1 、 choroid of eyeball a. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic and is white in colour...

11 、、 choroid of eyeball choroid of eyeball

A. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic A. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic

and is white in colourand is white in colour

B. outer surface is covered by pigment cell B. outer surface is covered by pigment cell

layer of retinalayer of retina

C. inner surface is close to scleraC. inner surface is close to sclera

D. supplies the nutritionD. supplies the nutrition

E. receives stimulation of lightE. receives stimulation of light

一、 Single Choice Questions

22 、、 ciliary bodyciliary body

A. is posterior extension of choroidA. is posterior extension of choroid

B. located on external surface of junction of B. located on external surface of junction of

cornea and scleracornea and sclera

C. is the thickest part of middle tunicC. is the thickest part of middle tunic

D.constriction of ciliary m. tenses ciliary D.constriction of ciliary m. tenses ciliary

zonulezonule

E.constriction of ciliary m. decreases E.constriction of ciliary m. decreases

convexity of lensconvexity of lens

33 、、 irisiris

A. is the largest part of middle tunicA. is the largest part of middle tunicB. divides chamber of the eye into anterior B. divides chamber of the eye into anterior and posterior chambersand posterior chambersC. iris and sclera meet to form angle of antC. iris and sclera meet to form angle of ant

erior erior chamberchamberD. Has the function of D. Has the function of refracting lightrefracting light E. is colourless and transparantE. is colourless and transparant

4. The ascending tract in the spinal cord is4. The ascending tract in the spinal cord is

A.A. spinothalamic tractspinothalamic tract

B.B. anterior corticospinal tractanterior corticospinal tract

C.C. lateral corticospinal tractlateral corticospinal tract

D.D. rubrospinal tractrubrospinal tract

E.E. vestibulospinal tractvestibulospinal tract

5. 5. The fasciculus gracilisThe fasciculus gracilis

A.A. extends the whole length of the spinal cordextends the whole length of the spinal cord

B.B. lies in the lateral part of the posterior lies in the lateral part of the posterior

funiculus funiculus

C.C. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of the transmits the proprioceptive sensation of the

contralateral lower limbcontralateral lower limb

D. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of D. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of

bilateral lower limbbilateral lower limb

E. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of E. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of

homolateral trunk and limbshomolateral trunk and limbs

66 、、 In adult, the lower end of spinal cord iIn adult, the lower end of spinal cord is at the level ofs at the level of

A. inferior border of L1A. inferior border of L1B. superior border of L1B. superior border of L1C. inferior border of L2C. inferior border of L2D. superior border of L2D. superior border of L2E. superior border of L3E. superior border of L3

77 、、 The position of the 10th thoracic segThe position of the 10th thoracic segment of spinal cord is at the level of ment of spinal cord is at the level of

A.A. 9th thoracic vertebra9th thoracic vertebra

B.B. 8th thoracic vertebra8th thoracic vertebra

C.C. 7th thoracic vertebra 7th thoracic vertebra

D.D. 6th thoracic vertebra6th thoracic vertebra

E.E. 1st lumbar vertebra1st lumbar vertebra

88 、、 Which is wrong about anterior horn oWhich is wrong about anterior horn of spinal cordf spinal cord

A.A. consists of the sensory neuronconsists of the sensory neuronB.B. consists of the motor neuronconsists of the motor neuronC.C. its neuron axon passes through the its neuron axon passes through the anterior root of spinal nerveanterior root of spinal nerveD.D. innervates the skeletal muscleinnervates the skeletal muscleE.E. is innervated by corticospinal tractis innervated by corticospinal tract

99 、、 Which segment of the spinal cord coWhich segment of the spinal cord conducts the skin sensation at the level of unducts the skin sensation at the level of u

mbilicusmbilicus

A.A. the 4th thoracic segmentthe 4th thoracic segment

B.B. the 6th thoracic segmentthe 6th thoracic segment

C.C. the 8th thoracic segmentthe 8th thoracic segment

D.D. the 10th thoracic segmentthe 10th thoracic segment

E.E. the 12th thoracic segmentthe 12th thoracic segment

10. The tracts being related to 10. The tracts being related to transmitting motor information in spinal transmitting motor information in spinal

cord arecord are

A. fasciculus gracilisA. fasciculus gracilis B. fasciculus cuneatusB. fasciculus cuneatus C. corticonuclear tractC. corticonuclear tract D. lateral corticospinal tractD. lateral corticospinal tract E. anterior corticospinal tractE. anterior corticospinal tract

11 、、 retinaretina

A. is divides into outer and inner layersA. is divides into outer and inner layers

B. outer layer contains photoreceptorsB. outer layer contains photoreceptors

C. inner layer is pigment cell laminaC. inner layer is pigment cell lamina

D. optic disc is in sensitive to lightD. optic disc is in sensitive to light

E. visual acuity in fouea centralis of E. visual acuity in fouea centralis of

macula lutea is highestmacula lutea is highest

二、 Multiple Choice Questions

22 、、 walls of tympanic cavitywalls of tympanic cavity

A. superior wall is tegmental wall which A. superior wall is tegmental wall which separates the middle cranial fossa from separates the middle cranial fossa from tympanic cavitytympanic cavityB. inferior wall is jugular wallB. inferior wall is jugular wallC. anterior wall is carotid wall at superior C. anterior wall is carotid wall at superior part of which there is the opening of part of which there is the opening of auditory tubeauditory tubeD. posterior wall is mastoid wallD. posterior wall is mastoid wallE .lateral wall is membranous wallE .lateral wall is membranous wall

33 、、 the tracts passing through the lateral futhe tracts passing through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord includniculus of the spinal cord includ

A A 、、 lateral corticospinal tractlateral corticospinal tract

B B 、、 anterior corticospinal tractanterior corticospinal tract

C C 、、 anterior spinocerebellar tractanterior spinocerebellar tract

D D 、、 posterior spinocerebellar tractposterior spinocerebellar tract

E E 、、 vestibulospinal tractvestibulospinal tract

The brain stemThe brain stem

The brain stemThe brain stem

midbrain midbrain

ponspons

medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata

Bulbopontine sulcus

ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem

PyramidPyramid : contain pyramidal tract (cort: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract)icospinal tract)

Decussation of pyramidDecussation of pyramid formed by crossing fibers of corticospinaformed by crossing fibers of corticospina

l tractl tract

emerge from retroolivary sulcus

Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata

hypoglossal nerve

emerge from anterolateral sulcus

Glossopharyngeal n.

vagus n.

accessory n.

Olive : overlying inferior

olivary nucleus

Basilar partBasilar part

Basilar sulcusBasilar sulcus


PonsPons

Bulbopontine sulcus

from medial to lateral,

abducent, n

facial n.

vestibulocochlear n.


PonsPons

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Trigeminal nerve

Pontocerebellar trigone

the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum

Crus cerebriCrus cerebri

Interpeduncular fossaInterpeduncular fossa

oculomotor nervesoculomotor nerves

emerge from medial of crus cerebriemerge from medial of crus cerebri


MidbrainMidbrain

Posterior perforated substance

Gracile tubercle Gracile tubercle overlyioverlying gracile nucleusng gracile nucleus

Cuneate tubercle Cuneate tubercle overloverlying cuneate nucleusying cuneate nucleus

Inferior cerebellar peduInferior cerebellar peduncle ncle

dorsal surface of the brain stemdorsal surface of the brain stem


Superior cerebellar Superior cerebellar pedunclepeduncle

Superior medullary Superior medullary velumvelum

dorsal dorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem

PonsPons

Superior colliculusSuperior colliculus centers of visual flexescenters of visual flexesInferior colliculusInferior colliculus conduct auditory sensationconduct auditory sensation

Trochlear nerveTrochlear nerve

dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem

MidbrainMidbrain

Brachium of superior colliculus

Brachium of inferior colliculus

Inferolateral: Inferolateral:

gracile tubercles gracile tubercles

cuneate tuberclescuneate tubercles

inferior cerebellar peduncleinferior cerebellar peduncle

BoundariesBoundaries

rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa

Superolateral:

superior cerebellar peduncle

Lateral recess


Median sulcus Median sulcus Sulcus limitans Sulcus limitans Vestibular area Vestibular area

overlies vestibular nucleioverlies vestibular nuclei

Acoustic tubercle Acoustic tubercle

overlying dorsal cochlear nucleusoverlying dorsal cochlear nucleus

Medial eminence Medial eminence Striae medullares Striae medullares


Facial colliculus overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve




Hypoglossal triangle Hypoglossal triangle

overlying hypoglossal nucleusoverlying hypoglossal nucleus

Vagal triangle Vagal triangle

overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus neroverlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerveve

Area postrema ： lies between the vagal triangle and gracile tubercles

Locus ceruleus at the upper end of Sulcus limitans

Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle 第四脑室第四脑室

Lie between theLie between thePons medulla Pons medulla OblongataOblongataand cerebellum and cerebellum

(in front of cerebellum and (in front of cerebellum and posterior to theposterior to the pons pons and and medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata ).).

position

Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle

FloorFloor-- -- rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa

Anterior part superior cerebellar peduncle

superior medullary velum

RoofRoof ：：


choroid plexuses of fourth

Ventricle produce the cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Posterior part

inferior medullary velum

tela choroidea of fourth

Ventricle

RoofRoof ：：

Tela choroidea and choroid plexusTela choroidea and choroid plexus


(1) (1) Median aperture of fourth venMedian aperture of fourth ventricletricle

(2) (2) lateral apertures of fourth velateral apertures of fourth ventricle ntricle ：： a pair.a pair.

Subarachnoid space

Communication

(3) mesencephalic aqueduct （ cer

ebral aqueduct ）

Third ventricle

Internal structuresInternal structures –– gray mattergray matter

■ Cranial nerve nuclei ■ Non- Non- Cranial nerve nuclei ( relay nucleirelay nuclei))

Nuclei Nuclei 神经核神经核

The arrangments of Cranial nerve nuclei :

Cranial nerve nuclei

General Somatic motor nucleiGeneral Somatic motor nuclei

Special visceral motor nucleiSpecial visceral motor nuclei General visceral motor nucleiGeneral visceral motor nuclei

The Cranial nerve nuclei may be divided into 7 kinds:

Visceral afferentVisceral afferent （（ sensorysensory ）） nuclei nuclei ( general and special )( general and special )

General somatic afferent General somatic afferent （（ senssensoryory ）） nucleinuclei

Special somatic afferent （（ sensorysensory ）） nuclei

Nucleus of oculomotor n.Nucleus of oculomotor n.Nucleus of trochlear n.Nucleus of trochlear n.Nucleus of abducent n. Nucleus of abducent n.

Nucleus of hypoglossal n.Nucleus of hypoglossal n.


General Somatic motor nucleiGeneral Somatic motor nuclei

NucleusNucleus SiteSite Cranial n.Cranial n.

FunctionFunction

Nucleus of Nucleus of

Oculomotor n.Oculomotor n.

MidbrainMidbrain Ⅲ Ⅲ

Supreior, inferior,and mediSupreior, inferior,and medial rectus, inf. obliquus, levaal rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioristor palpebrae superioris

Nucleus ofNucleus oftrochlear n.trochlear n. MidbrainMidbrain

Ⅳ Ⅳ Superior obliquusSuperior obliquus

Nucleus of abNucleus of abducent n.ducent n. PonsPons

Ⅵ Ⅵ Lateral rectusLateral rectus

Nucleus of Nucleus of hypoglossal n.hypoglossal n. MedullaMedulla

Ⅻ Ⅻ Muscles of tongueMuscles of tongue

GeneralGeneral Somatic motor nuclei

Special visceral motor nuclei

Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.

Nucleus of facial n.

Nucleus ambiguus

Accessory nucleus


Special visceral motor nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function

Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.

Pons Ⅴ

Masticatory muscles

Nucleus of facial n.

Pons Ⅶ

Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius 镫骨肌

Nucleus ambiguus

Medulla Ⅸ, .Ⅹ Ⅺ

Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus

Accessory nucleus

Medulla-cervical cord

ⅪSternocleidomastoid, trapezius

General visceral motor nucleiGeneral visceral motor nuclei

Accessory oculomotor nucleus

Superior salivatory nucleus

Inferior salivatory nucleus

Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.


●General visceral motor nuclei

Nucleus Site

Cranial n. Function

Accessory oculomotor nucleus Midbrain Ⅲ

Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.

Superior salivatory nucleus Pons

Ⅶ

Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands

Inferior salivatory nucleus Medulla

Ⅸ Parotid gland

Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. medulla Ⅹ

Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special )

Nucleus of solitary tNucleus of solitary tractract


Function ：Taste and visceral sensation

Lies in the Medulla obongataSend out the fibers to form ,Ⅶ

, cranial nⅨ Ⅹ .

General somatic afferent nuclei

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.

Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.


General somatic afferent nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n.

Function

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.

Midbrain ⅤProprioception of head

Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.

Pons Ⅴ

Tactile(touch) sensation of head

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

Medulla Ⅴ

Pain and temperature sense of head

Special somatic afferent nuclei

Cochlear nucleiCochlear nuclei

Ventral cochlear nucleusVentral cochlear nucleus

Drsal cochlear nucleusDrsal cochlear nucleus


Vestibular nuclei

Special somatic afferent nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n.

Function

Cochlear nuclei

Pons and medulla Ⅷ

Sensation of hearing

Vestibular nuclei

Pons and medulla Ⅷ

Sensation of equilibrium

■ In medulla oblongata

Gracile nucleus

Cuneate nucleus

Inferior olivary nucleus

non- non- Cranial nerve nuclei

■ In pons

Pontine nucleus

■■ in midbrainin midbrain

inferior colliculus inferior colliculus

Gray matter layers of sGray matter layers of superior colliculus uperior colliculus

Red nucleusRed nucleus

Substantia nigraSubstantia nigra

non- non- Cranial nerve nuclei

Nucleus position

Gracile nucleus Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle)

Cuneate nucleus Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle)

Pontine nucleus Pons

Nucleus of inferior colliculus

Midbrain

Inferior colliculus superior colliculus

Midbrain

Red nucleus Midbrain

Substantia nigra Midbrain

Non- Non- Cranial nerve nuclei

White matter White matter

Medial lemniscus Spinal lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Lateral lemniscus

Ascending tracts

Descending tracts Pyramidal tract

Corticospinal tract

Corticonuclear tract

White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts

Medial lemniscus

decussation of medial lemniscus


Spinal lemniscusSpinal lemniscus


Trigeminal lemniscusTrigeminal lemniscus


Lateral lemniscus

White matterWhite matter —— descending tractsdescending tracts

Corticospinal tract Corticospinal tract

Corticonuclear tractCorticonuclear tract

Pyramidal tract

Corticonuclear tractCorticonuclear tract

White matterWhite matter —— descending tractsdescending tracts

Others: rubrospinal tract tectospinal tract vestibulospinal tract reticulospinal tract

Reticular formationReticular formation of brain stemof brain stem

The reticular formation is recognized as the extensive area outside the more conspicuous fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem, in which the grey were intermingled with whiter matter. Its major function may sum up as follows:

Reticular formationReticular formation of brain stemof brain stem

■■ Viscceromotor controViscceromotor contro

l-l-----vital centresvital centres CardiovasCardiovascular center and respiratory cecular center and respiratory center in medulla oblongata.nter in medulla oblongata.

■ Ascending reticular activating system

maintenance of the conscious state

of cerebeal cortex.

■ somatomotor control

reticulospinal tract


Lower part (closed part) Two decussations–

– Decussations of medial lemniscus– Decussations of pyramid

The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----


Upper part (open part) inferior olivary nuculeus and inferio

r cerebellar peduncle Enlargement of central canal to for

m the fourth ventricle floor

Tracts: pyramidal tracy medial lemniscus inferior cerebellar peduncleNuclei: nucleus of hypoglossal n. dorsal nucleus of vagus n. nucleus ambiguus. solitary nucleus, spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.


contains a number of new cranial nerve contains a number of new cranial nerve nuclei ,Such as : nuclei ,Such as :

nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of facial n. nucleus of facial n. vestibular nuclei ,vestibular nuclei , spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

longitudinal fibers(pyramidal tract)

transverse fibers arised from the pontine nuclei.


Middle cerebellar peduncle

ponspons

■ Tegmentum of pons

■ Basilar part

■ tectum of midbrain

■ Cerebral peduncle ：

may be divided into 3 parts

● Tegmentum :

Ascending tracts:

medial lemniscus,

spinal lemniscus,

trigeminal lemniscus.

nuclei: red nucleus, nucleus of oculomotor n. and troclear n.

includes superior and inferior colliculi


midbrain

■ Cerebral peduncle

● Tegmentum


midbrain

● Substentia nigra ● Crus cerebri : frontopontine Tract , pyramidal tract, tempo-occipito-pontine tract

Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticosp

inal tract

superior cerebellar peduncle

its fibres arises from theits fibres arises from the cerebellum,cerebellum, and passe and passes to the opposite s to the opposite thalathalamusmus and the opposite and the opposite rred nucleus ed nucleus of the midbof the midbrain. rain.

1 、 choroid of eyeball a. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic and is white in colour...

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lateral wall

posterior wall

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thoracic vertebrab

thoracic vertebrac

thoracic segmentb