Erdos J Justice A Brandt C (2010) Gender Differences in Rates of Depression PTSD Pain Obesity and Military Sexual Trauma Among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Journal of Womens Health 19(2) 267-271 doi101089jwh20081262

Maguen S Ren L Bosch JO Marmar CR Seal KH (2010) Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care American Journal of Public Health Dec100(12)2450-6 Epub 2010 Oct 21

Mezirow J (1981) A critical theory of adult learning and education Adult Education 321 pp 3-24

References (cont)Muench K E (1987 October) A comparative study of the psychosocial needs of adult men and women

students in an adult degree program Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education Washington DC

Richter-Antion D (1986) Qualitative differences between adult and younger students NASPA Journal 23 58-62

Schunk D H (1991) Learning theories An educational perspective New York NY Merrill

Semmar Y (2006) Adult learners and academic achievement The roles of self-efficacy self-regulation and motivation University of Qatar

Thomas E (2005) The adult learner here to stay Black Issues in Higher Education May 5

Questions

Thank you

• Constructing female veteran students identity Making a case for difference
• Research Questions
• Why is this important
• Women Veterans Are Younger
• hellip a case for difference
• Social
• ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo
• Mental Health
• Mental Health (cont)
• Slide 10
• Other differenceshellip
• ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo
• Female Identity differences
• Anecdotal evidence
• Anecdotal evidence (cont)
• Suggestions amp Further Discussion
• The Goal
• References
• References (cont)
• Slide 20
• Questions
• Thank you

Questions

Thank you

• Constructing female veteran students identity Making a case for difference
• Research Questions
• Why is this important
• Women Veterans Are Younger
• hellip a case for difference
• Social
• ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo
• Mental Health
• Mental Health (cont)
• Slide 10
• Other differenceshellip
• ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo
• Female Identity differences
• Anecdotal evidence
• Anecdotal evidence (cont)
• Suggestions amp Further Discussion
• The Goal
• References
• References (cont)
• Slide 20
• Questions
• Thank you

Thank you

• Constructing female veteran students identity Making a case for difference
• Research Questions
• Why is this important
• Women Veterans Are Younger
• hellip a case for difference
• Social
• ldquoWielding masculinity inside Abu Ghraibrdquo
• Mental Health
• Mental Health (cont)
• Slide 10
• Other differenceshellip
• ldquoHow we fail our female vetsrdquo
• Female Identity differences
• Anecdotal evidence
• Anecdotal evidence (cont)
• Suggestions amp Further Discussion
• The Goal
• References
• References (cont)
• Slide 20
• Questions
• Thank you