1 computer hardware cpu, memory, storage, & ports
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Computer HardwareComputer Hardware
CPU, Memory, Storage, & Ports
CPU, Memory, Storage, & Ports
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To Buy or To Upgrade?To Buy or To Upgrade?
Things to consider: Moore’s Law Cost of upgrading vs. buying Time installing software and files Needs and wants
Things to consider: Moore’s Law Cost of upgrading vs. buying Time installing software and files Needs and wants
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Assessing Your Hardware: Evaluating Your System
Assessing Your Hardware: Evaluating Your System
Assess the computer’s subsystems The subsystems include
CPU RAM Virtual memory Storage devices Video Audio Ports
Assess the computer’s subsystems The subsystems include
CPU RAM Virtual memory Storage devices Video Audio Ports
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Evaluating the CPUEvaluating the CPU How does the CPU work?
Control unit Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Machine cycle:
Instruction Cycle Fetch Decode
Execution Cycle Execute Store
Speed: MHz GHz
How does the CPU work? Control unit Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Machine cycle:
Instruction Cycle Fetch Decode
Execution Cycle Execute Store
Speed: MHz GHz
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Evaluating Other CPU Features
Evaluating Other CPU Features
Some CPUs are optimized to process multimedia instructions
Intel CPUs called Core Duo processors Use less power than dual processors Increase multitasking performance
Intel has more than 17 other designs for chips with more than one core
Some CPUs are optimized to process multimedia instructions
Intel CPUs called Core Duo processors Use less power than dual processors Increase multitasking performance
Intel has more than 17 other designs for chips with more than one core
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Upgrading the CPUUpgrading the CPU
Expensive Easy to install Motherboard
compatibility
Expensive Easy to install Motherboard
compatibility
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Evaluating RAMEvaluating RAM
Random access memory (RAM): Temporary storage (memory) Volatile
Memory modules: SIMM DIMM RIMM
Types of RAM: SRAM DRAM SDRAM
Random access memory (RAM): Temporary storage (memory) Volatile
Memory modules: SIMM DIMM RIMM
Types of RAM: SRAM DRAM SDRAM
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How Much Ram is Needed?
How Much Ram is Needed?
RAM for System Software RAM for Productivity
Software RAM for Entertainment RAM for Graphics Programs
RAM for System Software RAM for Productivity
Software RAM for Entertainment RAM for Graphics Programs
System Software Windows XP 128 MB
Productivity Software MS Office Pro 128 MB
Entertainment Software
Windows Media Player 64 MB
Graphics MS Picture It! 128 MB
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Adding RAMAdding RAM Increase system
performance Things to consider:
Type of RAM module Amount of RAM:
Maximum limit Number of slots Operating system Applications running at
the same time
Increase system performance
Things to consider: Type of RAM module Amount of RAM:
Maximum limit Number of slots Operating system Applications running at
the same time
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Evaluating StorageEvaluating Storage
Types of storage devices: Hard drive Floppy drive Zip disk drive CD/DVD Flash memory
Nonvolatile storage
Types of storage devices: Hard drive Floppy drive Zip disk drive CD/DVD Flash memory
Nonvolatile storage
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The Hard Disk DriveThe Hard Disk Drive
Storage capacity up to 500 GB
Access time is measured in milliseconds
Data transfer rate is measured in megabits or megabytes per second
Spindle speed is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm)
Storage capacity up to 500 GB
Access time is measured in milliseconds
Data transfer rate is measured in megabits or megabytes per second
Spindle speed is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm)
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How a Hard Disk WorksHow a Hard Disk Works Composed of several
coated platters stacked on a spindle
Data saved to the disk: pattern of magnetized spots– Spots = 1– Spaces = 0
Between platters are read/write heads that read and write magnetized data
Spots are translated into data
Composed of several coated platters stacked on a spindle
Data saved to the disk: pattern of magnetized spots– Spots = 1– Spaces = 0
Between platters are read/write heads that read and write magnetized data
Spots are translated into data
Platters Read/write head
Access arms
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Portable StoragePortable Storage Gives us the ability to move data
from one computer to another Types of portable storage devices:
Floppy disk: Capacity 1.44 MB
Zip disk: Capacity 100 MB to 750 MB
CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW: Capacity 700 MB to 9.4 GB
Flash drive: Capacity 32 MB to 1 GB
Flash memory Card: Up to 4 GB
Gives us the ability to move data from one computer to another
Types of portable storage devices: Floppy disk:
Capacity 1.44 MB Zip disk:
Capacity 100 MB to 750 MB CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW:
Capacity 700 MB to 9.4 GB Flash drive:
Capacity 32 MB to 1 GB Flash memory Card:
Up to 4 GB
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Magnetic StorageMagnetic Storage Magnetic media:
Metal platters: Hard disks
Plastic film: Floppy disks Zip disks
Tracks Sectors File Allocation Table
Magnetic media: Metal platters:
Hard disks Plastic film:
Floppy disks Zip disks
Tracks Sectors File Allocation Table
Track
Sector
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Optical StorageOptical Storage
Optical media: CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD-RW
Laser Pits scatter laser light
equaling a 1 Nonpitted area reflects
laser light equaling a 0
Optical media: CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD-RW
Laser Pits scatter laser light
equaling a 1 Nonpitted area reflects
laser light equaling a 0
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Upgrading StorageUpgrading Storage
Hard drive options: Replace current drive
with a larger capacity drive
Install an additional hard drive
Other options: Zip drive Replace CD ROM with
CD-R/RW or DVD-R/RW
Flash card reader Flash memory drive
Hard drive options: Replace current drive
with a larger capacity drive
Install an additional hard drive
Other options: Zip drive Replace CD ROM with
CD-R/RW or DVD-R/RW
Flash card reader Flash memory drive
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Evaluating VideoEvaluating Video
Two components: Video card
(adapter) Monitor
Two components: Video card
(adapter) Monitor
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Video CardsVideo Cards
Process binary data into images
Contain memory known as video RAM (VRAM)
Control the number of colors a monitor can display (bit depth) Standard VGA
4 bits 16 colors
True color (SVGA) 24 bits 16 million colors
Process binary data into images
Contain memory known as video RAM (VRAM)
Control the number of colors a monitor can display (bit depth) Standard VGA
4 bits 16 colors
True color (SVGA) 24 bits 16 million colors
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Monitors Monitors
Things to consider: Types:
CRT or LCD Size: 15, 17, 19, or 21 inch Resolution:
Increasing resolution allows more to be displayed
Dot pitch: .31mm or less
Refresh rate: 75 Hz or higher
Things to consider: Types:
CRT or LCD Size: 15, 17, 19, or 21 inch Resolution:
Increasing resolution allows more to be displayed
Dot pitch: .31mm or less
Refresh rate: 75 Hz or higher
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Evaluating AudioEvaluating Audio
Sound card: Process digital data
into sounds 3D sound cards Surround sound
Dolby Digital 5.1
Sound card: Process digital data
into sounds 3D sound cards Surround sound
Dolby Digital 5.1
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Evaluating AudioEvaluating Audio Speakers:
Amplified Not amplified Subwoofer Surround sound
Speakers: Amplified Not amplified Subwoofer Surround sound
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Evaluating PortsEvaluating Ports
Ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer
Things to consider: Devices you want to use Ports needed for the devices
Ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer
Things to consider: Devices you want to use Ports needed for the devices
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PS/2 Port
COM 1 Port
PS/2 Connectors
Serial Connector
Types of PortsTypes of Ports
Serial Port Transfers data
one bit at a time; 56Kbps
Serial Port Transfers data
one bit at a time; 56Kbps
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports
Parallel Transfers
eight bits of data simultaneously; 12 Mbps
Parallel Transfers
eight bits of data simultaneously; 12 Mbps
LPT 1 Port
Printer Cable Connector
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports
Universal serial bus Transfer speed up
to 480 Mbps; hot swapping
Universal serial bus Transfer speed up
to 480 Mbps; hot swapping USB
PortUSB Connector
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports FireWire
Transfer rate of 400 Mbps; Digital cameras
Newer FireWire 800 is fastest Available only
on the Apple Mac
FireWire Transfer rate of
400 Mbps; Digital cameras
Newer FireWire 800 is fastest Available only
on the Apple Mac
FireWire Port
FireWire Connector
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports
Ethernet Transfer rate of
100 Mbps; connects computers to networks
Ethernet Transfer rate of
100 Mbps; connects computers to networks
Ethernet Port
Ethernet jack
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports IrDA
Transfer rate of 4 Mbps; Uses infrared light waves
IrDA Transfer rate of 4
Mbps; Uses infrared light waves
IrDA
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports
Bluetooth Transfer rate of 1
Mbps; radio waves send data over short distances
Bluetooth Transfer rate of 1
Mbps; radio waves send data over short distances
Bluetooth
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports
MIDI Port Musical Instrument Digital Interface 31.5 Kbps transfer rate
MIDI Port Musical Instrument Digital Interface 31.5 Kbps transfer rate
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Adding PortsAdding Ports
Expansion cards: New port
standards
Expansion hubs: Enables several
devices to be connected to a port
Expansion cards: New port
standards
Expansion hubs: Enables several
devices to be connected to a port
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Evaluating System Reliability
Evaluating System Reliability
Performance: Slow Freezes Crashes
Upkeep and maintenance: System tools Control panel Update software and hardware
drivers
Performance: Slow Freezes Crashes
Upkeep and maintenance: System tools Control panel Update software and hardware
drivers
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Upkeep and MaintenanceUpkeep and Maintenance
System tools: Disk
defragmenter Disk cleanup
Unnecessary files
Control panel: Add/remove
programs Display System
Device manager
System tools: Disk
defragmenter Disk cleanup
Unnecessary files
Control panel: Add/remove
programs Display System
Device manager
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Update Software and Hardware Drivers
Update Software and Hardware Drivers
Software: Automatic
updates Patches
Hardware: Download
updated drivers
Software: Automatic
updates Patches
Hardware: Download
updated drivers
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The Last ResortThe Last Resort
If problems persist: Reinstall the operating system Upgrade the operating system to the
latest version
If problems persist: Reinstall the operating system Upgrade the operating system to the
latest version