1

COCO22 from capture to storage from capture to storage

Gérard FRIES Executive Vice-President

Institut Français du PétroleInstitut Français du Pétrole

2

Evolution of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

Source : IPCC

PP

M

3

Scenarios of Carbon Emission Evolution

Source : IPCC

4

Repartition of CO2 emissions

Power production

39%

Other Industries

22%

Transport

23%

Agriculture

2%Residential

10%

Tertiary

4%

Source : ENERDATA

5

Solutions

• Improving energy efficiency

• Switch from low to high hydrogen content fossil fuels (from coal to natural gas)

• Substitution of fossil fuels by renewables and/or nuclear energy

• Capture, transport and storage of CO2

6

FuelCombustion

CO2

Extraction

CO2

Fluegases

Air

N2/H2O

CO2 capture from industrial plants

• Existing plants

• Large volume of gases with diluted CO2

Post-combustion capture

7

Combustion

Fuel

Cryogenicdistillation

Air O2

H2O

CondensationH2O

CO2CO2/H2O

Oxyfuel combustion

CO2 capture from industrial plants

• New plants

• Lower volume of gases with concentrated CO2

8

Air

H2 N2/H2O

CO2

Steam reformingATRPOx

Shiftreactor Extraction

CO2 CombustionFuel

CO2 capture from industrial plants

• New plants

• The way to hydrogen

Pre-combustion capture

ATR : autothermal reforming

POx : partial oxidation

02/H20

9

Electricity

generation Electricity

Shift-conversion

Water

ProductionSynthesis gasNatural gas

Heavy oilCoalBiomass

Oxygen

Water

Liquid hydrocarbons

Fischer-Tropschsynthesis

separation Hydrogen

CO2 storage

H2 / CO2

Hydrogen and power generation with CO2 capture and storage

10

Transport of CO2

no specific regulation

transport under supercritical phase

risks of corrosion

USA: several thousand of km of pipes delivering CO2 to EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) operations

11

CO2 geological storage

500 - 10 000 Gt

1 000 Gt

40 Gt

Unmineable coal

Saline aquifer

Depleted oil & gas reservoirsSalt dome

Pour la Science

CO2 plant

CO2 well

CO2 pipe

CO2 platform

CO2

droplets

CO2 lake

CO2 ship

solid CO2

12

CO2 geological storage

Hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil and gas) proven to be tight (to non reactive gas) geological traps well-known objects possible benefit through Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery (EOR / EGR)

Saline Aquifers huge porous volume: the biggest place for storage no drinkable water largely distributed generally poorly investigated

Coals seams strong adsorption of CO2

possible benefit through E Coal Bed Methane (ECBM) low permeability and porous volume

13

Geological storage: technical challenges

Verification of the confinement

Control of the storage and surroundings

Storage optimisation

Numerical modelling:

regional scale, long time(1000 years)

reservoir scale, shorttime (20-40 years)

Monitoring

14

An example of industrial operation: Sleipner

Sleipner A

Sleipner T

CO2Utsira aquifer

Sleipner West

Heimdal formation: gas reservoir

CO2 Injection - Well A16

Sleipner WestProduction wells

15

An example of industrial operation: SleipnerSleipner CO2 injection seismic monitoring--Preliminary comparison of 1994 and 1999 data

Injection point

Top Utsira Formation~

250 m

500 m

1994 October 1999After injecting ~ 2 mill. tons CO2 since 1996

No change above this level

The CO2-"plume"

Sleipner CO2 injection seismic monitoring Preliminary comparison of 1994 and 1999 data

16

Main opportunities

IEA-GHG

17

Some future initiatives for CO2 capture & storage in Europe & mediterranean basin

CASTOR EU project:- Spain: offshore oil reservoir (Casablanca)- Norway: offshore aquifer (Snohvit)- Austria: offshore gas field (Lindach)- Netherlands: gas fields

CO2SINK EU project:- Germany: onshore aquifer (Berlin)

IN-SALAH (Algeria)

RECOPOL EU project:- Poland: coal seams (Katowice)Possible new project:- Tarnow: EOR

18

Capture & sorage of CO2: economic issuesFlue gases

Separation transport

Geological storage

30 - 50 $/t

8 - 10 $/t

0.7 - 4 $/t per 100

km2 - 8

$/t

Compression

Injection

Total capacity

Storage optionsGt CO2

% of 2050cumulativeemissions

Deep saline aquifers 500 – 10 000 20 - 500Depleted oil & gasreservoirs

1 000 45

Coal seams 40 2

Cost reduction

Evaluation of capacity

20 $/t ?

Total : 40 $/t to 70 $/t CO2

19

• Cost reduction

• Optimisation of storage capacity

• Security of the storage

• Acceptance of the concept

R&D efforts• Improve the knowledge on physical and chemical processes

for CO2 storage

• Real-site validation / demonstration• Development of new cost effective separation techniques

The targets

CO2 capture & storage: the future

20

Future prospects and opportunities

• Eliminate gas flaring

• Produce hydrogen, power and clean fuels

without CO2 emissions

• Use CO2 for EOR applications: specially the North Sea

• Benefits from emissions credits for CO2 reinjection