1 coms 161 introduction to computing title: digital images date: november 12, 2004 lecture number:...
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COMS 161Introduction to Computing
Title: Digital Images
Date: November 12, 2004
Lecture Number: 32
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Announcements
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Review
• Real numbers– Limitations
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Outline
• The nature of images– Natural vs. artificial images
• How digital images are– Organized– Created– Stored– Processed
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The Nature of Images
• Natural images– From common, analog sources
• Photos, drawings, paintings, TV, movies, etc.
– Must be digitized for use with a computer
• Artificial images– Generated digitally
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Representing Digital Images
• Natural images (such as a photograph, a frame of a video, etc.) typically consist of continuous or analog signals
• Digital images are composed of pixels (picture elements)
• For use in a computer, natural images must be digitized
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Example of Digitization
• Consider a photograph of a penny – Pretend that this is a
photograph
• To use this image in a computer, it must first be digitized
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Example of Digitization
• The first step in digitizing this natural image is sampling
• This image is partitioned (sampled) into a 50×50 square grid of pixels
• The picture resolution of this digitized image will thus be 50×50
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Example of Digitization
• An image’s aspect ratio is the ratio of the number of horizontal pixels to the number of vertical pixels– This 50×50 grid has an
aspect ratio of 1:1– Most computer screens
are 1.33:1 • (640×480, 1024×768, etc.)
– Std. TV is 4:3 (or 1.33:1)– HDTV is 16:9 (or 1.78:1)
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Example of Digitization
• The second step in digitizing the image is quantizing the pixels
• For each pixel, an average color is calculated
• This resolution (50×50) is ‘clearly’ insufficient to represent the detail of the original image
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Resolution
• Picture resolution is a trade-off between image quality and file size
• This digitized image has a resolution of 272×416– Minimum file size is then
(272×416) × (bytes/pixel)– For 256 colors (one byte per
pixel), minimum file size would be (272×416) × (1) = 110.5 KB
– For 16 million colors (3 bytes/pixel), it would be 331 KB
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Resolution
• With the resolution reduced to 136×208, the picture loses detail
• File size is reduced to:– 28.3 KB for 256 colors– 84.8 KB for 16 million colors
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Resolution
• With the resolution further reduced to 68×104, the picture becomes almost unrecognizable
• File size is greatly reduced to:– 7.1 KB for 256 colors– 21.2 KB for 16 million colors
• With large pictures and high color requirements, file size becomes very important– Digital cameras can easily create
single pictures larger than 1 MB
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Quantizing Digital Images
• Imagine a simple image: a bright object on a dark background
• Sample the image as before
• Consider just a single row of pixels across the center
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Quantizing Digital Images
• Assign number values to the pixels:
0 = ‘black’1 = ‘white’
• Plot the values of the pixels on the center row
0. 0
0. 5
1. 0
• With this image, we only need two “colors”, black and white
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Dynamic Range
• Most pictures are more complex than just black and white
• To adequately represent an image, we need enough levels of quantization to achieve the desired picture quality
• The range of values chosen for quantization is called the dynamic range of the digitized image
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Dynamic Range
• Max value – min value
• Typically it is a power of 2– 256 gray values = 28, 8 bits / pixel
• How large should a dynamic range be?– Science says we can only distinguish
between 40 different shades of gray!!
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Dynamic Range Example
• This is a grayscale image quantized to 256 levels of gray– 0 = ‘black’– 127 = ‘medium (50%) gray’– 255 = ‘white’
• Dynamic range is sufficient for use in this presentation– Clear detail in highlights and
shadows
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Dynamic Range Example
• The same image, now quantized to 16 levels– 0 = ‘black’– 7 = ‘medium (50%) gray’– 15 = ‘white’
• Dynamic range is acceptable– Detail somewhat reduced in
highlights and shadows– False contours becoming
apparent (especially on chin and cheeks)
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Dynamic Range Example
• The same image, now quantized to 4 levels– 0 = ‘black’– 1 = ‘dark (67%) gray’– 2 = ‘light (33%) gray’– 3 = ‘white’
• Dynamic range is marginal– Detail severely reduced– Shadows flattened– Extreme false contouring
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Dynamic Range Example
• The same image, now quantized to 2 levels– 0 = ‘black’– 1 = ‘white’
• Dynamic range is unacceptable– Detail almost gone– But, this may be a desirable
artistic effect
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Dynamic Range Example