1 chapter four psychopharmacology
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Chapter FourPsychopharmacology
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Psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on affect, cognition, and behavior
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Types of Neurochemicals Neurotransmitters affect adjacent cells
across the synapse.
Neuromodulators diffuse away from the synapse to target cells some distance away.
Circulating neurohormones reach even more distant target cells.
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neuromuscular junction (movement)
Central nervous system (learning and memory)
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Dopamine
Movement
Reinforcement
Planning
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Serotonin
Mood
Appetite
Sleep
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Glutamate The major excitatory neurotransmitter of
the central nervous system.
Extended presence may be toxic
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GABA
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system.
The GABAA receptor interacts with a number of drugs.
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Why is Inhibition Important?
Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) hitches a ride to the central nervous system from a wound site using the retrograde transport system within axons.
The toxin binds to receptor sites for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and can’t be dislodged.
Without normal inhibitory input from GABA, muscles begin to go into sudden, involuntary contractions, or spasms.
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Drug Actions at the Synapse Agonists boost the activity of a
neurotransmitter.
Antagonists interfere with the action of a neurotransmitter.
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Lifespan of a neurotransmitter1. Synthesis
2. Storage
3. Release
4. Action on the target cell
5. Deactivation
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Deactivation of Neurotransmitters
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Drugs and Serotonin
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Drugs and Acetylcholine
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Agonists and Antagonists
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Basic Principles of Drug Effects Placebo effects
Individual differences Gender Size Genetics
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Allyn & Bacon 2004
Principles of PharmacologyRoutes of Administration
Intravenous (IV) injection: Injection of a substance directly into a vein.
Intraperitoneal (IP) injection: The Injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity-
the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
Inhalation: Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs.
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Allyn & Bacon 2004
Principles of PharmacologyRoutes of Administration
Intramuscular (IM) injection: Injection of a substance into a muscle.
Subcutaneous (SC) injection: Injection of a substance into the space beneath the
skin.
Oral administration: Administration of a substance into the mouth, so it is
swallowed.
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Method of Administration Affects Blood Concentration
Basic Principles of Drug Effects
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Tolerance the need to administer more of a drug to produce the
same effects may occur due to:
changes in enzymes changes at the level of the synapse learning
Withdrawal occurs when some drugs are discontinued, leads to behavioral effects that are typically the opposite
of the effects produced by the drug
Basic Principles of Drug Effects
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Tolerance and Withdrawal
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Addiction
a compulsive need to readminister a drug. The dopamine reward system, including the
nucleus accumbens, has been implicated in addiction.
Addiction is the result of complex physical and environmental variables, making it extremely challenging to treat.
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Pleasure and Reward Olds and Milner (1954) reported that rats
would work for electrical self-stimulation of the brain (ESB).
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ESB and the Mesolimbic System
ESB is very strong in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB).
MFB makes connections between the midbrain and the limbic system.
Many neurons in this system use dopamine.
This system may function as a “reward circuit.”
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ESB, Dopamine and the Nucleus Accumbens ESB in the ventral tegmentum is associated with
increased release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
These circuits may underlie natural reward and addictive behaviors.
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Pleasure and Reward Heath (1963) investigated ESB in human
participants.
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Stimulants Stimulant drugs increase alertness and
mobility. This class includes:
Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamine Ecstasy (MDMA) Caffeine
© CORBIS
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Caffeine in Common Products
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Cocaine Dopamine reuptake inhibitor Effects:
Alertness, elevated mood, confidence, well-being High doses – symptoms similar to schizophrenia
(hallucinations, paranoid delusions, repetitive movements) ©
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MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMA increases the release of serotonin, which has
a toxic effect on serotonergic neurons.
After MDMA administration
Courtesy Una D. McCann, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute
Normal brain tissue
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Other drug types Alcohol
Opiates
Hallucinogens