1 chapter one a first program using c#. 2 objectives learn about programming tasks learn...

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Chapter One

A First Program Using C#

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Objectives

• Learn about programming tasks• Learn object-oriented programming concepts• Learn about the C# programming language• Learn how to write a C# program that

produces output• Learn how to select identifiers to use within

your programs

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Objective

• Learn how to compile and execute a C# program from the command line

• Learn how to add comments to a C# program• Learn how to compile and execute a program

using Visual Studio IDE• Learn how to eliminate the reference to Out by

using the System namespace

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Programming

• A computer program is a set of instructions that you write to tell a computer what to do

• Programmers do not use machine language when creating computer programs. Instead, programmers tend to use high-level programming languages

• Each high-level language has its own syntax and limited set of vocabulary that is translated into machine code by a compiler

• In addition to understanding syntax, a programmer must also understand programming logic

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Object-Oriented Programming

• Variables are named computer memory locations used to hold values that may vary

• Operations are usually called or invoked to manipulate variables

• A procedural program defines the variable memory locations, then calls a series of procedures to input, manipulate, and output the value stored in those locations

• A single procedural program often contains hundreds of variables and thousands of procedure calls

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• Object-oriented programming is an extension of procedural programming, which in addition to variables and procedures contains: objects, classes, encapsulation, interfaces, polymorphism, and inheritance

• Objects are object-oriented components• Attributes of an object represent its characteristics• A class is a category of objects or a type of object• An instance refers to an object based on a class

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• For example:– An Automobile is a class whose objects have the following

attributes: year, make, model, color, and current running status– Your 1997 red Chevrolet is an instance of the class that is made

up of all Automobiles

• Methods of classes are used to change attributes and discover values of attributes– The Automobile class may have the following methods:

getGas(), accelerate(), applyBreaks()

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• Methods and variables in object-oriented programming are encapsulated, that is, users are only required to understand the interface and not the internal workings of the class

• Polymorphism and Inheritance are two distinguishing features in the object-oriented programming approach

• Polymorphism describes the ability to create methods that act appropriately depending on the context

• Inheritance provides the ability to extend a class so as to create a more specific class

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The C# Programming Language

• C# was developed as an object-oriented and component-oriented language

• It exists as part of the Visual Studio .NET package• C# (like Java) is modeled after the C++ programming

language• Pointers are not used in C#• C# does NOT require the use of object destructors,

forward declarations, or #include files• It has the ability to pass by reference• Multiple inheritance is not allowed in C#

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Writing a C# Program that Produces Output

• “This is my first C# program” is a literal string of characters

• The string appears in parenthesis because it is a parameter or an argument

• The WriteLine() method prints a line of output on the screen

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• Out is an object that represents the screen• The Out object was created and endowed with the

method WriteLine()• Not all objects have the WriteLine() method

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• Console is a class• Console defines the attributes of a collection of similar

“Console” objects

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• System is a namespace, which is a scheme that provides a way to group similar classes

• Namespaces are used to organize classes

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• The difference between the above code and the previous code is the amount of whitespace

• Both versions of code share the same method header (including access modifiers and other keywords)

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Selecting Identifiers

• Every method used in C# must be part of a class• A C# class name or identifier must meet the basic

following requirements:– An identifier must begin with an underscore or a letter– An identifier can contain only letters or digits, not special

characters such as #,$, or &– An identifier cannot be a C# reserved keyword

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Selecting Identifiers

• The reserved public keyword is an access modifier that defines the circumstance under which a class can be accessed

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• Code written for a C# program using a text editor

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Compiling and Executing a Program from the Command Line

• After creating source code, you must do the following before you can view the program output:– Compile the source code into intermediate language

(IL)– Use the C# just in time (JIT) compiler to translate the

intermediate code into executable statements

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• After compiling your source code (typing csc followed by the filename), you will have three possible outcomes:– You receive an operating system error message– You receive one or more program language error

messages– You receive no error messages, indicating that the

program has compiled successfully

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• If you receive an operating system message it may mean that:– You misspelled the command csc– You misspelled the filename– You forgot to include the extensions .cs with the

filename– You didn’t use the correct case– You are not within the correct subdirectory or folder

on your command line– The C# compiler was not installed properly– You need to set a path command

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• A syntax error occurs when you introduce typing errors into your program

• The C# compiler issues warnings as wells as errors• If a syntax error occurs, you must reopen the source

code and make the necessary corrections• If you compile the program with no errors (using csc

file.cs) you can run the program from the command prompt by typing the name of the .exe file created

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• Output of Hello Program

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Adding Comments to a Program

• In large programs it becomes difficult to remember why certain steps were included and the role of certain variables and methods

• Program comments are nonexecuting statements that you add to document a program

• You can also comment out various statements in a program to debug and observe the effects of the program with the statement or statements commented out

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Adding Comments to a Program

• There are three types of comments in C#:– Line comments– Block comments– XML-documentation format

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Compiling and Executing a Program Using the Visual Studio IDE

• C# programs can also be written using the Visual Studio IDE (instead of a text editor). This approach offers many advantages including:– Some of the code you need is already created for you– The code is displayed in color, so you can more easily identify

parts of your program– If error messages appear when you compile your program, you

can double-click on an error message and the cursor will move to the line of code that contains the error

– Other debugging tools are available

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• Navigating to Visual Studio .NET

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• Creating a project

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• Selecting project options

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• The console application template

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• Output screen after compiling the Hello program

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• Output of the Hello program as run from the Visual Studio IDE

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• List of Hello Program Files

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Eliminating the Reference to Out by Using the System Namespace

• A program may contain an unlimited number of statements, as long as they are each terminated by a semicolon

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• The Output of ThreeLines program

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• When you need to repeatedly use a class from the same namespace, you can shorten statements by using the “using” keyword

• Output is identical as the previous version of ThreeLines

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• An alias is an alternative name for a class• An alias can be used to shorten a long class name (as in

the above example)

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Chapter Summary

• A computer program is a set of instructions that you write to tell a computer what to do

• Procedural Programming involves creating computer memory locations, called variables, and a set of operations, called procedures. In object-oriented programming, you envision program components as objects that are similar to concrete objects in the real world

• The C# language was developed as an object-oriented and component-oriented language

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Chapter Summary

• To write a C# program that produces a line of console output, you must pass a literal string as a parameter to the System.Console.Out.WriteLine() method

• You can define a C# class or variable by using any name or identifier that begins with an underscore or a letter, that contains only letters or digits, and that is not a C# reserved keyword

• To create a C# program, you can use the Microsoft Visual Studio environment or any text editor

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Chapter Summary

• After you write and save a program, you must compile the source code

• Program comments are nonexecuting statements that add to document a program or to disable statements

• As an alternative to using the command line, you can compile and write your program within the Visual Studio IDE

• When you need to repeatedly use a class from the same namespace, you can shorten the statements you type by using a clause that indicates a namespace where the class can be found

1 chapter one a first program using c#. 2 objectives learn about programming tasks learn...

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class polymorphism

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automobile class