1 chapter fourteen emotion. 2 can you label these emotions? courtesy dr. paul ekman
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Fourteen
Emotion
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Can You Label These Emotions?
Courtesy Dr. Paul Ekman
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What is an Emotion?
Emotions subjective experiences that arise
spontaneously and unconsciously in response to the environment around us.
Emotions have two components: physical reaction (rapid heartbeat, etc.). conscious experience or feeling (sadness,
anger, etc.).
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Purposes of Emotion
Arousal
Communication
The Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Are emotions innate or learned?
Across diverse cultures
Blind vs. sighted infants
Infants separation from mothers
Conclusion?
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But…Cultural contributes to expression also Doctors
Expressiveness in group situations American students
Japanese students
Display rule: A culturally determined rule that modifies the expression of
emotion in a particular situation.
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Individual Differences
Temperament differs at birth Very responsive babies
Low responders
Psychopaths are extremely non-responsive, possibly leading to lack of empathy.
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How do we express emotions?Innervation of the Facial Muscles
The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
upper face: lower face:
Conclusion:
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Voluntary and Involuntary Expressions Use Different Pathways
Voluntary expressions (smile for the camera) involve primary motor cortex People with cortical damage can smile spontaneously,
but not on command
Volitional facial paresis:
Left side
Right side
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Voluntary and Involuntary Expressions Use Different Pathways
Spontaneous expressions (smiling at a joke) involve pathways in pons and medulla People with extrapyramidal damage can smile on
command, but not spontaneously.
Emotional facial paresis:
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Which comes first,
feeling or
physiological response?
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotion arises from physiological arousal
Kassin, S. (2001).
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
“Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” (emotional experience) are independently activated at the same time
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Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Physiological arousal Sweaty palms Increased heart rate Rapid breathing
Cognitive Label Attribute source of
arousal to a cause.
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Theories of Emotion and the Capilano Bridge Experiment
Men confused fear of the bridge with sexual arousal. James-Lange assumes that emotions produce distinct
physical responses, so results here do not support this theory.
Cannon-Bard and Schachter would predict these results.
© Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS
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Theories of Emotion and Hohmann’s Spinal Patients Hohmann reported more
emotionality in men with lumbar damage than in men with cervical damage.
Supports James-Lange provision regarding the importance of autonomic feedback.
Less consistent with Cannon-Bard and Schachter.
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Theories of Emotion and Catharsis Catharsis: expression reduces emotion. Expressing an emotion reinforces the feeling.
Maori haka moves used by the New Zealand All Blacks Consistent with James-Lange Imitation as the basis of empathy
Focus New Zealand Photo Library© Reuters/CORBIS
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Arousal in the Autonomic Nervous System
“Fight or Flight”
Restore Calm
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Lie Detectors Are Unreliable
“mistakes”
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Can We Spot Liars?
Timing (real emotions are fast, spontaneous) “Match” between body language and verbal cues Lying reduces articulation Less upper body movement, more lower body
movement Nervous laughter Eye contact is a clue in the US, but not in all
cultures
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Brain Mechanisms of Emotion: The Limbic System Modern definition
includes: orbitofrontal cortex nucleus accumbens hypothalamus septal area amygdala
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The Amygdala and Emotion Klüver-Bucy syndrome
reduces fear. Human damage to the
amygdala produces difficulty identifying fear and anger.
The amygdala contains many benzodiazepine receptors (where sedatives like valium work).
Stimulation can produce fear and anxiety.
Imaging studies show more activity in the amygdala when viewing expressions of fear.
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Is Cognition Necessary?Pathway for Fear Without “Thought”
Sensation of threat can reach the amygdala via direct path from thalamus The fast “low road”
Sensation of threat also travels from the thalamus to the cortex The slow “high road”
Cortical judgment can override direct path
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The Cortex and Emotion Clinical observations of frontal lobe damage
(e.g. Phineas Gage) Frontal lobotomies Hemisphere lateralization
for emotionLeft hemisphere damage
results in depressionDichotic listening tasks
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Hemisphere Lateralization for Emotion Influences Perception
Which face looks happy?
Which face looks sad?
The right hemisphere usually “reads” emotion.
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The Emotional Right Hemisphere Produces More Expression on the Left Side of the Face
Two left sidesTwo right sides
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Different Emotions Produce Patterns of Brain Activation Feeling excluded from a game produced
activity in the cingulate gyrus, an area that responds to physical pain.
Recreating feelings of anger, happiness, sadness and fear produced distinct patterns of brain activation, but single areas could participate in more than one emotion.