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Class 16: History of 17th C

Dr. Ann T. Orlando

11 March 2015

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Outline

17th C: Introduction to Modernity Where things stand politically c. 1600 New Political Models Gallicanism

17th C Early Modernity: Everything starts to change in West Natural law becomes laws of nature Science becomes restricted to physics, chemistry,

biology Emphasis on individual duties becomes individual rights Property and contracts become basis of law Religion becomes exclusively personal, ‘tolerated,’ not

integral to society Society becomes defined around national units

differentiated by geography, economics, politics, language, customs (religion)

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Spanish and Portuguese Empires 1600-1700 Netherlands after independence becomes very

strong Trading Navy Replaces Portugal in East

Spain retains control of Latin America and Philippines But increasingly must confront English colonies on

northern borders French incursions into Caribbean

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England

Henry VIII reigned 1509-1547 1531 declares himself head of Church

Mary I (Bloody Mary, Tudor), daughter of Henry and Catherine; Making her cousin of Emperor Charles V Returns England to Catholicism as official religion Marries prince Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V) Dies 1558

Elizabeth reigns 1558-1603 Return to Anglicanism Dies childless

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England 1603-1660

James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots, succeeds childless Elizabeth Charles I, James son, reign 1625-1649

Strong believer in Divine Right of Kings Married a Catholic Refused to compromise with Parliament over fiscal matters and revolt of

Scotch Presbyterians King during English Civil War between English aristocracy (Anglicans)

and Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell Charles I executed 1649

Cromwell and Puritans rule 1649-1660 Disbanded official Parliament, and established parliament of saints in

1643 Attempt to implement ‘holy city’ model as in Geneva Brutal military oppression of Ireland

After Cromwell’s death, Parliament asked king to return to return legitimacy to government

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England 1660-1700

Restoration of monarchy, Charles II 1660-1685 Exhumed Cromwell’s body, desecrated it and through it into a common pit Persecution of Puritans Tolerance of Catholics; alliances with France Wants to return to Divine Right of Kings

Charles son, James II (1685-1688) Even more strongly Catholic than Charles II Has his son baptized by Catholics

William III and Mary II invited from Netherlands to rule England, Glorious Revolution Mary was James’ older Protestant daughter Married to Prince William of Orange Reigned 1679-1702 But Parliament retains great power; beginning of King as head of State rather

than head of Government

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France 17th C

Henry IV (r. 1584-1610) Edict of Nantes, 1598, granting toleration to Protestants

Louis XIII (r. 1610 – 1643) Thirty Years War

Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715 Becomes King at age 5; real power until older was Cardinal

Richelieu Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne Encouraged Gallicanism Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with

throne

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Holy Roman Empire 17th C

Recall that Emperor is elected by German princes (electors) Recall that when Charles V resigns,1555, empire split in two

Austria (including Hungary, southern Catholic German States) under Ferdinand I

Spain and Low Countries under Philip II (husband of Mary Tudor) After Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor associated with Hapsburg

rule in Austria Catholic Much dissent from Protestants in central Europe and Northern

Germany Although Peace of Augsburg (1555) established cujus regio, ejus

religio (whose reign, his religion) Friction continued Reduced need for protection against the Turks

Led to Thirty Years War

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Ravages of Thirty Years War

Very brutal war; attacked civilians as well as soldiers Thirty Years of War led to destruction of much of

central Europe and northern Germany Ends in 1648 with Treaty of Westphalia

Reaffirms Peace of Augsburg France extended territory to Rhine Sweden received lands in Baltic German princes somewhat stronger Austrian power reduced

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Result of War

Every country in Europe affected in some way

Led to disillusionment with religion in general Begins time of questioning role of religion in

government Rise of atheism as a viable, allowable belief

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Beginning of Different Models of Political Theory If religion not a good source of political cohesion, then what is Two answers are developed in 17th C

Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) developed natural law theory of relations within and among nations; went back to Roman stoicism

Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704) develops divine right of kings concept; king is God’s vicar on earth

Divine right of kings increasingly becomes answer in France, Spain, Austria, Sweden

England starts to develop natural law political philosophy (John Locke)

For the first time can start to really talk about separation of religion and politics (if not church and state)

Beginning of modern nation states

What ‘natural law’ becomes in 17th C NOT what Aquinas meant

No reference to God No connection between eternal law and human laws Rights are not objective but subjective

Aspects of ‘natural law’ for Grotius and later Locke Society and law based on human nature Rights (to self-preservation, liberty and property) belong to

individual “Happiness (blessedness) of virtue becomes the virtue of

happiness” Darrin M. McMahon

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Papacy in 17th C

Recall that Trent had affirmed a strong papacy

But rising nationalism, especially in Catholic countries where divine right of kings was gaining support undercut Papal political authority

France refuses to accept much of Trent Investiture controversies of Middle Ages revisited

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Gallicanism vs. Ultramontanism France over the centuries had a complex relationship to Papacy,

saw herself as the ‘eldest daughter of the Church’ Pepin Short (8th C) Philip the Fair vs Boniface VIII Avignon Papacy Conciliarism

Henry IV and his successors refused to accept Trent decrees on Papal appointment of bishops; known a Gallicans

Much of the clergy, thanks to Jesuit education, was in favor of Trent; Ultramontanes (beyond the mountains) Much of the Trent reforms were observed in practice

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Louis XIV vs Pope Innocent XI Louis XIV, very strong force in Europe, pressed for even more control

over French bishops under his Divine Right of Kings Church property Election of Bishops

Innocent XI threatened to excommunicate Louis XIV Louis called Assembly of Clergy, 1681-1682, chaired by Jacques

Bossuet, led to Four Articles Pope has no authority over temporal affairs Reasserted Council of Constance Papal decrees could only be accepted if accepted by whole Church Rejected Papal infallibility separate from Pope

After death of Innocent XI in 1689, compromise was reached: Four Articles not taught in French schools; Pope recognized divine right of French kings; infallibility side-stepped

Ultramontanism vs Gallicanism will remain a divisive issues in French Church until Vatican I

Catholic Response: Missions within Europe and New Orders Vincentians

Founded by St. Vincent de Paul (1581-1660) Preach missions within Europe, especially France Educate laity and clergy

Passionists Founded by St. Paul of the Cross (1694-1775) Peach missions in Spain and Portugal

Redemptorists St. Alfonse Liguori (1696-1787) Missions within Italy

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